تصنيف الحيوانات PDF

Classification of Animals  Linnaeus and Classification Carolus Linnaeus designed our classification scheme. – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species  Linnaeus and Classification All animals are placed in Kingdom Animalia. Names of animal groups...

Classification of Animals  Linnaeus and Classification Carolus Linnaeus designed our classification scheme. – Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species  Linnaeus and Classification All animals are placed in Kingdom Animalia. Names of animal groups at each rank in the hierarchy are called taxa (taxon). – Each rank can be subdivided into additional levels of taxa. Superclass, suborder, etc.  Animal Taxonomy Linneus classified species as the smallest unit, and that each species nested within a higher category Species is a Latin word meaning “kind” or “appearance Differentiation between species based on: a) Morphological differences b) The potential to interbreed with each other in nature to produce fertile offspring  Binomial nomenclature Linneus developed the concept of binomial nomenclature, whereby scientists could communicate clearly. 1. The first part, the genus ‫الجنس‬, is the group to which a species belongs. 2. The second part, refers to the species ‫ النوع‬within the genus. 3. The first letter of the genus is capitalized and both names are italicized and latinized. 4. For example, Linnaeus assigned to humans the scientific name Homo sapiens, which means “wise man”. 4.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS An outline of classification of animals is given below: Kingdom Animalia Cellular level of organization (Phylum Porifera) Tissue/organ/organ system level of organization Radial symmetry, Diploblastic (Phylum Coelenterata, (Cnidaria) Bilateral symmetry, Triploblastic Phylum Ctenophora) Acoelomata (Phylum Platyhelminthes) Pseudocoelomata (Phylum Aschelminthes) Eucoelomata (Phylum Annelida, Phylum Arthropoda, (Phylum Mollusca, Phylum Echinodermata, Phylum Hemichordata, Phylum Chordata) Phylum Annelids Different Phyla of Non-chordates and their examples 1-Phylum: Porifera:‫ االسفتجيات‬Dermal ostia ‫ فتحات‬and canal system are present. E.g. Sycon , Porifera: Sycon 2-Phylum- Coelenterata or Cnidaria ‫الجوفمعويات‬ They possess cells called cnidoblasts ‫خاليا السعة‬ for defense and food capture. e.g. Hydra, 3. Phylum- Ctenophora ‫ المشطيات‬:- They possess external rows of comb plates for locomotion. E.g. Pleurobranchia Ctenophora: Pleurobranchia 4. Phylum- Platyhelminthes ‫ الديدان المفلطحة‬:- They have flat body. flame cells are present for excretion. E.g. Taenia Taenia 5. Phylum- Aschelminthes (Nematohelminthes -Nematodes) ‫الديدان الخيطية‬ - They are cylindrical, elongated and worm- shaped. E.g. Ascaris (Roundworm), 6. Phylum- Annelida :- ‫الديدان الحلقية‬ Their body exhibits true segmentation (metamerism) e.g Earthworm Earthworm 7. Phylum- Arthropoda ‫ مقصليات االرجل‬: They have paired, jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeleton. E.g. Honey bee Honey bee 8. Phylum- Mollusca ‫الرخويات‬:- They are soft-bodied animals which generally possess calcareous shell as exoskeleton. e.g Octopus Octopus 9. Phylum-Echinodermata ‫الجلد شوكيات‬:- They are spiny-skinned animals having radial symmetry in adult stage. They possess water vascular system. e.g., Star fish Star fish  10. Phylum- Hemichordata ‫نصفية الحبليات‬ They are worm-like animals with proboscis, collar and trunk. Respiration by many paired gills. Excretion is through proboscis gland. e.g., Balanoglossus, Fig. 4.14. Balanoglossus. Phylum: Chordata Phylum Chordata includes animals characterized by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal gill slits. Fig. 4.15. Diagrammatic representation of Chordata characteristics Phylum Chordata is divided as follows: Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata or Tunicata (Notochord in larval tail) Cephalochordata (Notochord Vertebrata (Notochord is replaced extends from head to tail) by vertebral column) Division Agnatha (jaw absent) Gnathostomata (jaws present) Super class Pisces (bear fins) Tetrapoda (bear limbs) Class Class Class Cyclostomata 1. Chondrichthyes 1. Amphibia 2. Osteichthyes 2. Reptilia 3. Aves 4. Mammalia  Subphyla Urochordata and Cephalochordata are called protochordates and are all marine organisms. 1. Subphylum Urochordata ‫ ذيل حبليات‬: The adult are sedentary (attached) forms without notochord. Their larvae have notochord in the tail region. Eg:- Ascidia ‫األسيديا‬ 2. Subphylum Cephalochordata ‫ راس حبليات‬: In the members of this subphylum notochord extends from the head to tail region, eg:- Branchiostoma (Amphioxus) ‫السهيم‬ Fig. 4.16. Urochordata: (a) Ascidia, Cephalochordata:(b) Branchiostoma. 3. Subphylum Vertebrata: It is composed of members which possess notochord only in the embryonic stages. In adults it is replaced by Vertebral column. Different Classes of Subphylum Vertebrata 1. Class - Cyclostomata ‫ دائرية الفم‬:-They have suctorial and circular mouth without jaws. Paired fins and scales are absent. E.g. Petromyzon (Lamprey) Fig. 4.17. Cyclostomata: Petromyzon 2. Class - Chondrichthyes ‫األسماك‬ ‫الغضروفية‬:- They are marine fishes with cartilaginous endoskeleton. The exoskeleton has placoid scales ‫ حراشف لوحية‬e.g Shark Shark 3. Class - Osteichthyes: ‫ أسماك عظمية‬- They are marine or freshwater fishes with bony endoskeleton. The exoskeleton has cycloid or ctenoid scales. E.g. Sardine, Tilapia  4. Class - Amphibia ‫البرمائيات‬:- They are the vertebrates adapted to land and water. They do not possess exoskeleton. E.g. Frog Frog 5. Class – Reptilia ‫ الزواحف‬:- They are the creeping or crawling vertebrates having dry, cornified skin without skin glands. The exoskeleton has horny scales or scutes. E.g. Tree lizard Tree lizard 6. Class – Aves‫ الطيور‬: - They are animals with wings and are adapted for flight. They have feathers as exoskeleton and their jaws are modified into beaks. E.g. Pigeon Pigeon 7. Class – Mammalia ‫ الثديات‬:- They possess breast glands (mammary glands) and majority of them are viviparous. They have hair as exoskeleton. E.g. Kangaroo Monkey and Human Kangaroo Monkey