Humanistic Psychology PDF

Humanist Psychology HSP3U Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) ◼ American Psychologist ◼ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human ne...

Humanist Psychology HSP3U Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) ◼ American Psychologist ◼ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs ◼ It arranges needs in ascending order with biological needs at the bottom and social and personal needs at the top. Only when needs at a lower level are met can we advance to the next level. Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs ◼ Deficiency needs are physiological needs (food, sleep) and psychological needs (safety, love, esteem) that we try to fulfill if they are not met. ◼ Growth needs are those at the higher levels and include the desire for truth, goodness, beauty and justice. Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs ◼ According to Maslow, we must satisfy our deficiency needs before having the time and energy to satisfy our growth needs and move toward self-actualization. ◼ Self-actualization: refers to the development and fulfillment of one’s unique human potential Characteristics of Self-Actualized Individuals ◼ They perceive reality accurately. ◼ They are independent and autonomous. ◼ They prefer to have a deep, loving relationship with only a few people. ◼ They focus on accomplishing their goals. ◼ They report peak experiences, which are moments of great joy and satisfaction.  Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective ◼ He believed that people carl%2520rogers are basically good and are endowed with self- actualizing tendencies. ◼ He also believed that people nurture our growth by being genuine-by being open with their own feelings, dropping their facades, and being transparent and self- disclosing. Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective ◼ People nurture our growth hug by being accepting-by offering us what Rogers called unconditional positive regard. ◼ Unconditional positive regard: an attitude of total acceptance toward another person Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective victoria_cheval_mirror ◼ Finally, people nurture our growth by being empathetic-by sharing and mirroring sharing-is-caring_girls_feature_feature-large our feelings and reflecting our meanings. Carl Rogers’ Person-Centered Perspective 285 ◼ Rogers believed that TeacherAndStudent1 genuineness, acceptance, and empathy nurture growth in all our relationships. 73091678  Self-Concept- Who am I? Carl Rogers defined self-concept as the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself. It includes three components: 1. Self-image: How you see yourself, which might include physical descriptions, social roles, and personality traits. 2. Self-esteem: How much value you place on yourself, which can be positive or negative. 3. Ideal self: The person you would like to be, which can influence your self-esteem and self-image. Positive vs. Negative Self-Concept Positive Self-Concept: When individuals have a positive self-concept, they generally feel good about themselves and their abilities. They are more likely to have high self- esteem, be confident, and approach challenges with a constructive mindset. Negative Self-Concept: Conversely, a negative self- concept can lead to low self-esteem, self-doubt, and a tendency to view oneself and one's abilities in a critical light. This can result in a lack of confidence and a more pessimistic outlook on life.  Self-Concept How do they test? Interviews or Roger’s Questionnaire Interviews: Rogers often used non-directive interviews, where the client leads the conversation. This method allows individuals to express their thoughts and feelings freely, providing insights into their self-concept. Roger’s Questionnaire: One of the tools developed by Rogers is the Q-Sort technique. This involves individuals sorting a series of statements about themselves into categories that range from "most like me" to "least like me." This helps in assessing the congruence between the self-image and the ideal self.  Carl Rogers and Humanistic Psychologists ◼ Humanistic psychology helped to renew psychology’s interest in the self. ◼ Perhaps one more reason that the message has been so well received is that its emphasis on the individual self-reflects and reinforces western cultural values.  Criticisms of the Humanistic Perspective ◼ Nevertheless, its critics have complained that humanistic psychology’s concepts were vague and subjective, its values individualist and self- centered, and its assumptions naively optimistic. ◼ Humanistic psychologists have countered that secure, non-defensive self-acceptance is actually the first step toward loving others. ◼ People who feel intrinsically liked and accepted exhibit less defensive attitudes.  Criticisms of the Humanistic Perspective ◼ Critics also emphasize that the perspective leaves out those “evil” personalities. ◼ Rogers claimed that evil springs not from human nature but from toxic cultural influences.