Hypokinetic Diseases PowerPoint Presentation PDF

Hypokinetic Diseases  Physical Activity & Hypokinetic Diseases 1) Regular physical activity and good fitness can promote good health, help prevent diseases, and be a part of disease treatment. 2) Participating in regular physical activity over a lifetime may overcome the effec...

Hypokinetic Diseases  Physical Activity & Hypokinetic Diseases 1) Regular physical activity and good fitness can promote good health, help prevent diseases, and be a part of disease treatment. 2) Participating in regular physical activity over a lifetime may overcome the effects of inherited risks.  What does hypokinetic disease mean? “Hypo” means low, under, or too little. “Kinetic” means “movement” or “activity” THUS, hypokinetic means [too little physical activity]. Therefore, a hypokinetic disease or condition is associated with a lack of physical activity or too little regular exercise. Example of such conditions include low back pain, obesity, diabetes, hypertension obesity  What is obesity? Obesity is defined as an excessively high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass (NRC p. 114; Stunkard, p. 14). about 20% more than your ideal body weight Obesity is an ongoing disease, not a cosmetic problem. It means that you have excess body fat that is putting your health at risk.  How do I know if I am obese? Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher are considered obese The body mass index compares your height and weight based on the concept that a person’s weight should be proportional to height.  BMI Formula BMI = Weight in Kilograms (Height in Meters) x (Height in Meters) OR BMI =[ Weight in Kilograms ÷ [ (Height in cm) x (Height in cm)] ] x 10,000  BMI Table BMI Weight Status Below 18.5 Underweight 24.9 – 18.5 Normal 29.9 – 25.0 Overweight and above 30.0 Obese  Calculate BMI Subject Height Weightً 1 1.80 50 2 1.66 76 3 1.45 43 4 1.59 79 What is your BMI? Body Mass Index & Type 2 Diabetes  Skinfold Caliper Skinfold measurements: Folds of skin are measured with a caliper. The measurements are used in equations that link the thickness of skinfolds to percent body fat calculations made from more precise.experiments Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) Electrical current travels more easily through tissue containing water. Fat does not contain much water; therefore, electrical flow is impeded. Fat can be estimated by the impedance encountered when electrical currents pass through the body. OMRON Body Fat Analyzer What causes obesity?  Causes of Obesity  Causes of obesity are often not simple to identify.  Genetics play a role in obesity.  Lifestyle choices (i.e., food intake and caloric expenditure) are the most important factors leading to obesity.  Knowledge of nutrition  Stress level  Use of medications, such as antidepressants  Environmental influences Your family's behavior Availability of food Culture Caloric Balance Positive caloric balance Caloric intake > caloric expenditure Leads to weight gain Negative caloric balance Caloric intake < caloric expenditure Leads to weight loss Daily Caloric Need Resting Metabolic Rate Number of calories expended to maintain body during resting conditions Typically represents 60 to 70% of daily caloric need Can be estimated with equations Is proportional to body weight Decreases with age More calories are needed to sustain muscle than fat  What are the Treatment of Obesity?  Treatment Requires long-term management Treatment consists of modifying your eating behaviors, physical activity, and monitoring your behavior, such as understanding what may trigger you to eat. Treatment also covers the psychological and social components of obesity (stress management) In extreme cases (for some people who have a BMI of 40 or higher) surgical procedures can reduce the size of the stomach  Activity Level and Risk of Obesity Data from Hu, F. B., et al. 2003. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in.women. Journal of the American Medical Association 289(14): 1785–1791 Changing Lifestyle to Promote a Healthy Weight Reduce total calories. Reduce fat intake. Increase physical activity. Change unhealthy eating behaviors. Keep records. Plan meals and snacks. Solicit support. Develop a reward system. Gimmicks and Gadgets for Weight Loss People look for quick and easy ways to lose weight. This makes them vulnerable to those selling “quick fixes.” Saunas and sweat suits are sometimes marketed as weight loss aids, when in fact they merely contribute to dehydration. Electrical stimulators for the abdominal muscles have come under recent examination by government authorities for their unproven claims. Spot reduction is a myth that certain exercises can cause weight loss in targeted areas.  What is body image? & How were develop our body image?  Body Image Body image = the mental representation a person holds about her or his body It consists of perceptions, images, thoughts, attitudes, and emotions Media images are linked to negative body image Different cultures have different ideas of the “ideal” body type Poor body image can cause psychological distress  Coping Strategies Some people cope with stress by overeating Analyze your eating habits to determine if you are using food appropriately Develop adequate and appropriate strategies for dealing with stress Signs of Disordered Eating A preoccupation with food, calories, and weight Repeatedly expressed concerns about being or feeling fat, even when weight is average or below average Increasing self-criticism of one’s body Secretly eating or stealing food Eating large meals, then disappearing or making trips to the bathroom Consumption of large amounts of food not consistent with the individual’s weight Bloodshot eyes, especially after trips to the bathroom Vomit or odor of vomit in the bathroom Signs of Disordered Eating (continued) Wearing baggy or layered clothing Mood swings Preoccupation with the eating behavior of others Continuous drinking of diet soda or water Periods of severe caloric restriction Excessive laxative use Compulsive, excessive exercise that is not part of the individual’s training program Unwillingness to eat in front of others Strategies for Weight Gain Increase caloric intake by 200 to 1000 kcal per day. This can be done by increasing meal size, number of meals, or number of between-meal snacks. Increase the number of healthy snacks consumed. Choose bread, fruit, and other nutritious foods. The majority of additional calories consumed should be complex carbohydrates (e.g., pasta, bread, rice, potatoes). Strategies for Weight Gain (continued) Add resistance training to the daily routine. Weight training is an effective means for increasing the body’s fat-free mass. When training intensely, be sure to consume 1.5 g of protein for each kilogram of body weight daily. Increase consumption of milk and fruit juices. These excellent choices provide not only additional calories but also essential nutrients.  What are the Health Consequences of Overweight and Obesity?  Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences Overweight and obese individuals are at increased risk for many diseases and health conditions, including the following: – Hypertension – 33% rise in type 2 diabetes Stress – Heart disease (Obesity is one of the six major controllable risk factors for heart disease) – Stroke – Respiratory problems – Some cancers (breast, colon) – Excess body fat decreases the ability to perform physical activities – 400,000 premature deaths annually – Weight loss of 5-10% in obese individuals can reduce the risk of certain diseases  How many times I need to exercise every day so I can loss weight or maintain good health? & What type of exercise I need to do? Prevention of Obesity Through Physical Activity (continued) Once excess weight has been gained, exercise alone can result in modest weight loss. Caloric restriction combined with aerobic exercise seems to be most useful in weight loss and weight maintenance. Exercise Prescription A minimum of 150 min per week of aerobic activity. 200 to 300 min per week may be more effective for long-term weight control. Exercise 40 to 60 min per day at least 3 days per week. Initial intensity should be 40 to 50% ˙ 2max, with goal of 50 to 70% VO VO ˙ 2max. Exercise Prescription (continued) Target exercise energy expenditure is 300 to 500 kcal each day. Use care to maintain hydration and avoid overheating. Resistance exercise can be used to help sustain lean tissue. Combining Caloric Restriction With Exercise Appropriate weight loss goals are typically 0.5 to 1 kg per week. Avoid diets that consist of fewer than 1200 kcal/day. Choose a varied diet with attention to adequacy of vitamin and mineral intake. Choose a diet low in fat.  Diabetes Corbin et al., 2004, pp. 439-440 Is a disease (or a disorder) that occurs when the blood sugar is chronically high. There is no cure for diabetes, but in most cases it can be controlled with proper medication and adopting a healthy lifestyle. A disease characterized by a lack of insulin production, or the body's inability to use the insulin it produces properly. In diabetes, blood glucose levels rise to abnormal levels, which can cause a host of symptoms and complications.  Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas. This hormone regulates the glucose level in the blood. Type I Diabetes When an individual’s body fails to produce enough insulin, this person will have to take insulin (oral or injection) to regulate his blood-glucose level, then this person is said to have Type I diabetes.  Type II Diabetes Type II diabetes is non-insulin dependent and can be controlled with significant lifestyle changes and drugs other than insulin. In this type of diabetes the receptors on cells in the body that normally respond to the action of insulin fail to be stimulated by it - this is known as insulin resistance. In the last decade or so, children and adolescents have began to develop diabetes. This development is closely tied to obesity and sedentary lifestyle.  -Can develop during pregnancy -it does leave women more prone to developing type 2 diabetes later in life -It typically disappears after the baby is delivered  Diagnosis Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after an overnight fast. Oral glucose tolerance test. For this test, you fast overnight, and the fasting blood sugar level is measured. Then you drink a sugary liquid, and blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next two hours.  Symptoms of Diabetes The need to urinate more than usual Constant thirst Unusual weight loss Feeling weak or tired Blurred vision Tingling or numbness in hands or feet Cuts and bruises that are slow to heal Difficulty with erections in men, and unusual vaginal dryness in women Extreme hunger Feeling nauseated and vomiting Frequent and recurring infections such as urinary tract infections  body's hints seriously If you notice any possible diabetes signs or symptoms, contact your doctor. Diabetes is a serious condition, and the earlier it's diagnosed, the sooner treatment  Causes of Diabetes certain medicines pregnancy (gestational diabetes) any illness or disease that damages the pancreas and affects its ability to produce insulin genetics may play a part in all types of diabetes mellitus. obesity  Long-term Complications Diabetes complications may be disabling or even life-threatening. Heart and blood vessel disease: including coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke, narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure. Osteoporosis: may lead to lower than normal bone mineral density, increasing your risk of osteoporosis. Nerve damage: excess sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels that nourish your nerves.  Long-term Complications Kidney damage: the kidneys contain millions of tiny blood vessel clusters that filter waste from your blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system. Severe damage can lead to kidney failure, requiring a kidney transplant. Eye damage: damage its blood vessels, potentially leading to blindness. Foot damage: nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of various foot complications. Left untreated, cuts can become serious infections that require toe, foot or even leg amputation.  Lifestyle changes can help reduce the symptoms and complications associated with.diabetes Reduce overweight level; Increase daily physical activity level; Reduce dietary fat intake; Increase intake of complex carbohydrates; and Decrease total daily calorie intake  Obesity is a known risk factor for chronic diseases such as diabetes, which affects the way the body uses energy from sugar.and other foods.of type II diabetes related to obesity % 80 )Hypertension(  What Is Blood Pressure? & Why Blood Pressure Calls Silent Killer?  What Is Blood Pressure? Blood pressure: is the force of blood against the walls of arteries. Top number (systolic) -measures the force of blood on arteries when the heart beats 120/80 Bottom number (diastolic) -measures force of blood on arteries between beats Hypertension is generally defined as a blood pressure reading greater than 140 over 90 Why blood pressure calls silent killer? It is especially dangerous because it often has no warning signs or symptoms. Regardless of race, age, or gender, anyone can develop high blood pressure.  Blood Pressure Classifications Category Systolic BP Diastolic BP Goal ‹ 120 ‹ 80 Normal ‹ 130 ‹ 85 High Normal 130-139 85-89 Stage 1 Hypertension 140-159 90-99 Stage 2 Hypertension 160-179 100-109 Stage 3 Hypertension ≥ 180 ≥ 110 Effects of High Blood Pressure on Your Body Hardening of the arteries Stroke Heart attack Kidney damage Blindness.Cont  Arteries As people get older, arteries throughout the body "harden," especially those in the heart, brain, and kidneys. High blood pressure is associated with these "stiffer" arteries. This, in turn, causes the.heart and kidneys to work harder  Stroke High blood pressure is the most important risk factor for stroke. Very high pressure can cause a break in a weakened blood vessel, which then bleeds in the brain. This can cause a stroke. If a blood clot blocks one of the narrowed arteries, it can also cause a stroke.  Kidney Damage The kidneys act as filters to rid the body of wastes. Over time, high blood pressure can narrow and thicken the blood vessels of the kidneys. The kidneys filter less fluid, and waste builds up in the blood. The kidneys may fail altogether. When this happens, medical.treatment or a kidney transplant may be need Blindness Or Impaired Vision High blood pressure can eventually cause blood vessels in the eye to burst or bleed. Vision may become blurred or otherwise impaired and can result in blindness.  What causes High Blood Pressure?  Usually unknown.  Narrowing of the arteries.  Fast heart rate.  Kidney disease.  Medications.  Who Gets High Blood Pressure? African Americans ( blacks) more than (whites). People who: – are older ( between 35 & 50 ). – are overweight ( more than 10 % ). – have high blood pressure in the family. – Great deal of stress in life. – Smokers – Obese individuals Controlling Your Blood Pressure Lifestyle Changes – Don’t smoke – Limit alcohol – Manage stress – Healthy eating plan -Limit Sodium and Salt – Achieve a healthy weight – Exercise/physical activity  Points to Remember Lifestyle changes that can prevent and control high blood pressure include: Healthy eating - emphasizing fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy foods. Choosing and preparing foods with less salt and sodium. Losing weight if overweight. Increasing physical activity. Heart diseases  Definition of Heart Diseases Heart disease: Any disorder that affects the heart.  Atherosclerosis General term for a condition characterized by thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of the blood vessels. People with atherosclerosis have a buildup of cholesterol and fat that makes their arteries narrower. Those deposits are called plaque. As the vessel walls thicken, the passageways through the vessels narrow, decreasing the blood supply to the affected region.  Atherosclerosis The deposition of materials along the arterial walls http://www.tmc.edu/thi/cad.html What are the some of the Causes of Heart Diseases?  Causes of Heart Diseases Heart disease is not contagious — you can't catch it like you can catch the flu. Some risk factors: – The Age. – Heredity – High blood pressure. – Diabetes: High blood glucose levels over time can lead to increased deposits of fatty materials on the insides of the blood vessel walls – Obesity and eating not healthy food. – Physical inactivity. – Elevated levels of cholesterol. – Alcohols + smoking  Angina is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease. Chest pain resulting from reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle. Thus, it is a condition in which the heart muscle does not receive enough blood causing severe pain in the chest area. This results when the arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood are narrowed.  Angina Symptoms uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing or pain in the center of the chest. The discomfort also may be felt in the neck, jaw, shoulder, back or arm. When does angina occur? Angina often occurs when the heart needs more blood. – For example, running to catch a bus could trigger an attack of angina while walking might not. – Angina may happen during exercise, strong emotions or extreme temperatures. Some people, such as those with a coronary artery spasm, may have angina when they're resting.  Heart Attacks Heart attacks are the symptoms that occur when the patient's blood decrease in force in the coronary arteries feeding the heart muscles, which are often the result of the narrow coronary arteries, which prevents access blood adequately.  Symptoms of Heart Diseases tightness, discomfort heaviness, pressure or squeezing shortness of breath sweating or weakness nausea and/or vomiting denial, refusing to admit that anything is wrong dizzying , tiredness, headache stressed and pain in chest and left shoulder.  The Prevention &Treatment of Heart Diseases 1. Smoking. 2. High cholesterol level. 3. High blood pressure. 4. Physical inactivity. 5. Obesity. 6. Diabetes. 7. Excessive drinking. 8. Aspirin or Medicine.  Heart Diseases & Sport Regular exercises help to increase the percentage of the good cholesterol (HDL) which help to remove the bad cholesterol (LDL) from arteries. The increase of the bad cholesterol in the blood leads to drifting fats on the arteries walls and this leads to stopping blood supply. Sport help to decrease blood pressure. If your blood pressure is high you are more susceptive than other to heart diseases. Exercises help you to reduce your weight. Obesity increases the strain on the heart and it is increase the possibility of having heart diseases by increasing blood pressure and cholesterol percentage.  Sport for Heart Patients The appropriate sport for heart patients: Swimming ( not too much). Slow running. Walking The inappropriate sports for heart patients: Weight lift. Running for long time. Boxing. Climbing.  What is bone? Bone is a living, growing tissue that turns over at a rate of about 10% a year. It is made of mostly of: 1.collagen, a protein that gives the bone its soft framework. 2.Calcium phosphate, a mineral that add strength and hardens the framework. This combination of collagen and calcium makes bone strong and yet flexible enough to bear weight and to withstand stress. More than 99% of the body's calcium is contained in the bones and teeth. The remaining 1% is found in the blood.  What is bone? Throughout your lifetime, old bone is constantly being removed and replaced by new bone. Normally, during childhood and the teenage years, new bone is added faster than old bone is removed. For most people, bone mass peaks by the late 20s.  Definition Is a disease in which bones became fragile and more likely to break. Osteoporosis, is a disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue. This means you may be more likely to get fractures in locations such as the hip, spine, and wrist. It’s a disease that can be prevented and treated. Which picture have the brittle bones? What are the Risk Factors of Osteoporosis?  Risk Factors You Can’t Control: Genetic predisposition Ethnicity: Asian and white Caucasian women are at the greatest risk for fractures. Age: Classic osteoporosis is a disease of adulthood. Gender: Osteoporosis mainly affects postmenopausal women Body size: small, thin-boned individuals are at greater risk  Risk Factors You Can Control: Lack of regular exercise Smoking cigarettes Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (Eating disorders): irrational fear of weight gain leading to eating disorder Heavy alcohol consumption Medications Low calcium and vitamin D intake Excess soda consumption: The link between osteoporosis and caffeinated sodas isn't clear, but caffeine may interfere with calcium absorption and its diuretic effect may increase mineral loss.  Pregnancy & Breastfeeding and Bone Health During pregnancy, the baby needs plenty of calcium to develop its skeleton. This need is especially great during the last 3 months of the pregnancy. Studies have shown that women often lose 3 to 5 percent of their bone mass during breastfeeding. This bone loss may be caused by the growing baby’s increased need for calcium, which is drawn from the mother’s bones. What are the Symptoms of Osteoporosis?  Symptoms The osteoporosis is the silent disease. Only through a bone mineral density (BMD) The syndrome appear only when the complication appear. In patients who do have symptoms, bone pain is the most common complaint. Fractures of brittle bone Deformity of bone Advanced arthritis of joints near affected bone Compression on neighboring nerves from enlarged bones, leading to a loss of sensation or movement Chronic pains in the back A gradual decrease in the height How can we Prevent & Treat Osteoporosis?  Prevention & Treatment Start early in life to build strong bones (teen years). Build strong bones with a nutritious diet, enough calcium, 1500 mg daily after menopause. Vitamin D - deficiency in the elderly is common. Stop smoking cigarettes and avoid heavy consumption of alcohol. Educate yourself about medications known to increase risk. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) is given to women to slow bone loss from osteoporosis. But also led to increases in a woman's risk of breast cancer, stroke and heart disease.  Prevention & Treatment: Begin a Regular Exercise Program Like muscle, bone is living tissue that responds to exercise by becoming stronger. Young women and men who exercise regularly generally have greater bone mass than those who do not. The best exercise for bones is weight-bearing exercise. This is exercise that forces you to work against gravity, such as walking, jogging, stair climbing, tennis, and lifting weights. Weightlessness and immobility can result in bone loss. Space travel has provided significant research data on the subject of weightlessness and bone loss. Astronauts exposed to the microgravity of space experience significant bone loss.