Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics PDF

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Content Standard Performance Standard Goals of Sociology The significance of Disciplines of To obtain possible theories and principles about studying culture, anthropology, sociology,...

Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Content Standard Performance Standard Goals of Sociology The significance of Disciplines of To obtain possible theories and principles about studying culture, anthropology, sociology, society. society, and politics and political science To critically study the nature of humanity. To appreciate all things are interdependent with each other. Anthropology The study of humanity To broaden our familiarity on sociological facts. The study of humankind To expose our minds to the different Ex. Human origin, globalization, social change perspectives on attaining the truth. and world history Areas/Branches of Sociology Goals of Anthropology Social Organization - study of social institutions, Discover what makes people different from one social inequality, social mobility, religious groups, another. and bureaucracy. Discover what all people have in common. Look at one’s own culture more objectively like Social Psychology- focuses on the study of human an outsider. nature and its emphasis on social processes as Produce new knowledge and new theories. they affect individual or responses which are called "social stimuli". Areas of Anthropology Applied Sociology - concerned with the specific Cultural Anthropology - study of living people intent of yielding practical applications for human and their cultures behavior and organizations. The goal of it is to assist in resolving social problems through the use Linguistic Anthropology - study of of sociological research. communication mainly among humans Population Studies - This area includes size, Biological Anthropology – a.k.a. “physical growth, demographic characteristics, anthropology” , study of humans as biological composition, migration, changes, and quality vis- organisms à-vis economic, political, and social systems. Archaeology - study of past human cultures Human Ecology-It pertains to the study of the through their material remains effects of various social organizations (religious organizations, political institutions and etc.) to the population's behavior. Sociology Latin: Socius - associate Sociological Theory and Research-It focuses on Greek: Logos - study of knowledge the discovery of theoretical tools, methods, and Systematic study of groups and societies techniques to scientifically explain a particular Focuses on various social corrections institutions sociological issue. organization. Gathers social input. Social Change - It studies factors that cause social Studies human civilization organization and social disorganization like August Comte (Father of Sociology) calamity, drug abuse, drastic and gradual social Study of groups and societies that people build change, health and welfare problems, political and how these affect their behavior instability, unemployment and underemployment, child and women's issue, etc. Page 1 of 8 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Political Science Anthropological and Sociological Perspectives on Politics - Greek: Polis means city/state Culture and Society The art and science of governing Concepts of society and culture city/state. Aspects of culture The social process or strategy in any Orienting position of control. Anthropological Perspective Deals with the study of government and political Cultural Diffusionism processes, institutions, and behaviors. Asserts that culture originates from one more A study of the complex behavior of various culture center, which are results of borrowed political actors such as the government elements of the new culture. administration, opposition, and subjects Historical Particularism Functions of Political Institution Believes that each group of people has its own Enact law, ordinances, and rules designed to unique culture influenced by its history, promote safety, health, peace and order, and geography, and environment. morals of the community. Anthropological Functionalism Levy and regulate taxes. Believes that cultural elements and practices are Support education program. interrelated and interdependent and persist Administer justice. because they have a purpose. Promote physical, economic, social, and cultural Anthropological Structuralism wellbeing of the people. Cultural phenomena and practices have Preserve the internal and external autonomy of relationship to one another. the state. Unilineal Evolutionism Administer foreign and diplomatic relations. States that new cultural forms emerge from the past to pass through similar stages of Government development. The will of the state is formulated, expressed and Cultural Materialism carried out. Culture is influenced by technology resources, etc. Tasked to impose social control. Governs a community or unit. Sociological Perspectives Administer Sociological Functionalism Branches of Government Views society as an organized networks Legislative cooperating groups operating orderly to generally Executive accepted norms. Judicial Sociological conflict Perspective. Sees the social environment in continuous State struggle which is in contrast with functionalism. A compulsory political organization with a Symbolic Interactionism centralized government that maintains a Deals with patterns of behaviors in large units. of monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a society such as organization, communities. certain geographical territory. Evolutionism Government, people, territory, and sovereignty Explains how human groups came or exist, grow, are the elements and develop. Nation Society A group of people who are bound together into a Latin word - Societas: companion /associate single… through history, customs, value, language, it refers to all people, collectively regarded as culture, tradition, art, and religion. constituting a community of related interdependent individual living in a particular “Politics is not dirty, some politicians are.” place. Page 2 of 8 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics it refers to a population of people that is UNEARTHING THE PAST: EXPLORING SOCIETAL organized in a cooperative manner population EVOLUTION THROUGH MATERIAL REMAINS AND that occupies the same territory. ARTEFACTUAL EVIDENCE Culture A. Hunting and Gathering Society individual's taste, inclination, and interest in from the beginnings of human life until about the "fine arts". 10,000 BCE being civilized people were nomads. A complex whole They depend on the local environment which includes hunting or trapping wild animals, Aspects of culture: Characteristics of Culture fishing, gathering shellfish, insects, and wild 1. shared & contested. plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, tubers, 2. Learned through socialization or enculturation seeds, and nuts. 3. Patterned social interactions They move from one place to another for 4. Integrated and at times unstable their resources. 5. Transmitted through socialization / Ties of kinship are of vital importance. enculturation. Types of kinship group: 6. Requires language and other forms of Nuclear Families -> includes a man, his communication wife or wives, and their unmarried 7. Dynamic, flexible and adaptive. children. Extended Families -> contains multiple Material/Tangible – ex. tools, weapons, instruments nuclear families linked by a part-child Nonmaterial/Intangible – ex. beliefs, perception, and relationship. It encourages sharing and traditions serves as a welfare institution. Artifacts-Objects made by human beings, either Men hunts animals. hand-made or mass produced. Women gathers fruits, berries, and other Arts and Recreation-Arts, Music, Drama and Literatures, Games and Sports, and Use of Leisure edibles. Time. Simple tools were developed such as spears Clothes-The people usually wear in the and axes made from bone, wood, and stone. community. Political institutions are very rudimentary. Customs and Traditions-The things we do They are so small that they did not develop Food - The staple food that the people in the political mechanisms. community often eat. Government - The one that implement rules, keep Individuals are hardly free to do whatever peace and order, and address conflicts in the they want and are restricted by several community elements of social control such as blood Knowledge-The psychological result of perception, revenge, group pressure, ostracism or learning, and reasoning banishment, and fear of the supernatural. Language The mental faculty or power of vocal Basis of their explanations are animistic. communication Religion-A strong belief in a supernatural power Animism is the belief that spirits inhabit that control human destiny virtually everything in the world of nature. Shelter A structure that provides privacy and protection from danger B. Horticultural and Pastoral Society Tools-Objects used to improve the performance of 2 Types of society developed about 10,000 a task BCE: Horticultural and Pastoral Society. Values-The morals that we live by Permanent settlements were established though there’s still a division of work between Cultural Relativism – context men and women. Ethnocentrism – superior Xenocentrism – inferior Women's status declined as men took the lead in most areas of these early societies. Page 3 of 8 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics community, as well as India (Indus River). They created a simple calendar to keep track Horticultural Society of planting and harvesting. use a hoe and other simple hand tools to raise Produce so much food. Lead to extensive crops. trade, both within the society itself and with Less nomadic, as they can keep growing their other societies. crops in the same location for some time. Become quite large with their numbers, Wealth stems from the amount of land a sometimes reaching into the millions. family owns. Families with more land are Unprecedented inequality, exemplified in the more wealthy and powerful. appearance for the first time of peasants, people who work on the land of rich Pastoral Society landowners. other raise and herd animals like sheep, goats, Their greater size and inequality also produce camels, and other domesticated animals and more conflict. use them as their major source of food and, Internal Conflict – rich landowners depending on the animal, as a means of struggle with each other for even greater transportation. wealth and power, and peasants Tends to be somewhat nomadic, as they often sometimes engage in revolts. must move to find better grazing land for External Conflict - the governments of their animals. these societies seek other markets for They often produce excess food that allowed trade and greater wealth. them to trade with other societies. Gender Inequality became very pronounced in Wealth stems from the number of animals a this society. family owns. Families with more animals are Men do more physical labor, they have wealthier and more powerful. acquired greater power over women. Women are often pregnant in these societies because large families provide more bodies to Both societies often manage to produce a work in the fields and thus more income. surplus of food from vegetable or animal this society are much more likely to believe sources, that allows them to trade to other that men should dominate women. societies. Larger population size often reaching several hundred members. D. Industrial Society Their wealth, and more specifically their emerged in the 1700s as the development of differences in wealth, lead to disputes and machines and then factories replaced the even fighting over land and animals, results to plow and other agricultural equipment as the more aggressive society. primary mode of production. The first machines were powered by steam C. Agricultural Society and water, then electricity became the main developed some 5,000 years ago in the source of power. Middle East through the invention of the plow. Positive Consequences Negative Consequences the plow allowed much more cultivation of - technological advances - there is a rise and crops. improved people’s growth of large cities The wheel was also invented about the same health and expanded and concentrated time then written language and numbers their life spans. poverty and degrading began to be used. - greater emphasis in this conditions Ancient Egypt (Nile River), Iraq (Mesopotamia: society on individualism, in these cities. and people in these - urbanization changed Tigris Euphrates), China (Yellow River), societies typically enjoy the character of social Greece, and Rome were all types of this Page 4 of 8 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics greater political freedom life by creating a more How Society is Organized than those in older impersonal and less CLASSIFICATIONS OF SOCIAL GROUPS societies. traditional Gesellschaft - have lower economic society. Structure and gender inequality - It also led to riots and Primary group - conduct themselves than previous societies. other urban violence informally, interact spontaneously, sympathetically to - People do have a that, among other one another, and enjoy each other's company. It greater chance to pull things, helped fuel the engages on a personal level of intimate relationship themselves up rise of the modern police and strong bonds of association, and emotional force and forced factory owners to improve attachment. workplace conditions. Secondary group - members conduct - these societies themselves according to role expectation and treat consume most of the each other with acknowledgement to status and world’s resources, degree of acquaintance. It engages in transactional pollute the environment relationships for pursuit, facilitation, and attainment of to an unprecedented goals. degree, and compiled nuclear arsenals that Examples: could undo thousands of Primary Group: Family, Couple, Church years of human society Secondary Group: Co-workers Officemates, in an instant. Sports Teammates, Committee E. Post-Industrial Society Organization information age, as wireless technology vies Formal group is intentionally formed and with machines and factories as the basis for planned for carrying out specific purposes. our economy. Informal group is formed unplanned and more service jobs, ranging from spontaneously established out of random association housecleaning to secretarial work to repairing and interaction. computers. Information technology and service jobs have Examples: replaced machines and manufacturing jobs. Formal Group: Student Organizations, cell phone, computer, and software Professional Associations, Religious Orders, etc companies are dominant industries. Informal Groups: Peer Group, Dating Group, this process has raised unemployment in Study Group, etc. cities, many of whose residents lack the college education and other training needed Membership in the information sector. Open group - Membership is open for there is a need for higher education so that everyone. factory work does not require advanced Closed group - is exclusive to a selected training. number of persons either by quota or qualifications. people must pursue greater education and there is a shift in workplace from cities to Examples: homes wherein new communications Open Group: Clubs, Public Forums, etc. technology allows work to be performed from Closed Group: School exclusive for Girls, a variety of locations. Political Party, etc. Page 5 of 8 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics Purpose Becoming a Member of Society Enculturation/Socialization Interest groups - formed for the purpose of process by which a human being, beginning at protecting and promoting the trade, interests, and infancy, acquires personal identity and learns well-being of its members. the norms, values, behavior, habits, beliefs, social skills, and accumulated knowledge of Pressure groups - from the private sector of society through education and training for society that are formed to influence the public's views. adult status appropriate to his or her social position. Task groups - constitute a pool of workers transformed into a more knowledgeable and labor force, or performers following a chain of cooperative member of the society command for the purpose of completing a task. a lifelong process that starts at birth and ends at death. Examples: Can acquire a sense of who they are and where Interest Group - Guilds, Art Clubs, Labor they belong. Unions, etc. Pressure Group - Militant Group. Advocacy Personality Identity group, ec refers to individual Is how someone Task Group - Production Team Sports Team, differences and sees themselves Orchestra, etc. characteristic is what others patterns of thinking , mostly remember of feeling and him/her Perspective behaving. As cited by Banaag (2012), Sociologist William G. Summer introduced the concept of in-group and out- Nature Nurture group. refers to the Describes the In-group - members have a sense of loyalty, biological/ genetic influence of learning camaraderie, and solidarity. Non-members are predispositions that and other considered "outsiders", "the others", or "strangers." impact ones human “environmental” Out-group - one is perceived to be apart from traits. factors on these the others. They are often perceived as odd and traits. indifferent. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON Minority groups - relatively less dominant in ENCULTURATION/SOCIALIZATION terms of its size, status, or degree of influence. Looking Glass Self Theory Reference group - one is not necessarily a Proposed by Charles Horton Cooley member but they serve a comparative basis for self- states that a person’s sense of self is evaluation. derived from the perception of others as we perceive ourselves on how other Examples: people think of us. Minority Group: Ethnic Groups Reference Group Goths, Rockers, Socialites, Role-taking Theory etc Proposed by George Herbert Mead the development of social awareness is traced to our early social interaction. We learn more ways drawing out desired behavior from others. Page 6 of 8 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics This perception of Mead led him into the idea that out Role of social interaction, sense of self emerges, which is - Refers to the behavior expected of composed of two (2) parts. The “Me” represents the someone who holds a particular status. perceptions of what other people think of us and the ▪ Role Set - identify number of rules “I” is the independent, spontaneous, and attached to a single status. unpredictable side of ourselves. ▪ Role Strain -conflict among the roles connected to two or more AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION statuses. Family - has a major impact on us. Each one lays CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE down our basic sense of self, forming our Conformity initial motivations, values, and beliefs. - the act of exhibiting the same as the behavior of most other people in a society, group, etc. School - a primary agent of socialization. Schools Deviance were able to contribute to self- - the recognized violation of cultural norms. development by exposing us to people who are not our relatives, thus exposing us Social Control to new attitudes, values, and ways of - refers to the set of means to ensure that looking at the world. people generally behave in expected and approved ways. Peers / peer group Internal Social Control - can ease the transition from adolescence refers to the socialization process that developed to adult responsibilities for it offers young within the individual as we do things when we know it people an identity that supports some is the right thing to do. independence from their families. External Social Control Mass Media refers to social sanctions or the system of rewards and - in the form of television, has become the punishments designated to encourage desired primary source of information about the behavior. world, thus enabling us to view a wide range of role models and occupations. Forms of Deviance Innovation Workplace rejecting the use of socially accepted means to achieve - allows us to learn to behave properly success. within an occupation, at the same time, Ritualism indicates that one has passed out rejecting the importance of success goals but continue adolescence stage. to toil as conscientious and diligent workers. Retreatism STATUS AND ROLE Withdrawal from the society and does not care about Status success. - Simply as a position in social systems such Rebellion as a child or parent. It refers to a social Attempts to change the goals and means of society. position that a person holds. Classification of Status ▪ Ascribed Status ▪ Achieved Status Page 7 of 8 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics HUMAN DIGNITY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND THE about their rights. Generally, they know they COMMON GOOD have the right to eat nutritious food and a safe Human Dignity place to stay. They know they have the right to can’t be taken away be paid for the work they do. But there are Catholic Social Teaching states that each many other rights. person has value, are worthy of great respect, When human rights are not well-known or and must be free from slavery, manipulation, made known to people, abuses such as and exploitation. discrimination, intolerance, injustice, the basis of fundamental human rights. oppression, and slavery can arise. Inviolable, must be respected and protected Born out of the atrocities and enormous loss of Also constitutes the basis of fundamental life during World War II, the United Nations rights in international law. Universal Declaration of Human Rights was The 1948 Universal Declaration of Human signed in 1948 to provide a common Rights enshrined this principle in its preamble: understanding of what everyone’s rights are. It ‘recognition of the inherent dignity and of the forms the basis for a world built on freedom, equal and inalienable rights of all members of justice, and peace. the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice, and peace in the world’. For The Common Good this reason, the dignity of the human person is served as the moral justification of most social part of the substance of any right protected by systems—and of all tyrannies—in history. The international human rights law. It must, degree of a society’s enslavement or freedom therefore, be respected, even where a right is corresponded to the degree to which that restricted. tribal slogan was invoked or ignored. It is also It is at the heart of human identity. Human referred to the public interest. dignity goes to the heart of human identity, an undefined and undefinable concept. It is a including a gay, lesbian, bisexual, meaningless concept, unless taken literally, in transgendered, and intersex identity, hence which case, its only possible meaning is – the the name of the trust. Without dignity none of sum of the good of all the individual men the protections of the various legal human involved. rights mechanisms can have real meaning, But in that case, the concept is meaningless as which is why the concept has held, and a moral criterion which leaves an open continues to hold, a central place in the question of what is the good of individual men international human rights framework. and how does one determine it? When “the common good” of a society is Human Rights regarded as something apart from and inherent to all human beings, whatever our superior to the individual good of its members, nationality, place of residence, sex, national or it means that the good of some men takes ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any precedence over the good of others, with other status. those others consigned to the status of These rights are all interrelated, sacrificial animals. It is tacitly assumed, in such interdependent, and indivisible. cases, that “the common good” means “the It is not a privilege. It is something that can be good of the majority” as against the minority taken away at someone’s whim. They are or the individual. “rights” because they are things you are allowed to be, do, or have. These rights are there for your protection against people who might want to harm or hurt you. They are also there to help us get along with each other and live in peace. Many people know something Page 8 of 8