Introduction to SAP Exam

The study of human behavior through research and analysis, focusing on observable and measurable aspects.

The study of people and their cultures, exploring their traditions, beliefs, and social structures.

The study of behavior and mental processes, understanding how individuals think, feel, and act.

The study of society, exploring patterns of social interactions, culture, and everyday life.

By understanding human behavior, we improve healthcare, education, the economy, and overall societal well-being.

The ability to identify, gather, evaluate, and use information, technology, and resources to complete tasks. This skill is vital for social scientists as they research and analyze data.

The study of people and their cultures, exploring their traditions, beliefs, and social structures. Anthropologists often study societies from a historical and comparative perspective.

The study of how individuals think, feel, and act. Psychologists examine internal mental processes and how they influence our behavior.

The study of society, exploring patterns of social interactions, culture, and everyday life. Sociologists investigate large-scale social structures and how they affect individuals.

The ability to ask questions that guide research and inquiry in social science. These questions can be about individual behavior, social interactions, or cultural patterns.

News sources that consistently provide accurate and trustworthy information, adhering to strict journalistic standards.

Intentionally misleading information spread with the goal of deception.

The act of spreading false information, regardless of whether there's intent to mislead.

The tendency to seek out information that confirms our existing beliefs, even if it's inaccurate.

News reports that present factual accounts of events without editorial opinions or bias.

The observation that we tend to see what we expect to see based on our past experiences, beliefs, and cultural influences.

The process of understanding and interpreting information from our senses, involving both physical and mental processes.

The idea that we often perceive the world in a way that confirms our existing beliefs, even if those beliefs are not entirely accurate.

Those that provide original, firsthand information about a topic. They are the direct source of the information.

These are sources that analyze, interpret, or summarize information from primary sources. They provide a secondary view on the original information.

These sources provide in-depth, detailed information about a specific person, event, or situation. They often focus on explaining how and why something happened.

These sources provide numerical data and statistics to give a broad overview of a population or trend. They are useful for describing who, what, where, and when.

These sources are often used by researchers to collect data from a group of people on a specific topic. They involve structured questions to gather information.

The study of all aspects of human behavior, including cultural practices, social structures, and language.

A detailed descriptive study of a human society, focusing on its culture, traditions, and ways of life.

The scientific study of the material remains of past human societies, revealing information about their culture, technology, and way of life.

The study of human physical variation, including the evolution of modern humans and the relationship between humans and their ancestors.

Forensic anthropologists identify skeletal remains in cases of natural disasters or criminal investigations.

A school of thought that focuses on how cultural elements contribute to the smooth functioning of a society. It examines how institutions, traditions, and beliefs work together to maintain social order.

A theory that emphasizes the influence of material factors like technology and environment on cultural development. It argues that cultural change is driven by the need to adapt to the physical environment.

This perspective emphasizes the spread of ideas and cultural traits from one society to another. It explores how cultural innovations diffuse through different regions and societies.

This perspective views cultural development as a linear process, where societies evolve from simple to complex stages. It suggests that all societies progress in the same direction toward a more advanced state.

A school of thought that rejects the idea of universal truths and objective reality. It emphasizes the role of power, language, and cultural context shaping our understanding of the world.

Primates have a larger brain size compared to their body size, emphasizing their reliance on learned behaviors and complex cognitive abilities.

Primates utilize their sense of sight more than smell, resulting in a reduced snout and smaller noses. This shift is also reflected in the brain's visual and olfactory regions.

Primates possess a clavicle bone (collarbone) that stabilizes the shoulder for side-to-side arm movement, essential for climbing and swinging.

Primates have opposable thumbs and big toes, allowing for grasping and manipulating objects. This dexterity aids in manipulating food and navigating complex environments.

Primates possess nails instead of claws, along with ridges on their touch pads (fingerprints), providing better friction for grasping branches or food.

Studies the fossil record of early humans and their primate ancestors to understand the path of human evolution.

Studies non-human primates (apes and monkeys) in their natural habitat to learn about their behavior and capabilities.

Focuses on the physical differences and similarities between existing human populations, including how humans adapt to their environments.

Investigates the origins of humans as a species, tracing back through our evolutionary past.

The study of physical differences between human populations, including adaptation to different environments.

The shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and attitudes of a society, passed down through generations.

The process of adapting to a new culture and adopting its customs and values.

The spread of cultural traits, ideas, and practices from one society to another.

The process of one group's culture becoming absorbed into another, often dominant, culture.

The presence and acceptance of multiple cultures within a society.

A kinship system in which individuals trace their ancestry through their mothers.

A kinship system in which individuals trace their ancestry through their fathers.

A kinship system in which individuals trace their ancestry through both their mothers and fathers.

A social institution that defines the rights and obligations of individuals within a society.

A marriage involving one spouse and multiple partners.

The ability of a culture to adopt technological advancements from other cultures, leading to changes in social structure, ideas, language, and ultimately, the entire culture.

The shared beliefs, values, behaviors, and attitudes within a society that are passed down through generations.

The physical environment influences how people adapt to survive, and culture helps to accelerate this process. Unlike evolution, which happens over millions of years, culture allows for rapid adaptation.

The ability to control indoor temperatures using air conditioning has significantly impacted architecture, living choices, and social interactions. For example, people now spend more time inside, potentially reducing community connections.

Cultural traits, ideas, and practices can spread from one society to another, influencing the receiving culture.

A subcategory of anthropology that focuses on the study of human cultures, including their beliefs, traditions, and social structures.

The study of the fossil record of early humans and their primate ancestors to understand human evolution.

Areas of study include language, kinship, religion, and economic systems.

They investigate the physical characteristics and evolution of humans as a species.

They examine the fossil record of early humans and their primate ancestors, tracing the path of human evolution.

The study of the physical differences and similarities of existing human populations.

A branch of psychology that creates programs to help people struggling with mental illnesses and disorders, using assessments and therapy.

Using experiments to see how individuals act in different situations. It's like a science lab for human behavior!

This book helps psychologists diagnose mental illnesses and disorders. It contains a list of symptoms and criteria for each condition.

Psychology can help you live a better life by understanding your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. It's like a toolkit for personal growth!

A psychologist helps individuals understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, while a psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can diagnose and treat mental illnesses using medication in addition to therapy.

Psychology can help you understand your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors better, leading to greater self-awareness and personal growth. It can also help you cope with stress and improve your relationships.

This subfield focuses on how people's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors are influenced by their relationships and social situations.

This area of psychology examines the biological basis of mental processes and behavior.

Focuses on helping people deal with everyday challenges like relationships, work, or stress.

This field explores how people develop from infancy to old age, looking at physical, cognitive, and social changes.

This branch of psychology focuses on understanding the unique characteristics and patterns of behavior that make each person different.

A technique in psychoanalysis where a client freely talks about any thoughts or images that come to mind. This uncensored speech is believed to reveal clues about the unconscious.

The part of the mind that is hidden and inaccessible to our conscious awareness. It stores our instincts, repressed memories, and desires.

A major driving force in the psyche, driven by instincts and pleasure-seeking. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Part of the psyche that acts as a mediator between the Id's demands and the Superego's restrictions. It operates on the reality principle, aiming to satisfy the Id's desires realistically.

The moral compass of the psyche, representing internalized rules, values, and ideals. It strives for perfection and imposes guilt for wrongdoings.

A pattern of behavior inherited from our primitive past, influencing present behavior. They are similar to universal symbols and can be found in myths, religions, and art across cultures.

All the information and experiences of an individual's lifetime that have been forgotten or repressed, but still impact their behavior and attitudes.

Shared, inherited unconscious knowledge and experiences from generations, expressed through universal symbols and archetypes. It is a part of every human's unconscious mind.

A Swiss psychologist who developed the concept of the collective unconscious and archetypes.

A collection of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and memories that focus on a single concept within the unconscious mind. The more elements connected to the complex, the stronger its influence on the individual.

The aspect of our personality we present to the world for social adaptation. It's a 'mask' we wear to navigate different social contexts.

The ultimate goal of individual development, characterized by achieving self-actualization and a sense of wholeness.

The part of ourselves that we reject, disown, or don't acknowledge. It embodies traits contrasting with our conscious personality.

An inherited mode of functioning that influences our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. They are universal patterns shaped by evolution and passed down through generations.

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a specific response after repeated pairings with a conditioned stimulus.

A Russian scientist who won a Nobel Prize for his work on classical conditioning, known for his experiments with dogs and salivation.

A neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with a specific response.

The natural, unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

An experiment conducted by John B. Watson to demonstrate that fear can be classically conditioned in humans.

The belief that all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment. This interaction leads to conditioning, which shapes our actions.

A type of learning where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a natural reflex. Think of Pavlov's dogs: the bell (neutral) became linked with food (natural reflex), leading to salivation (learned response).

A type of learning where actions are strengthened or weakened by their consequences. It's about learning through rewards and punishments.

A behavior that is reinforced through rewards and punishments, leading to an increase or decrease in the behavior occurring again.

The process of decreasing a behavior by removing a reward or pleasant stimulus. Think of a dog that stops receiving treats for barking, causing the barking to decrease.

A motivational theory in psychology that describes human needs as a five-tier pyramid, with basic physiological needs at the bottom and self-actualization at the top. Needs at each level must be met before moving to the next.

The drive to fulfill our unique potential as individuals, achieving full growth and development of our abilities and reaching peak experiences.

People who are self-aware, independent, have deep relationships, focus on goals, and experience peak experiences, are considered to have reached a high level of personal development

A psychological perspective emphasizing that individuals are inherently good and possess a natural drive for self-actualization. It stresses the importance of empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard in facilitating growth.

The concept of unconditional acceptance and respect, valuing individuals for who they are, without judgments or conditions. It's a vital component to fostering personal growth and well-being.

It's the study of how the mind works, including learning, memory, and decision-making. It explores how we think, feel, and behave.

This theory suggests that people learn by observing and imitating others. It also emphasizes the role of social influences on behavior.

This experiment showed that children who observed an adult behaving aggressively toward a doll were more likely to imitate that behavior when given the chance.

It investigates the reliability of memory and how easily memories can be influenced or even implanted.

This type of learning focuses on how consequences (rewards or punishments) influence behavior. It's like learning through experience.

All participants must know what their participation will involve and what risks might develop. Participants must retain the right to withdraw from the study at any time and for any reason. This is also called a "consent form".

All data must remain completely confidential and if possible, anonymous.

At the end of the research, the true aims and intent of the research must be revealed to the participants. Any deception must be revealed and justified. All participants must leave the study without undue stress.

Psychologists have a responsibility to protect participants from mental and physical harm. The participants’ best interests need to be kept foremost in the researcher’s mind.

The brain's 'executive' part that controls reasoning, planning, and working memory. It's like the CEO of your brain, coordinating all the complex tasks.

A small brain structure involved in skilled movement and some learning processes. It's like the brain's gymnast, balancing and coordinating actions.

The most primitive and ancient part of the brain, it controls basic life functions like breathing and heart rate. It's like the brain's life support system.

The emotional center of the brain, it processes feelings like anger and fear. It's like the brain's security guard, always on alert.

The largest part of the brain, it's responsible for higher functions like thinking, language, and consciousness. It's like the brain's control tower.

A person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting, often described based on traits like introversion, extroversion, or the "Big Five" personality dimensions.

A theory suggesting that everyone has a dominant personality type (introvert or extrovert), which defines their conscious behavior, while the opposite type influences their unconscious.

A psychological tool used to measure personality, ability, and knowledge through questionnaires and tests, similar to a personality profile.

A model of personality that focuses on five core traits: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. Each trait can be expressed differently in individuals, creating unique personality blends.

A test used to assess an individual's personality based on the "Big Five" traits, offering insights into one's preferred behaviors and social tendencies.

The school of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

The biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes.

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.

Threadlike structures made up of DNA that contain genes.

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up chromosomes.

A person with antisocial tendencies that are caused by social or environmental factors.

A mental condition characterized by an inflated sense of self-importance, a deep need for attention and admiration, troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others.

A theory examining how power imbalances create conflict in society. It argues that those with less power are often marginalized and struggle to bring about change.

A theory focusing on gender roles and how societal structures create inequalities between men and women. It examines how these roles change over time and affect family and sexuality.

The application of a theoretical lens to understand social issues, such as the Syrian refugee crisis, through the perspective of conflict and power imbalances.

The application of a theoretical lens to understand social issues, such as the Syrian refugee crisis, through the perspective of gender roles and their impact on women.

A condition where one group has more influence, resources, and control compared to another. This difference in power can lead to social inequalities and conflict.

The experience of being marginalized, excluded, or disadvantaged due to factors like lack of power, resources, or social voice.

The process of adapting to a new culture and adopting its customs, beliefs, and values. It is often a complex process that can lead to both challenges and growth.

Barriers that prevent a group from fully integrating into a new society. These barriers can be social, economic, or cultural, and often perpetuate inequalities.

A sociological perspective that focuses on individuals' interactions and how they construct meaning, shaping their self-identity and how they fit into the world around them.

Symbolic interactionists would examine the experiences of Syrian refugee women in Canada, focusing on their personal stories and how they adjust to a new culture, leaving behind their past in Syria.

This view explores the impact of leaving family behind when fleeing Syria, how it shapes their sense of identity and their experience in Canada.

Symbolic interactionists examine the factors that influenced Syrian refugees' decision to leave their country. This includes the experiences in Syria, the refugee camps, and the hope for a better future.

This perspective examines how Syrian refugees are adapting to life in Canada, exploring their challenges and how they are redefining their identities in a new context.

The spread of cultural traits, ideas, and practices from one society to another.

The process of one group's culture being absorbed into another, often dominant, culture.

The existence and acceptance of multiple cultures within a society.

A large group of individuals who are in close proximity, experiencing shared emotions and a sense of unity. They are vulnerable to manipulation by charismatic leaders who prey on their feelings to achieve their own goals.

A highly emotional crowd that is driven by a shared, destructive goal. They engage in violence, often targeting individuals or property, but tend to form and disband quickly.

A frenzied crowd with no clear purpose or direction. They are unorganized, emotional, and often aggressive, engaging in random violence, looting, and destruction. They may be driven by a specific incident that has generated anger or excitement.

Collective behavior that involves individuals who are geographically dispersed, sharing thoughts, feelings, and calls for action. It relies on personal communication and often utilizes media to spread messages.

A type of mass behavior that involves the spread of rumors, gossip, fears, and panic, often through media and personal communication, creating a collective sense of anxiety or hysteria.

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help someone in distress when in a crowd compared to being alone.

Social pressures can influence an individual's likelihood of helping in an emergency. A lone person is more likely to help than someone in a crowd.

When a person is in a crowd, responsibility for action is diffused amongst the group, making individuals less likely to act than if they were alone.

The fear of appearing foolish or different in front of others, which can inhibit individuals from helping in a crowd.

Emotional appeals are more effective than reasoned arguments in influencing acting crowds, because they are driven by strong emotions and often think in simple, divisive terms.

A situation where a person is less likely to help someone in distress if there are other bystanders present, due to the diffusion of responsibility and the fear of social judgment.

A temporary gathering of individuals in a specific location.

A type of crowd characterized by individuals who share a common interest or purpose.

A crowd where individuals are more focused on themselves than on the group. They may share a purpose, but their attention is primarily inward.

A crowd that is formed spontaneously in response to an unexpected event or situation.

A mob is characterized by heightened emotions and aggressive behavior.

The phenomenon where individuals in a crowd are less likely to help someone in need because they assume others will take responsibility.

A person in a crowd may feel less accountable for their actions because they are part of a larger group.

Individuals in a crowd may look to others for cues on how to behave.

When a person acts in accordance with the demands of an authority figure, even if they are uncomfortable or morally opposed to it.

This psychologist conducted a famous obedience experiment to study how far people would go in obeying an authority figure, even if it meant harming another person.

An experimental design that tests how far people will go in obeying a command from an authority figure, even if it means causing harm to another person

This is a set of factors that increase the likelihood of obedience.

A person feels insecure or incompetent

A person admires the group's status and attractiveness

The tendency to conform to the behavior of a group, even if the person does not agree with the group's actions.

The group's behavior is observed by the individual

Rules for how people should behave in certain situations. They can be spoken or unspoken.

A study that showed how people would conform to group pressure, even if it meant giving a wrong answer.

The need to be accepted by others, to feel like you belong and be liked.

One factor that increases conformity. It's harder to be different when everyone else agrees.

How strongly you feel about the group you're in. It's stronger when you want to be a part of the group.

If you feel insecure or unsure, you're more likely to conform to avoid being wrong.

If you admire the group's skills or knowledge, you're more likely to conform.