ICAO Annex 2 Rules of the Air PDF

International Standards Annex 2 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air This edition incorporates all amendments adopted by the Council prior to 24 February 2005 and supersedes, on 24 November 2005, all previous editions of Annex 2. For information regarding the applicability of the Standards, see Foreword. Tenth Edition July 2005 International Civil Aviation Organization International Standards Annex 2 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation Rules of the Air ________________________________ This edition incorporates all amendments adopted by the Council prior to 24 February 2005 and supersedes, on 24 November 2005, all previous editions of Annex 2. For information regarding the applicability of the Standards and Recommended Practices, see Foreword. Tenth Edition July 2005 International Civil Aviation Organization AMENDMENTS Amendments are announced in the supplements to the Catalogue of ICAO Publications; the Catalogue and its supplements are available on the ICAO website at www.icao.int. The space below is provided to keep a record of such amendments. RECORD OF AMENDMENTS AND CORRIGENDA AMENDMENTS CORRIGENDA Date Date Entered Date Date Entered No. applicable entered by No. of issue entered by 1–38 Incorporated in this edition 39 23/11/06 — ICAO 40 22/11/07 — ICAO 41 20/11/08 — ICAO 42 19/11/09 — ICAO 43 15/11/12 — ICAO 44 13/11/14 — ICAO 45 10/11/16 — ICAO 46 8/11/18 — ICAO ANNEX 2 (ii) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD......................................................................................................................................................... (v) CHAPTER 1. Definitions................................................................................................................................... 1-1 CHAPTER 2. Applicability of the rules of the air.............................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Territorial application of the rules of the air....................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Compliance with the rules of the air................................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Responsibility for compliance with the rules of the air...................................................................... 2-1 2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft..................................................................................... 2-1 2.5 Problematic use of psychoactive substances....................................................................................... 2-1 CHAPTER 3. General rules................................................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 Protection of persons and property..................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Avoidance of collisions...................................................................................................................... 3-2 3.3 Flight plans......................................................................................................................................... 3-7 3.4 Signals................................................................................................................................................ 3-9 3.5 Time.................................................................................................................................................... 3-10 3.6 Air traffic control service.................................................................................................................... 3-10 3.7 Unlawful interference......................................................................................................................... 3-14 3.8 Interception......................................................................................................................................... 3-14 3.9 VMC visibility and distance from cloud minima................................................................................ 3-15 CHAPTER 4. Visual flight rules........................................................................................................................ 4-1 CHAPTER 5. Instrument flight rules.................................................................................................................. 5-1 5.1 Rules applicable to all IFR flights...................................................................................................... 5-1 5.2 Rules applicable to IFR flights within controlled airspace................................................................. 5-1 5.3 Rules applicable to IFR flights outside controlled airspace................................................................ 5-1 APPENDIX 1. Signals........................................................................................................................................ APP 1-1 1. Distress and urgency signals............................................................................................................... APP 1-1 2. Signals for use in the event of interception......................................................................................... APP 1-2 3. Visual signals used to warn an unauthorized aircraft flying in, or about to enter a restricted, prohibited or danger area..................................................................... APP 1-3 4. Signals for aerodrome traffic.............................................................................................................. APP 1-3 5. Marshalling signals............................................................................................................................. APP 1-5 6. Standard emergency hand signals....................................................................................................... APP 1-17 ANNEX 2 (iii) 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Table of Content Page APPENDIX 2. Interception of civil aircraft........................................................................................................ APP 2-1 1. Principles to be observed by States..................................................................................................... APP 2-1 2. Action by intercepted aircraft............................................................................................................. APP 2-1 3. Radiocommunication during interception........................................................................................... APP 2-1 APPENDIX 3. Tables of cruising levels............................................................................................................. APP 3-1 APPENDIX 4. Remotely piloted aircraft systems.............................................................................................. APP 4-1 1. General operating rules....................................................................................................................... APP 4-1 2. Certificates and licensing.................................................................................................................... APP 4-1 3. Request for authorization.................................................................................................................... APP 4-2 APPENDIX 5. Unmanned free balloons............................................................................................................. APP 5-1 1. Classification of unmanned free balloons........................................................................................... APP 5-1 2. General operating rules....................................................................................................................... APP 5-1 3. Operating limitations and equipment requirements............................................................................ APP 5-3 4. Termination........................................................................................................................................ APP 5-4 5. Flight notification............................................................................................................................... APP 5-4 6. Position recording and reports............................................................................................................ APP 5-5 ATTACHMENT A. Interception of civil aircraft............................................................................................... ATT A-1 ATTACHMENT B. Unlawful interference........................................................................................................ ATT B-1 _____________________ 15/11/12 (iv) No. 43 FOREWORD Historical background In October 1945, the Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Control (RAC) Division at its first session made recommendations for Standards, Practices and Procedures for the Rules of the Air. These were reviewed by the then Air Navigation Committee and approved by the Council on 25 February 1946. They were published as Recommendations for Standards, Practices and Procedures — Rules of the Air in the first part of Doc 2010, published in February 1946. The RAC Division, at its second session in December 1946 – January 1947, reviewed Doc 2010 and proposed Standards and Recommended Practices for the Rules of the Air. These were adopted by the Council as Standards and Recommended Practices relating to Rules of the Air on 15 April 1948, pursuant to Article 37 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago, 1944) and designated as Annex 2 to the Convention with the title International Standards and Recommended Practices — Rules of the Air. They became effective on 15 September 1948. On 27 November 1951, the Council adopted a complete new text of the Annex, which no longer contained Recommended Practices. The Standards of the amended Annex 2 (Amendment 1) became effective on 1 April 1952 and applicable on 1 September 1952. Table A shows the origin of subsequent amendments together with a list of the principal subjects involved and the dates on which the amendments were adopted by the Council, when they became effective and when they became applicable. Applicability The Standards in this document, together with the Standards and Recommended Practices of Annex 11, govern the application of the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM, Doc 4444) and the Regional Supplementary Procedures — Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Services, contained in Doc 7030, in which latter document will be found subsidiary procedures of regional application. Flight over the high seas. It should be noted that the Council resolved, in adopting Annex 2 in April 1948 and Amendment 1 to the said Annex in November 1951, that the Annex constitutes Rules relating to the flight and manoeuvre of aircraft within the meaning of Article 12 of the Convention. Over the high seas, therefore, these rules apply without exception. On 15 November 1972, when adopting Amendment 14 to Annex 2 relating to authority over aircraft operating over the high seas, the Council emphasized that the Amendment was intended solely to improve safety of flight and to ensure adequate provision of air traffic services over the high seas. The Amendment in no way affects the legal jurisdiction of States of Registry over their aircraft or the responsibility of Contracting States under Article 12 of the Convention for enforcing the Rules of the Air. Action by Contracting States Notification of differences. The attention of Contracting States is drawn to the obligation imposed by Article 38 of the Convention by which Contracting States are required to notify the Organization of any differences between their national ANNEX 2 (v) 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Foreword regulations and practices and the International Standards contained in this Annex and any amendments thereto. Contracting States are invited to keep the Organization currently informed of any differences which may subsequently occur, or of the withdrawal of any differences previously notified. Contracting States are also invited to notify the Organization of any differences between their national regulations and practices and the special recommendations contained in Attachment A to this Annex. A specific request for notification of differences will be sent to Contracting States immediately after the adoption of each amendment to this Annex. Attention of States is also drawn to the provisions of Annex 15 related to the publication of differences between their national regulations and practices and the related ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices through the Aeronautical Information Service, in addition to the obligation of States under Article 38 of the Convention. Promulgation of information. Information relating to the applicability of national rules and procedures, and changes thereto, established according to the Standards specified in this Annex shall be notified in accordance with Annex 15. Use of the text of the Annex in national regulations. The Council, on 13 April 1948, adopted a resolution inviting the attention of Contracting States to the desirability of using in their own national regulations, as far as practicable, the precise language of those ICAO Standards that are of a regulatory character and also of indicating departures from the Standards, including any additional national regulations that were important for the safety or regularity of air navigation. Wherever possible, the provisions of this Annex have been written in such a way as would facilitate incorporation, without major textual changes, into national legislation. Status of Annex components An Annex is made up of the following component parts, not all of which, however, are necessarily found in every Annex; they have the status indicated: 1. — Material comprising the Annex proper: a) Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by the Council under the provisions of the Convention. They are defined as follows: Standard. Any specification for physical characteristics, configuration, matériel, performance, personnel or procedure, the uniform application of which is recognized as necessary for the safety or regularity of international air navigation and to which Contracting States will conform in accordance with the Convention; in the event of impossibility of compliance, notification to the Council is compulsory under Article 38. Recommended Practice. Any specification for physical characteristics, configuration, matériel, performance, personnel or procedure, the uniform application of which is recognized as desirable in the interests of safety, regularity or efficiency of international air navigation, and to which Contracting States will endeavour to conform in accordance with the Convention. b) Appendices comprising material grouped separately for convenience but forming part of the Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by the Council. c) Definitions of terms used in the Standards and Recommended Practices which are not self-explanatory in that they do not have accepted dictionary meanings. A definition does not have an independent status but is an essential part of each Standard and Recommended Practice in which the term is used, since a change in the meaning of the term would affect the specification. d) Tables and Figures which add to or illustrate a Standard or Recommended Practice and which are referred to therein, form part of the associated Standard or Recommended Practice and have the same status. 15/11/12 (vi) No. 43 Foreword Annex 2 — Rules of the Air 2.— Material approved by the Council for publication in association with the Standards and Recommended Practices: a) Forewords comprising historical and explanatory material based on the action of the Council and including an explanation of the obligations of States with regard to the application of the Standards and Recommended Practices ensuing from the Convention and the Resolution of Adoption. b) Introductions comprising explanatory material introduced at the beginning of parts, chapters or sections of the Annex to assist in the understanding of the application of the text. c) Notes included in the text, where appropriate, to give factual information or references bearing on the Standards or Recommended Practices in question, but not constituting part of the Standards or Recommended Practices. d) Attachments comprising material supplementary to the Standards and Recommended Practices, or included as a guide to their application. Selection of language This Annex has been adopted in six languages — English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish. Each Contracting State is requested to select one of those texts for the purpose of national implementation and for other effects provided for in the Convention, either through direct use or through translation into its own national language, and to notify the Organization accordingly. Editorial practices The following practice has been adhered to in order to indicate at a glance the status of each statement: Standards have been printed in light face roman; Notes have been printed in light face italics, the status being indicated by the prefix Note. There are no Recommended Practices in Annex 2. The units of measurement used in this document are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) as specified in Annex 5 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Where Annex 5 permits the use of non-SI alternative units these are shown in parentheses following the basic units. Where two sets of units are quoted it must not be assumed that the pairs of values are equal and interchangeable. It may, however, be inferred that an equivalent level of safety is achieved when either set of units is used exclusively. Any reference to a portion of this document which is identified by a number includes all subdivisions of the portion. (vii) 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Foreword Table A. Amendments to Annex 2 Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 1st Edition RAC Division, Standards and Recommended Practices — Rules of the Air. 15 April 1948 (1948) Second Session 15 September 1948 (1947) — 1 RAC Division, Complete revision and rearrangement of the Annex. 27 November 1951 (2nd Edition) Fourth Session (1950) 11 April 1952 11 September 1952 2 RAC Committee Radiocommunication failure procedures; flight plan. 17 November 1953 of the European- 11 April 1954 Mediterranean 11 September 1954 Region Fourth Special Meeting (1952) 3 Second Definitions and terminology; VFR flight outside controlled airspace; distress 11 May 1956 (3rd Edition) Air Navigation and urgency signals; signals for aerodrome traffic; marshalling signals. 15 September 1956 Conference (1955) 11 December 1956 4 Air Navigation Guidance material on the application of the definitions of danger area; 14 November 1958 Commission prohibited area and restricted area. — — 5 RAC/SAR Divisions Definitions; prohibition of VFR flights at night within controlled airspace; 18 December 1959 (4th Edition) Meeting (1958); avoidance of collisions; flight plans; visual and instrument flight rules; 11 May 1960 Air Navigation SELCAL; marshalling signals. 11 August 1960 Commission 6 RAC/SAR Divisions VFR flight; table of cruising levels; aircraft navigation lights. 13 December 1961 Meeting (1958); 11 April 1962 Airworthiness 11 July 1962 Committee, Fourth Meeting (1960) 7 Fourth North Application of table of cruising levels in polar areas. 27 June 1962 Atlantic Regional 11 November 1962 Air Navigation 11 December 1962 Meeting (1961) 8 RAC/OPS Divisional Definitions; provisions regarding flight level and altitudes; submission of flight 29 November 1965 (5th Edition) Meeting (1963); plans; establishment of a single table of VFR criteria; prohibition of VFR 29 March 1966 Air Navigation flights at night in uncontrolled airspace and above FL 200; communications for 25 August 1966 Commission IFR flights outside controlled airspace; replacement of quadrantal table of cruising levels by a semi-circular table; vertical separation above FL 290. 9 Air Navigation Guidance material; excerpts from the International Regulations for Preventing 29 November 1965 Commission Collisions at Sea. — — 10 Air Traffic Control Flight plans; deletion of guidance material regarding the International 17 June 1967 Automation Panel Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea and of the associated 15 October 1967 (ATCAP), Fifth application Standard. 18 February 1968 Meeting (1966); Air Navigation Commission 15/11/12 (viii) No. 43 Foreword Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 11 Fifth Air Navigation Air traffic services reporting office; marshalling signals. 23 January 1969 Conference (1967) 23 May 1969 18 September 1969 12 Sixth Air Navigation Definitions; minimum heights/levels; controlled VFR flights; new terminology 25 May 1970 (6th Edition) Conference (1969) for designating controlled airspace. 25 September 1970 14 February 1971 13 Limited European- Radiocommunication failure procedures; unserviceability markings on 24 March 1972 Mediterranean manoeuvring areas. 24 July 1972 (RAC/COM) 17 December 1972 Regional Air Navigation Meeting (1969); Air Navigation Commission 14 Air Navigation Authority over aircraft operating over the high seas. 15 November 1972 Commission 15 March 1973 16 August 1973 15 Air Traffic Control Repetitive flight plans. 13 December 1972 Automation Panel 13 April 1973 (ATCAP), Fifth Meeting 16 August 1973 (1966) 16 Seventh Note relating to SSR Mode C transmission of pressure-altitude. 23 March 1973 Air Navigation — Conference (1972) 23 May 1974 17 Council action in Practices to be followed in the event that an aircraft is being subjected to 17 December 1973 pursuance of Assembly unlawful interference. 17 April 1974 Resolutions A17-10 and 23 May 1974 A18-10 18 Air Navigation Radiocommunication failure procedures; Note concerning lease, charter 18 April 1974 Commission and interchange of aircraft. 18 August 1974 27 February 1975 19 Technical Panel on Action by an aircraft which is being intercepted; visual signals for use in 14 February 1975 Supersonic Transport the event of interception; guidance material to assist States in eliminating 14 June 1975 Operations (SSTP), or reducing interceptions; provision relating to flight at transonic and 19 October 1975 Fourth Meeting (1973); supersonic speeds; changes to reflect the concept of cruise climbs. Air Navigation Commission 20 Air Navigation Time-keeping accuracy in ATS units and on board aircraft; use of SSR 17 April 1976 Commission code 7500 in the event of unlawful interference. 17 August 1976 30 December 1976 21 Ninth Air Navigation Definitions relating to changeover points and transition altitudes; requirement 17 December 1977 Conference (1976) for aircraft to adhere to the centre line of ATS routes and to comply with 17 April 1978 changeover points; cruising levels; flight plans and position reports; alignment 10 August 1978 of the definition of flight level with that in Annex 3 and Annex 10, Volume II. 22 Air Navigation Unmanned free balloons; estimated time of arrival. 12 March 1981 Commission 12 July 1981 26 November 1981 (ix) 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Foreword Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 23 Air Navigation Interception of civil aircraft. 11 April 1981 (7th Edition) Commission 11 August 1981 26 November 1981 24 Air Navigation Aircraft exterior lights. 19 March 1982 Commission 19 July 1982 25 November 1982 25 Air Navigation Definitions relating to height, instrument approach procedure, manoeuvring 21 March 1983 Commission; AGA and movement area, taxiing, and taxiway; use of the phrase “HIJACK” in the 29 July 1983 Divisional Meeting (1981) event of interception of civil aircraft; note regarding lease, charter or 24 November 1983 interchange of aircraft; provisions related to surface movement of aircraft and taxiing; series 2 signals used by helicopters in the event of interception; units of measurement. 26 ATS Data Acquisition, Definitions; contents of flight plans; repetitive flight plans; ATS data 22 June 1984 Processing and Transfer interchange; pronunciations to be used by intercepting aircraft; alignment 22 October 1984 Panel, Third Meeting of the radiotelephony urgency signal with Annex 10, Volume II; Coordinated 21 November 1985 (1981); Air Navigation Universal Time (UTC). Commission 27 Council; Air Navigation Identification and interception of civil aircraft. 10 March 1986 (8th Edition) Commission 27 July 1986 20 November 1986 28 Air Navigation Definition of “apron”; special procedures for use during unlawful interference. 16 March 1987 Commission 27 July 1987 19 November 1987 29 Visual Flight Rules Operation of aircraft in mixed VFR/IFR environments; surface movement 12 March 1990 (9th Edition) Operations Panel, Third of aircraft and surface movement guidance and control; acts of unlawful 30 July 1990 Meeting (1986); interference; helicopters as intercepting aircraft. 14 November 1991 Secretariat; Visual Aids Panel, Eleventh Meeting (1987); Air Navigation Commission; amendments consequential to adoption of amendments to Annex 6 30 Secondary Surveillance Definitions; airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS). 26 February 1993 Radar Improvements and 26 July 1993 Collision Avoidance 11 November 1993 Systems Panel, Fourth Meeting (SICASP/4) (1989) 31 Review of the General Definitions; air-taxiing; separation between aircraft; formation flights by civil 18 March 1994 Concept of Separation aircraft in controlled airspace; automatic dependent surveillance. 25 July 1994 Panel, Seventh Meeting 10 November 1994 (1990); Air Navigation Commission; Automatic Dependent Surveillance Panel, Second Meeting (1992) 15/11/12 (x) No. 43 Foreword Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 32 Air Navigation Note related to carriage requirements of airborne collision avoidance systems. 19 February 1996 Commission 19 February 1996 — 33 Air Navigation Communication failure procedures. 26 February 1997 Commission 21 July 1997 16 November 1997 34 Automatic Dependent Definitions; automatic dependent surveillance systems and procedures; 19 March 1998 Surveillance Panel, data interchange between automated ATS systems; ATS applications for 20 July 1998 Fourth Meeting (1996); air-ground data links; problematic use of psychoactive substances. 5 November 1998 Review of the General Concept of Separation Panel, Ninth Meeting (1996); consequential to Amendment 162 to Annex 1 35 Air Navigation ATS airspace classifications; visual meteorological conditions clearance; 10 March 1999 Commission; Visual runway-holding position. 19 July 1999 Aids Panel, Thirteenth 14 November 1999 Meeting (1997) 36 Consequential as a result Revised definitions of “air traffic control unit”, “approach control unit”, 12 March 2001 of Amendment 40 to “alternate aerodrome” “flight crew member”, “pilot-in-command” and 16 July 2001 Annex 11; Amendments 23 “visibility”; editorial amendments. 11 November 2001 and 25 to Annex 6, Part I; Amendments 20 and 7 to Annex 6, Parts II and III, respectively; and Amendment 72 to Annex 3 37 Separation and Airspace Pilot procedures in the event of unlawful interference; editorial amendments. 28 February 2003 Safety Panel (SASP) — — 38 Secretariat Definitions; marshalling signals; communication failure procedures; 23 February 2005 (10th Edition) interception manoeuvres; editorial amendments. 11 July 2005 24 November 2005 39 Secretariat Restructuring of text to emphasize the responsibility of the pilot-in-command 20 February 2006 for the avoidance of collisions. 17 July 2006 23 November 2006 40 Air Navigation Commission Definitions and associated procedures for ADS-B, ADS-C and ADS-C 26 February 2007 agreement; pilot procedures in the event of unlawful interference. 16 July 2007 22 November 2007 41 Secretariat with the Amendment to a definition and Standard to align required navigation 10 March 2008 assistance of the Required performance (RNP) and area navigation (RNAV) terminology with the 20 July 2008 Navigation Performance and performance-based navigation (PBN) concept. 20 November 2008 Special Operational Requirements (RNPSOR) Study Group (xi) 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Foreword Adopted/approved Effective Amendment Source(s) Subject(s) Applicable 42 Recommendation 8/1 Amendments to standard emergency hand signals for emergency 14 March 2009 of the seventh meeting of communications between aircraft rescue and firefighting personnel and flight 20 July 2009 the Operations Panel and/or cabin crews; and harmonization of cruising levels. 19 November 2009 (OPSP/7); Secretariat with the assistance of the APANPIRG task force on RVSM 43 Secretariat; Separation and Amendment to definitions; speed variations; and remotely piloted aircraft. 17 March 2012 Airspace Safety Panel 16 July 2012 (SASP); Unmanned Aircraft 15 November 2012 Systems Study Group (UASSG) 44 Secretariat; Approach Definitions related to instrument approach operations. 25 February 2013 Classification Task Force 15 July 2013 (ACTF) 13 November 2014 45 Separation and Airspace Speed variation procedures 22 February 2016 Safety Panel (SASP) 11 July 2016 10 November 2016 46 Fifth and sixth meetings of Regulatory structure for the issuance of remote pilot licences and the provision 7 March 2018 the Remotely Piloted of a global framework for the regulation of remotely piloted aircraft systems 16 July 2018 Aircraft Systems Panel (RPAS) licensing; and amendment of references. 8 November 2018 (RPASP/5 and RPASP/6), and the thirteenth meeting of the Instrument Flight Procedures Panel (IFPP/13) _____________________ 15/11/12 8/11/18 (xii) 43 No. 46 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS CHAPTER 1. DEFINITIONS Note 1.— Throughout the text of this document the term “service” is used as an abstract noun to designate functions, or service rendered; the term “unit” is used to designate a collective body performing a service. Note 2.— The designation (RR) in these definitions indicates a definition which has been extracted from the Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (see Handbook on Radio Frequency Spectrum Requirements for Civil Aviation including statement of approved ICAO policies (Doc 9718)). When the following terms are used in the International Standards for Rules of the Air, they have the following meanings: Acrobatic flight. Manoeuvres intentionally performed by an aircraft involving an abrupt change in its attitude, an abnormal attitude, or an abnormal variation in speed. ADS-C agreement. A reporting plan which establishes the conditions of ADS-C data reporting (i.e. data required by the air traffic services unit and frequency of ADS-C reports which have to be agreed to prior to using ADS-C in the provision of air traffic services). Note.— The terms of the agreement will be exchanged between the ground system and the aircraft by means of a contract, or a series of contracts. Advisory airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions, or designated route, within which air traffic advisory service is available. Advisory route. A designated route along which air traffic advisory service is available. Aerodrome. A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of aircraft. Aerodrome control service. Air traffic control service for aerodrome traffic. Aerodrome control tower. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to aerodrome traffic. Aerodrome traffic. All traffic on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome and all aircraft flying in the vicinity of an aerodrome. Note.— An aircraft is in the vicinity of an aerodrome when it is in, entering or leaving an aerodrome traffic circuit. Aerodrome traffic zone. An airspace of defined dimensions established around an aerodrome for the protection of aerodrome traffic. Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP). A publication issued by or with the authority of a State and containing aeronautical information of a lasting character essential to air navigation. Aeronautical station (RR S1.81). A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain instances, an aeronautical station may be located, for example, on board ship or on a platform at sea. ANNEX 2 1-1 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 1 Aeroplane. A power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft, deriving its lift in flight chiefly from aerodynamic reactions on surfaces which remain fixed under given conditions of flight. Airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS). An aircraft system based on secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder signals which operates independently of ground-based equipment to provide advice to the pilot on potential conflicting aircraft that are equipped with SSR transponders. Aircraft. Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of the air against the earth’s surface. Air-ground control radio station. An aeronautical telecommunication station having primary responsibility for handling communications pertaining to the operation and control of aircraft in a given area. Air-taxiing. Movement of a helicopter/VTOL above the surface of an aerodrome, normally in ground effect and at a ground speed normally less than 37 km/h (20 kt). Note.— The actual height may vary, and some helicopters may require air-taxiing above 8 m (25 ft) AGL to reduce ground effect turbulence or provide clearance for cargo slingloads. Air traffic. All aircraft in flight or operating on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome. Air traffic advisory service. A service provided within advisory airspace to ensure separation, in so far as practical, between aircraft which are operating on IFR flight plans. Air traffic control clearance. Authorization for an aircraft to proceed under conditions specified by an air traffic control unit. Note 1.— For convenience, the term “air traffic control clearance” is frequently abbreviated to “clearance” when used in appropriate contexts. Note 2.— The abbreviated term “clearance” may be prefixed by the words “taxi”, “take-off”, “departure”, “en route”, “approach” or “landing” to indicate the particular portion of flight to which the air traffic control clearance relates. Air traffic control service. A service provided for the purpose of: a) preventing collisions: 1) between aircraft, and 2) on the manoeuvring area between aircraft and obstructions, and b) expediting and maintaining an orderly flow of air traffic. Air traffic control unit. A generic term meaning variously, area control centre, approach control unit or aerodrome control tower. Air traffic service. A generic term meaning variously, flight information service, alerting service, air traffic advisory service, air traffic control service (area control service, approach control service or aerodrome control service). Air traffic services airspaces. Airspaces of defined dimensions, alphabetically designated, within which specific types of flights may operate and for which air traffic services and rules of operation are specified. Note.— ATS airspaces are classified as Class A to G. 15/11/12 1-2 No. 43 Chapter 1 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Air traffic services reporting office. A unit established for the purpose of receiving reports concerning air traffic services and flight plans submitted before departure. Note.— An air traffic services reporting office may be established as a separate unit or combined with an existing unit, such as another air traffic services unit, or a unit of the aeronautical information service. Air traffic services unit. A generic term meaning variously, air traffic control unit, flight information centre or air traffic services reporting office. Airway. A control area or portion thereof established in the form of a corridor. Alerting service. A service provided to notify appropriate organizations regarding aircraft in need of search and rescue aid, and assist such organizations as required. Alternate aerodrome. An aerodrome to which an aircraft may proceed when it becomes either impossible or inadvisable to proceed to or to land at the aerodrome of intended landing where the necessary services and facilities are available, where aircraft performance requirements can be met and which is operational at the expected time of use. Alternate aerodromes include the following: Take-off alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land should this become necessary shortly after take-off and it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure. En-route alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land in the event that a diversion becomes necessary while en route. Destination alternate. An alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft would be able to land should it become either impossible or inadvisable to land at the aerodrome of intended landing. Note.— The aerodrome from which a flight departs may also be an en-route or a destination alternate aerodrome for that flight. Altitude. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea level (MSL). Approach control service. Air traffic control service for arriving or departing controlled flights. Approach control unit. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights arriving at, or departing from, one or more aerodromes. Appropriate ATS authority. The relevant authority designated by the State responsible for providing air traffic services in the airspace concerned. Appropriate authority. a) Regarding flight over the high seas: The relevant authority of the State of Registry. b) Regarding flight other than over the high seas: The relevant authority of the State having sovereignty over the territory being overflown. Apron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance. 1-3 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 1 Area control centre. A unit established to provide air traffic control service to controlled flights in control areas under its jurisdiction. Area control service. Air traffic control service for controlled flights in control areas. Area navigation (RNAV). A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground- or space-based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self-contained aids, or a combination of these. Note.— Area navigation includes performance-based navigation as well as other operations that do not meet the definition of performance-based navigation. ATS route. A specified route designed for channelling the flow of traffic as necessary for the provision of air traffic services. Note 1.— The term “ATS route” is used to mean variously, airway, advisory route, controlled or uncontrolled route, arrival or departure route, etc. Note 2.— An ATS route is defined by route specifications which include an ATS route designator, the track to or from significant points (waypoints), distance between significant points, reporting requirements and, as determined by the appropriate ATS authority, the lowest safe altitude. Automatic dependent surveillance — broadcast (ADS-B). A means by which aircraft, aerodrome vehicles and other objects can automatically transmit and/or receive data such as identification, position and additional data, as appropriate, in a broadcast mode via a data link. Automatic dependent surveillance — contract (ADS-C). A means by which the terms of an ADS-C agreement will be exchanged between the ground system and the aircraft, via a data link, specifying under what conditions ADS-C reports would be initiated, and what data would be contained in the reports. Note.— The abbreviated term “ADS contract” is commonly used to refer to ADS event contract, ADS demand contract, ADS periodic contract or an emergency mode. Ceiling. The height above the ground or water of the base of the lowest layer of cloud below 6 000 metres (20 000 feet) covering more than half the sky. Changeover point. The point at which an aircraft navigating on an ATS route segment defined by reference to very high frequency omnidirectional radio ranges is expected to transfer its primary navigational reference from the facility behind the aircraft to the next facility ahead of the aircraft. Note.— Changeover points are established to provide the optimum balance in respect of signal strength and quality between facilities at all levels to be used and to ensure a common source of azimuth guidance for all aircraft operating along the same portion of a route segment. Clearance limit. The point to which an aircraft is granted an air traffic control clearance. Command and control (C2) link. The data link between the remotely piloted aircraft and the remote pilot station for the purposes of managing the flight. Control area. A controlled airspace extending upwards from a specified limit above the earth. Controlled aerodrome. An aerodrome at which air traffic control service is provided to aerodrome traffic. Note.— The term “controlled aerodrome” indicates that air traffic control service is provided to aerodrome traffic but does not necessarily imply that a control zone exists. 15/11/12 1-4 No. 43 Chapter 1 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Controlled airspace. An airspace of defined dimensions within which air traffic control service is provided in accordance with the airspace classification. Note.— Controlled airspace is a generic term which covers ATS airspace Classes A, B, C, D and E as described in Annex 11, 2.6. Controlled flight. Any flight which is subject to an air traffic control clearance. Controller-pilot data link communications (CPDLC). A means of communication between controller and pilot, using data link for ATC communications. Control zone. A controlled airspace extending upwards from the surface of the earth to a specified upper limit. Cruise climb. An aeroplane cruising technique resulting in a net increase in altitude as the aeroplane mass decreases. Cruising level. A level maintained during a significant portion of a flight. Current flight plan. The flight plan, including changes, if any, brought about by subsequent clearances. Danger area. An airspace of defined dimensions within which activities dangerous to the flight of aircraft may exist at specified times. Data link communications. A form of communication intended for the exchange of messages via a data link. Detect and avoid. The capability to see, sense or detect conflicting traffic or other hazards and take the appropriate action. Estimated off-block time. The estimated time at which the aircraft will commence movement associated with departure. Estimated time of arrival. For IFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the aerodrome, the time at which the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. For VFR flights, the time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome. Expected approach time. The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding fix to complete its approach for a landing. Note.— The actual time of leaving the holding fix will depend upon the approach clearance. Filed flight plan. The flight plan as filed with an ATS unit by the pilot or a designated representative, without any subsequent changes. Flight crew member. A licensed crew member charged with duties essential to the operation of an aircraft during a flight duty period. Flight information centre. A unit established to provide flight information service and alerting service. Flight information region. An airspace of defined dimensions within which flight information service and alerting service are provided. Flight information service. A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights. 1-5 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 1 Flight level. A surface of constant atmospheric pressure which is related to a specific pressure datum, 1 013.2 hectopascals (hPa), and is separated from other such surfaces by specific pressure intervals. Note 1.— A pressure type altimeter calibrated in accordance with the Standard Atmosphere: a) when set to a QNH altimeter setting, will indicate altitude; b) when set to a QFE altimeter setting, will indicate height above the QFE reference datum; c) when set to a pressure of 1 013.2 hPa, may be used to indicate flight levels. Note 2.— The terms “height” and “altitude”, used in Note 1 above, indicate altimetric rather than geometric heights and altitudes. Flight plan. Specified information provided to air traffic services units, relative to an intended flight or portion of a flight of an aircraft. Flight visibility. The visibility forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. Ground visibility. The visibility at an aerodrome as reported by an accredited observer or by automatic systems. Heading. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic, compass or grid). Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from a specified datum. IFR. The symbol used to designate the instrument flight rules. IFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the instrument flight rules. IMC. The symbol used to designate instrument meteorological conditions. Instrument approach operations. An approach and landing using instruments for navigation guidance based on an instrument approach procedure. There are two methods for executing instrument approach operations: a) a two-dimensional (2D) instrument approach operation, using lateral navigation guidance only; and b) a three-dimensional (3D) instrument approach operation, using both lateral and vertical navigation guidance. Note.— Lateral and vertical navigation guidance refers to the guidance provided either by: a) a ground-based radio navigation aid; or b) computer-generated navigation data from ground-based, space-based, self-contained navigation aids or a combination of these. Instrument approach procedure. A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply. Instrument approach procedures are classified as follows: Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure designed for 2D instrument approach operations Type A. 15/11/12 13/11/14 1-6 43 No. 44 Chapter 1 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Note.— Non-precision approach procedures may be flown using a continuous descent final approach (CDFA) technique. CDFAs with advisory VNAV guidance calculated by on-board equipment are considered 3D instrument approach operations. CDFAs with manual calculation of the required rate of descent are considered 2D instrument approach operations. For more information on CDFAs, refer to PANS-OPS (Doc 8168) Volume I, Part II, Section 5. Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV). A performance-based navigation (PBN) instrument approach procedure designed for 3D instrument approach operations Type A. Precision approach (PA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure based on navigation systems (ILS, MLS, GLS and SBAS Cat I) designed for 3D instrument approach operations Type A or B. Note.— Refer to Annex 6 for instrument approach operation types. Instrument meteorological conditions. Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for visual meteorological conditions. Note.— The specified minima for visual meteorological conditions are contained in Chapter 4. Landing area. That part of a movement area intended for the landing or take-off of aircraft. Level. A generic term relating to the vertical position of an aircraft in flight and meaning variously, height, altitude or flight level. Manoeuvring area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding aprons. Movement area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s). Operator. A person, organization or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation. Note.— In the context of remotely piloted aircraft, an aircraft operation includes the remotely piloted aircraft system. Pilot-in-command. The pilot designated by the operator, or in the case of general aviation, the owner, as being in command and charged with the safe conduct of a flight. Pressure-altitude. An atmospheric pressure expressed in terms of altitude which corresponds to that pressure in the Standard Atmosphere.* Problematic use of substances. The use of one or more psychoactive substances by aviation personnel in a way that: a) constitutes a direct hazard to the user or endangers the lives, health or welfare of others; and/or b) causes or worsens an occupational, social, mental or physical problem or disorder. Prohibited area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is prohibited. * As defined in Annex 8. 1-7 15/11/12 8/11/18 43 No. 46 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 1 Psychoactive substances. Alcohol, opioids, cannabinoids, sedatives and hypnotics, cocaine, other psychostimulants, hallucinogens, and volatile solvents, whereas coffee and tobacco are excluded. Radiotelephony. A form of radiocommunication primarily intended for the exchange of information in the form of speech. Remote pilot. A person charged by the operator with duties essential to the operation of a remotely piloted aircraft and who manipulates the flight controls, as appropriate, during flight time. Remote pilot station. The component of the remotely piloted aircraft system containing the equipment used to pilot the remotely piloted aircraft. Remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). An unmanned aircraft which is piloted from a remote pilot station. Remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS). A remotely piloted aircraft, its associated remote pilot station(s), the required command and control links and any other components as specified in the type design. Repetitive flight plan (RPL). A flight plan related to a series of frequently recurring, regularly operated individual flights with identical basic features, submitted by an operator for retention and repetitive use by ATS units. Reporting point. A specified geographical location in relation to which the position of an aircraft can be reported. Restricted area. An airspace of defined dimensions, above the land areas or territorial waters of a State, within which the flight of aircraft is restricted in accordance with certain specified conditions. RPA observer. A trained and competent person designated by the operator who, by visual observation of the remotely piloted aircraft, assists the remote pilot in the safe conduct of the flight. Runway. A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft. Runway-holding position. A designated position intended to protect a runway, an obstacle limitation surface, or an ILS/ MLS critical/sensitive area at which taxiing aircraft and vehicles shall stop and hold, unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower. Note.— In radiotelephony phraseologies, the expression “holding point” is used to designate the runway-holding position. Safety-sensitive personnel. Persons who might endanger aviation safety if they perform their duties and functions improperly including, but not limited to, crew members, aircraft maintenance personnel and air traffic controllers. Signal area. An area on an aerodrome used for the display of ground signals. Special VFR flight. A VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below VMC. Taxiing. Movement of an aircraft on the surface of an aerodrome under its own power, excluding take-off and landing. Taxiway. A defined path on a land aerodrome established for the taxiing of aircraft and intended to provide a link between one part of the aerodrome and another, including: a) Aircraft stand taxilane. A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft stands only. 15/11/12 13/11/14 1-8 43 No. 44 Chapter 1 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air b) Apron taxiway. A portion of a taxiway system located on an apron and intended to provide a through taxi route across the apron. c) Rapid exit taxiway. A taxiway connected to a runway at an acute angle and designed to allow landing aeroplanes to turn off at higher speeds than are achieved on other exit taxiways thereby minimizing runway occupancy times. Terminal control area. A control area normally established at the confluence of ATS routes in the vicinity of one or more major aerodromes. Total estimated elapsed time. For IFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over that designated point, defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended that an instrument approach procedure will be commenced, or, if no navigation aid is associated with the destination aerodrome, to arrive over the destination aerodrome. For VFR flights, the estimated time required from take-off to arrive over the destination aerodrome. Track. The projection on the earth’s surface of the path of an aircraft, the direction of which path at any point is usually expressed in degrees from North (true, magnetic or grid). Traffic avoidance advice. Advice provided by an air traffic services unit specifying manoeuvres to assist a pilot to avoid a collision. Traffic information. Information issued by an air traffic services unit to alert a pilot to other known or observed air traffic which may be in proximity to the position or intended route of flight and to help the pilot avoid a collision. Transition altitude. The altitude at or below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to altitudes. Unmanned free balloon. A non-power-driven, unmanned, lighter-than-air aircraft in free flight. Note.— Unmanned free balloons are classified as heavy, medium or light in accordance with specifications contained in Appendix 5. VFR. The symbol used to designate the visual flight rules. VFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules. Visibility. Visibility for aeronautical purposes is the greater of: a) the greatest distance at which a black object of suitable dimensions, situated near the ground, can be seen and recognized when observed against a bright background; b) the greatest distance at which lights in the vicinity of 1 000 candelas can be seen and identified against an unlit background. Note 1.— The two distances have different values in air of a given extinction coefficient, and the latter b) varies with the background illumination. The former a) is represented by the meteorological optical range (MOR). Note. 2.— The definition applies to the observations of visibility in local routine and special reports, to the observations of prevailing and minimum visibility reported in METAR and SPECI and to the observations of ground visibility. Visual line-of-sight (VLOS) operation. An operation in which the remote pilot or RPA observer maintains direct unaided visual contact with the remotely piloted aircraft. 1-9 15/11/12 13/11/14 43 No. 44 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 1 Visual meteorological conditions. Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from cloud, and ceiling, equal to or better than specified minima. Note.— The specified minima are contained in Chapter 4. VMC. The symbol used to designate visual meteorological conditions. _____________________ 15/11/12 13/11/14 1-10 43 No. 44 CHAPTER 2. APPLICABILITY OF THE RULES OF THE AIR 2.1 Territorial application of Note 2.— A pilot may elect to fly in accordance with the rules of the air instrument flight rules in visual meteorological conditions or may be required to do so by the appropriate ATS authority. 2.1.1 The rules of the air shall apply to aircraft bearing the nationality and registration marks of a Contracting State, wherever they may be, to the extent that they do not conflict with the rules published by the State having jurisdiction over 2.3 Responsibility for compliance the territory overflown. with the rules of the air Note.— The Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization resolved, in adopting Annex 2 in April 1948 and 2.3.1 Responsibility of pilot-in-command Amendment 1 to the said Annex in November 1951, that the Annex constitutes Rules relating to the flight and manoeuvre of The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall, whether manipu- aircraft within the meaning of Article 12 of the Convention. Over lating the controls or not, be responsible for the operation of the high seas, therefore, these rules apply without exception. the aircraft in accordance with the rules of the air, except that the pilot-in-command may depart from these rules in circum- 2.1.2 If, and so long as, a Contracting State has not notified stances that render such departure absolutely necessary in the the International Civil Aviation Organization to the contrary, it interests of safety. shall be deemed, as regards aircraft of its registration, to have agreed as follows: 2.3.2 Pre-flight action For purposes of flight over those parts of the high seas Before beginning a flight, the pilot-in-command of an aircraft where a Contracting State has accepted, pursuant to a shall become familiar with all available information appro- regional air navigation agreement, the responsibility of pro- priate to the intended operation. Pre-flight action for flights viding air traffic services, the “appropriate ATS authority” away from the vicinity of an aerodrome, and for all IFR referred to in this Annex is the relevant authority designated flights, shall include a careful study of available current by the State responsible for providing those services. weather reports and forecasts, taking into consideration fuel requirements and an alternative course of action if the flight Note.— The phrase “regional air navigation agreement” cannot be completed as planned. refers to an agreement approved by the Council of ICAO normally on the advice of a Regional Air Navigation Meeting. 2.4 Authority of pilot-in-command of an aircraft 2.2 Compliance with the rules of the air The pilot-in-command of an aircraft shall have final authority The operation of an aircraft either in flight or on the movement as to the disposition of the aircraft while in command. area of an aerodrome shall be in compliance with the general rules and, in addition, when in flight, either with: a) the visual flight rules; or 2.5 Problematic use of psychoactive substances b) the instrument flight rules. No person whose function is critical to the safety of aviation Note 1.— Information relevant to the services provided to (safety-sensitive personnel) shall undertake that function while aircraft operating in accordance with both visual flight rules under the influence of any psychoactive substance, by reason and instrument flight rules in the seven ATS airspace classes of which human performance is impaired. No such person is contained in 2.6.1 and 2.6.3 of Annex 11. shall engage in any kind of problematic use of substances. ANNEX 2 2-1 24/11/05 CHAPTER 3. GENERAL RULES 3.1 Protection of persons and property 3.1.1 Negligent or reckless operation of aircraft An aircraft shall not be operated in a negligent or reckless manner so as to endanger life or property of others. 3.1.2 Minimum heights Except when necessary for take-off or landing, or except by permission from the appropriate authority, aircraft shall not be flown over the congested areas of cities, towns or settlements or over an open-air assembly of persons, unless at such a height as will permit, in the event of an emergency arising, a landing to be made without undue hazard to persons or property on the surface. Note.— See 4.6 for minimum heights for VFR flights and 5.1.2 for minimum levels for IFR flights. 3.1.3 Cruising levels The cruising levels at which a flight or a portion of a flight is to be conducted shall be in terms of: a) flight levels, for flights at or above the lowest usable flight level or, where applicable, above the transition altitude; b) altitudes, for flights below the lowest usable flight level or, where applicable, at or below the transition altitude. Note.— The system of flight levels is prescribed in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services — Aircraft Operations (Doc 8168). 3.1.4 Dropping or spraying Nothing shall be dropped or sprayed from an aircraft in flight except under conditions prescribed by the appropriate authority and as indicated by relevant information, advice and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit. 3.1.5 Towing No aircraft or other object shall be towed by an aircraft, except in accordance with requirements prescribed by the appropriate authority and as indicated by relevant information, advice and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit. 3.1.6 Parachute descents Parachute descents, other than emergency descents, shall not be made except under conditions prescribed by the appropriate authority and as indicated by relevant information, advice and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit. ANNEX 2 3-1 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 3 3.1.7 Acrobatic flight No aircraft shall be flown acrobatically except under conditions prescribed by the appropriate authority and as indicated by relevant information, advice and/or clearance from the appropriate air traffic services unit. 3.1.8 Formation flights Aircraft shall not be flown in formation except by pre-arrangement among the pilots-in-command of the aircraft taking part in the flight and, for formation flight in controlled airspace, in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority(ies). These conditions shall include the following: a) the formation operates as a single aircraft with regard to navigation and position reporting; b) separation between aircraft in the flight shall be the responsibility of the flight leader and the pilots-in-command of the other aircraft in the flight and shall include periods of transition when aircraft are manoeuvring to attain their own separation within the formation and during join-up and breakaway; and c) a distance not exceeding 1 km (0.5 NM) laterally and longitudinally and 30 m (100 ft) vertically from the flight leader shall be maintained by each aircraft. 3.1.9 Remotely piloted aircraft A remotely piloted aircraft shall be operated in such a manner as to minimize hazards to persons, property or other aircraft and in accordance with the conditions specified in Appendix 4. 3.1.10 Unmanned free balloons An unmanned free balloon shall be operated in such a manner as to minimize hazards to persons, property or other aircraft and in accordance with the conditions specified in Appendix 5. 3.1.11 Prohibited areas and restricted areas Aircraft shall not be flown in a prohibited area, or in a restricted area, the particulars of which have been duly published, except in accordance with the conditions of the restrictions or by permission of the State over whose territory the areas are established. 3.2 Avoidance of collisions Nothing in these rules shall relieve the pilot-in-command of an aircraft from the responsibility of taking such action, including collision avoidance manoeuvres based on resolution advisories provided by ACAS equipment, as will best avert collision. Note 1.— It is important that vigilance for the purpose of detecting potential collisions be exercised on board an aircraft, regardless of the type of flight or the class of airspace in which the aircraft is operating, and while operating on the movement area of an aerodrome. 15/11/12 3-2 No. 43 Chapter 3 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Note 2.— Operating procedures for use of ACAS detailing the responsibilities of the pilot-in-command are contained in PANS-OPS (Doc 8168), Volume I, Part III, Section 3, Chapter 3. Note 3.— Carriage requirements for ACAS equipment are addressed in Annex 6, Part I, Chapter 6 and Part II, Chapter 6. 3.2.1 Proximity An aircraft shall not be operated in such proximity to other aircraft as to create a collision hazard. 3.2.2 Right-of-way The aircraft that has the right-of-way shall maintain its heading and speed. 3.2.2.1 An aircraft that is obliged by the following rules to keep out of the way of another shall avoid passing over, under or in front of the other, unless it passes well clear and takes into account the effect of aircraft wake turbulence. 3.2.2.2 Approaching head-on. When two aircraft are approaching head-on or approximately so and there is danger of collision, each shall alter its heading to the right. 3.2.2.3 Converging. When two aircraft are converging at approximately the same level, the aircraft that has the other on its right shall give way, except as follows: a) power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to airships, gliders and balloons; b) airships shall give way to gliders and balloons; c) gliders shall give way to balloons; d) power-driven aircraft shall give way to aircraft which are seen to be towing other aircraft or objects. 3.2.2.4 Overtaking. An overtaking aircraft is an aircraft that approaches another from the rear on a line forming an angle of less than 70 degrees with the plane of symmetry of the latter, i.e. is in such a position with reference to the other aircraft that at night it should be unable to see either of the aircraft’s left (port) or right (starboard) navigation lights. An aircraft that is being overtaken has the right-of-way and the overtaking aircraft, whether climbing, descending or in horizontal flight, shall keep out of the way of the other aircraft by altering its heading to the right, and no subsequent change in the relative positions of the two aircraft shall absolve the overtaking aircraft from this obligation until it is entirely past and clear. 3.2.2.5 Landing 3.2.2.5.1 An aircraft in flight, or operating on the ground or water, shall give way to aircraft landing or in the final stages of an approach to land. 3.2.2.5.2 When two or more heavier-than-air aircraft are approaching an aerodrome for the purpose of landing, aircraft at the higher level shall give way to aircraft at the lower level, but the latter shall not take advantage of this rule to cut in in front of another which is in the final stages of an approach to land, or to overtake that aircraft. Nevertheless, power-driven heavier-than-air aircraft shall give way to gliders. 3.2.2.5.3 Emergency landing. An aircraft that is aware that another is compelled to land shall give way to that aircraft. 3-3 15/11/12 No. 43 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air Chapter 3 3.2.2.6 Taking off. An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area of an aerodrome shall give way to aircraft taking off or about to take off. 3.2.2.7 Surface movement of aircraft 3.2.2.7.1 In case of danger of collision between two aircraft taxiing on the movement area of an aerodrome the following shall apply: a) when two aircraft are approaching head on, or approximately so, each shall stop or where practicable alter its course to the right so as to keep well clear; b) when two aircraft are on a converging course, the one which has the other on its right shall give way; c) an aircraft which is being overtaken by another aircraft shall have the right-of-way and the overtaking aircraft shall keep well clear of the other aircraft. Note.— For the description of an overtaking aircraft see 3.2.2.4. 3.2.2.7.2 An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all runway-holding positions unless otherwise authorized by the aerodrome control tower. Note.— For runway-holding position markings and related signs, see Annex 14, Volume I, 5.2.10 and 5.4.2. 3.2.2.7.3 An aircraft taxiing on the manoeuvring area shall stop and hold at all lighted stop bars and may proceed further when the lights are switched off. 3.2.3 Lights to be displayed by aircraft Note 1.— The characteristics of lights intended to meet the requirements of 3.2.3 for aeroplanes are specified in Annex 8. Specifications for navigation lights for aeroplanes are contained in the Appendices to Parts I and II of Annex 6. Detailed technical specifications for lights for aeroplanes are contained in Volume II, Part A, Chapter 4 of the Airworthiness Manual (Doc 9760) and for helicopters in Part A, Chapter 5 of that document. Note 2.— In the context of 3.2.3.2 c) and 3.2.3.4 a) an aircraft is understood to be operating when it is taxiing or being towed or is stopped temporarily during the course of taxiing or being towed. Note 3.— For aircraft on the water see 3.2.6.2. 3.2.3.1 Except as provided by 3.2.3.5, from sunset to sunrise or during any other period which may be prescribed by the appropriate authority all aircraft in flight shall display: a) anti-collision lights intended to attract attention to the aircraft; and b) navigation lights intended to indicate the relative path of the aircraft to an observer and other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken for these lights. Note.— Lights fitted for other purposes, such as landing lights and airframe floodlights, may be used in addition to the anti-collision lights specified in the Airworthiness Manual, Volume II (Doc 9760) to enhance aircraft conspicuity. 3.2.3.2 Except as provided by 3.2.3.5, from sunset to sunrise or during any other period prescribed by the appropriate authority: 15/11/12 3-4 No. 43 Chapter 3 Annex 2 — Rules of the Air a) all aircraft moving on the movement area of an aerodrome shall display navigation lights intended to indicate the relative path of the aircraft to an observer and other lights shall not be displayed if they are likely to be mistaken for these lights; b) unless stationary and otherwise adequately illuminated, all aircraft on the movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to indicate the extremities of their structure; c) all aircraft operating on the movement area of an aerodrome shall display lights intended to attract attention to the

ICAO Annex 2 Rules of the Air PDF

Document Details

Tags

Related

Summary

Full Transcript

Upgrade to continue