HY 102 Western Civilization Since 1648 Notes PDF

HY 102 Western Civilization Since 1648 Notes Research Paper Topic: language barrier during the age of exploration/silk road trading era (email professor about this so he can send sources to get more info) Textbooks:​ Western Civilizations, vol. 2 by Joshua Cole; ​ ​ Sources of the West ed....

HY 102 Western Civilization Since 1648 Notes Research Paper Topic: language barrier during the age of exploration/silk road trading era (email professor about this so he can send sources to get more info) Textbooks:​ Western Civilizations, vol. 2 by Joshua Cole; ​ ​ Sources of the West ed. Mark Kishlansky, vol. 2 - PRIMARY SOURCE BOOK READING SCHEDULE: (C= Cole’s Western Civilization; K = Kishlansky’s Sources of the West) January 13: C: Chs. 12-13 (background); K: pgs ix-12 January 20: C; Ch. 14-15; K: pgs. 13-44 January 27: C: Ch. 16; K: 45-77 February 3: C: Ch. 17; K: pgs. 77-92 February 10: C: Ch. 18; K: 93-107 February 17: C: Ch. 19 February 24: C: Ch. 20; K: pgs. 108-126 March 3: C: Chs. 21; K: pgs. 127-162 March 17: C: Chs. 22-23; K: pgs. 163-216 March 24: C: Ch. 24; K: pgs. 217-240 April 7: C: Ch. 25; K: pgs. 241-259 April 21: C: Ch. 26-27; K: pgs. 260-294 April 28: C: Chs. 28-29; K: pgs. 295-352 FIRST EXAM ESSAY TOPIC: Explain the history of Western Civilization during the age of absolutism. -​ Chapter 15 is most important - address the covered topics in exam!!! -​ Know dates for exam -​ Talk a lot about key figures -​ the Divine Right of Kings - were there always kings in the bible? How to Cite from Textbooks: Cole, Joshua. Western Civilization, vol. 2 (New York: Norton, 2019), 99. Taylor, Alan. The American Colonies (New York: Penguin Books, 2001), 27. Quizzes: 15 fill in the blanks & 7 Terms where you have to write a paragraph defining the terms. Quiz 1: Be able to write a paragraph on the Protestant Reformation and one about the Colombian Exchange (write dates on hand), one on Louis the 14th of France! -​ NOTES: Western Civilizations: They all believe that there is only 1 God (monotheistic religions) -​ Judaism -​ Christianity -​ Islam -​ Dominant in North and then West Africa ★Roman Catholic Church - dominant church in Europe -​ 711 -1492 AD -​ The Spanish-Christians call this era the Reconquest -​ They tried to retake Spain from the Muslims -​ Moors invaded and conquered Spain -​ January 2nd, 1492: Battle of Granada -​ Completed the Reconquest - Spain becomes Christian again. -​ 1453: Ottoman Turks (Islamic Empire) conquered Constantinople -​ Spices & Silk were traded on the Silk Road -​ Portugal: led expeditions to travel around Africa (Age of Exploration) -​ Prince Henry the Navigator -​ Christopher Columbus (born in Italy) -​ Thought of traveling around the world to get to the other side of Africa, instead of traveling around the bottom of Africa. -​ Nobody wanted to fund this expedition because it was too much of an effort just for some spices and silk -​ Columbus goes to Spain and tells them his plan -​ He travels for months, and first runs into the Bahamas -​ They had Greeks knowledge, Roman Knowledge/literature, The Bible -​ Met a group of people called the Arawaks who looked very different from anything they'd ever seen - painted bodies, no clothes -​ Columbus and his men described these people as docile (peaceful/submissive) -​ Caribs: infamous for eating people (cannibals) -​ Ate their enemies thinking it would give them spiritual strength -​ Columbus traveled to: -​ Hispaniola -​ Cuba -​ Puerto Rico -​ Three major reasons the Europeans went to these countries were because they were seeking God, Glory, Gold -​ Roman Catholic -​ Forced this religion on the Natives -​ Portugal: -​ Spain: -​ ★Pope: settled disputes -​ Decides which nations get which land (Treaty of Tordesillas) -​ Divides the new world between Spain and Portugal -​ Portugal claimed Brazil and much of the African coast -​ Vasco da Gama: spreads the Portuguese Empire to India -​ Spain became the most powerful nation in Western civilization -​ They took over most of south America and southern north America -​ They claimed the Philippines as well. -​ 1513: Vasco Balboa -​ Crossed Central America and discovers the Pacific Ocean for Spain -​ Ponce de Leon: Found Florida -​ Supposedly found the “Fountain of Youth” -​ Thought the manatees were mermaids -​ Hernan Cortez: Took 500 men and explored Mexico -​ Conquered the Aztec empire (strongest empire at the time) -​ The Aztecs were defeated because they were weakened by disease. -​ Cortez’s men had lots of firepower and horses (superior technology) -​ They made allies with the Aztec’s enemies -​ Created New Spain with the new land (modern-day Mexico) -​ Viceroyalties -​ 1533: Francisco Pizarro: conquered the Inca Empire and created what is now Peru -​ 1539-1542: Hernando de Soto: conquers what is now the American Southeast (Florida) -​ Defeated Chief Tusckaloosa at the battle of Mabila -​ ★The Columbian Exchange: (good topic to write about on quiz) -​ Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases from the old world to the new and vice versa  -​ Europeans brought cows, chickens, horses, pigs, sheep, grapes, coffee beans, onions, etc. -​ Natives traded potatoes, pumpkins, peanuts, corn, beans, etc. -​ Disease: Killed most of the natives -​ Yellow Fever, Malaria, Smallpox, Syphilis -​ The Spanish thought they were going to enslave the natives but they were dying off from the diseases so they turn to the Atlantic Slave Trade -​ Population declined by 95% within the first 3 generations of living there -​ Bartolome de las Casas: Defender of the Indians -​ Told the Spanish to stop enslaving and mistreating the Indians -​ In 1542 - New laws came out that stopped enslaving the Indians and mistreating them -​ They thought about making the poor Europeans do the hard, dirty work of building civilizations in America, but they can’t enslave Christians -​ The Moors: Ghana, Mali, Songhay Empire -​ These three empires conquered parts of West Africa -​ They are all Muslim with Islamic Kings -​ Las Casas said they couldn’t enslave Christians or the Indians, but the Spanish could enslave the Moors because they were Muslim and already had an existing slave trade. -​ People got enslaved in three main ways: -​ Being: Prisoners of war, criminals or owed Debt -​ Rational: enslavement - paying back their debt to society -​ Their kids didn’t become slaves Atlantic Slave Trade: (1442-1888) -​ This slave trade happened before Columbus sailed the ocean blue (1492) -​ Portuguese and Spanish started this -​ Traded weapons, clothes, and horses to Africans on African coast -​ First started trading gold and ivory then started trading slaves -​ 1503 - First recorded instance where African slaves are taken from the Americas directly to Europe. -​ 1518 - African slaves were taken directly from Africa to the Americas -​ Based on Race, it was Hereditary, and Perpetual Arabian Slave Trade: 1400s to 1800s (Same time as Atlantic Slave Trade) -​ 11 million taken from Arabia to India over 400+ years  -​ Only counting the people that are taken directly (not including their descendants) -​ Brought over in two ways: -​ Taken captive from other nations (sold Africans to the Europeans) -​ Europeans kidnapped Africans -​ 15% died on the way over (mostly from disease) -​ Middle Passage (short distance for slave transport) -​ They were buying and selling slaves mainly to make money -​ Royal African Company -​ A British company that hired doctors to go on the ships that trasported the slaves so that the slaves could be in good health so they could sell the slaves for even more money - not becuase they cared about the slaves Be able to write a paragraph on this for exam: Amount of slaves traded: 1500’s: 240,000 1600’s: 1,300,000 1700’s: 6,000,000 1800’s: 2,000,000 -Notice the decline -​ Abolition -​ Enlightenment -​ Age of Revolution -​ 40% of slaves came to Brazil -​ First place slave went to, and the last. (up to 1888) -​ They were in Brazil for the longest time -​ Chronology and geology (weather and such) -​ Longer the voyage, the higher the risk of death -​ 4% Caribbean Islands -​ The number is smaller because of distance and because the US had smaller territory at the time and wasn’t too involved in the slave trade. -​ 1619 - Virginia purchased African servants (not called slaves then) -​ 1660s was when having slaves became legal CHAPTER 15: (new topics) -​ 1600s Europe was a time of “War, Famine, and Plague” -​ 1500 Western Europe: the population was 60 Million (not that dense) -​ 1600 Western Europe: the population was 85 Million -​ Thomas Malthus: wrote about population causing problems -​ Talked about overuse of resources because the population is growing exponentially. -​ Overpopulation leads to “war, famine, and plague”  -​ One idea to limit overpopulation was to limit amount of childbirths -​ ★Thirty Years’ War: ★(1618-1648)★ - KNOW THESE DATES FOR QUIZ -​ War between Catholics from southern Europe fighting Protestants from northern Europe on the continent. - specifically in the German lands (the land that later becomes Germany) -​ Led to a general growth of government -​ Sweden developed the first army of conscripts (young men were forced to join the army) -​ Peace of Westphalia (KNOW THIS FOR QUIZ - ID Terms)★ -​ Larger outcomes: 1.​ German states are freed and get to determine their own religion: (protestant or catholic) 2.​ France gains control of the French/German boarder 3.​ Austria lost its control in the German lands 4.​ France becomes the dominant power of the European continent 5.​ Spain declines in power 6.​ The 300 states that make up the Holy Roman Empire become independent and the Roman Empire becomes ineffective 7.​ ★The pope was ignored in these situations 8.​ Separation of religion and politics -​ (separate war between Spain & France) - both Catholic nations that ended with a treaty called the Peace of Pyrenees in 1659 MONARCHS: Age of Absolutism: -​ A time of absolute monarchy in Western Europe (one person is in charge) -​ Thought that the one person was put there because of the Divine Right of Kings (thought that God put them in power) -​ “Absolute power corrupts absolutely” - write something about this on Quiz -​ If you go against the king, you’re going against God - sinning KNOW THIS FOR EXAM!: 5 rules of absolutism 1.​ King has the power to make laws (legislature) 2.​ Power to tax (power to tax is the power to destroy) 3.​ The king administers justice (head of the courts) 4.​ Controls the bureaucracy 5.​ King determines foreign policy, including war Bossuet: French philosopher who argued for a biblical justification for absolute monarchy -​ The New Testament says to obey the kings -​ “The king is responsible to no one but God” - the Divine Right of Kings -​ For Exam: Were there always kings in the bible?? Charles Loyseau: Argued for a Legal justification for absolute monarchy -​ He said “Order is necessary in all things”  -​ Divided French society into three estates: -​ 1st Estate - Clergy -​ 2nd Estate - Nobility -​ 3rd Estate - Common folk ID TERM: Louis the 14th (XIV) of France: -​ Ideal of an absolute monarch -​ Directed strict control over his administration -​ His view for French society: one law, one king, one faith -​ Known as the Sun King (“he is the source of light for all people”) -​ Has a massive palace built for him in Versailles -​ 3rd Estate paid for it Edict of Fontainebleau: -​ A decree Louis XIV signed that closed protestant churches and schools which forces them to leave the country -​ Huguenots: French Protestants who fled their country -​ Mercantilism: the central government regulates the economy for the benefit of the state (not the people). -​ Did this through tax policy and generally controlling the economy -​ Capitalism opposed this (against mercantilism) -​ Louis XIV uses a high protective Tariff (a tax on imports) -​ Did this so people use French made products instead of English, etc. -​ English products end up costing more (this isn’t freedom - the French could choose to buy English products but they are more expensive so they buy french products due to their government controlling the price) -​ The Tariff led to a depression and people smuggling things into France -​ His policies led to many constant wars - he created a large army that was paid for with more taxes -​ War of Spanish Succession: Ended 1713 -​ French lost to a coalition led by england -​ England rose in power -​ Louie regretted the wars -​ The debt in the wars… -​ Spain is a declining power around this time -​ Their empire is not producing, they are overstretched -​ In South-Easten Europe: the Ottoman Empire is dominant In 1500s, the Russia starts to develop -​ Started in Moscow -​ Ivan the Terrible: their Tsar -​ Their King Peter the Great: leads them to power with influence of Louie XIV