Human Reproductive System PDF

8.8 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Estimated Teaching Hour: 4 Lesson: 1 Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 1 8.23 Describe male and female reproductive organs. 8.24 Explain various stages of the ovarian cycle. 8.25 Explain that the ovarian cycle g...

8.8 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Estimated Teaching Hour: 4 Lesson: 1 Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 1 8.23 Describe male and female reproductive organs. 8.24 Explain various stages of the ovarian cycle. 8.25 Explain that the ovarian cycle governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and release of eggs, while the menstrual cycle governs the preparation and maintenance of the uterine lining. These cycles occur concurrently and are coordinated over a 22–32 day cycle, with an average length of 28 days. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 2 ▪ Dioecious ▪ Unisexual Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 3  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The male reproductive system consists of: 1) Testis 2) Epididymis 3) Vas deferens 4) Ejaculatory duct 5) Urethra 6) Penis 7) Accessory glands a) Seminal vesicle, b) Prostate gland and c) Cowper’s gland Figure: Male reproductive system Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 4  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CBSE Class 12 Biology, Human Reproduction – 1, Male Reproductive System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKHr68e_3Yk&ab_channel=BestforNEET Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 5  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 6  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. TESTIS: Testis is the primary sex organ because it produces both sperm and hormones. A pair of testis is found in human. It is found in loose sac like structure called scrotum. Each testis is oval in shape measuring 4.5 cm in length and 2.5 in width and pinkish in colour. Its temperature is below body temperature because it helps in spermatogenesis. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 7  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. TESTIS: Cont… Each testis contains over eight hundred tightly coiled seminiferous tubules which produce thousands of sperms each second in healthy young man. Histologically each testis consists of three layers i.e. tunica vaginallis, tunica albuginea and tunica vasculosa. Each testis consists numerous testicular lobules which encloses seminiferous tubules. Testicular tubules are separated by intratesticular wall. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 8  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. TESTIS: Cont… All tubules (lobules) open into epididymis. Each seminiferous tubule consists germinal epithelium. The germ cells undergo spermatogenesis to form spermatozoa. The Sertoli cells nourishes spermatozoa. Leydig’s cell are found between seminiferous tubules which produces male sex hormone testosterone. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 9  L.S. OF HUMAN TESTIS Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 10 Q. The given figure shows a sectional view of a seminiferous tubule. Identify the parts labelled as A, B, C, D and E. ANSWER: A- Spermatogonium B- Sertoli cells C- Primary spermatocyte D- Secondary spermatocyte E- Spermatozoa Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 11  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2. EPIDIDYMIS: A system of tubes carries the sperm that the testes produce to the penis. Seminiferous tubules merge into a network of tiny tubules called the rete testis which merges into a coiled tube called epididymis. Epididymis has following three functions: ▪ It stores sperms until they are mature and ready to be ejaculated. ▪ It contains smooth muscle that helps propel the sperm toward the penis by peristaltic contractions. ▪ It serves as a duct system for sperm to pas from the testis to the vas deferens which is dilated continuation of epididymis. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 12 Q. The following figure shows the side view of different human testis. Identify the labelled parts 1 to 4. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 13  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 3. VAS DEFERENS: Vas deferens arises from posterior end of epididymis. Continuing upward after leaving the scrotum, vas deferens passes through lower part of abdominal wall via inguinal canal. The vas deferens then passes around the urinary bladder and enlarges to form ejaculatory duct. Figure: Male reproductive system Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 14  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 4. EJACULATORY DUCT: These are two short tubes measuring about 2 cm in length. Each duct is formed by the union of duct from seminal vesicle and vas deferens. The ejaculatory duct stores sperms and secretion of seminal vesicle until they are ejaculated. Figure: Male reproductive organs (rare view) Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 15  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 5. URETHRA: It is common urinogenital duct which carries both sperms and urine. The urethra is the final section of reproductive duct system which opens exteriorly at the tip of penis. Figure: Male reproductive system Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 16  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 6. PENIS: Penis is the main copulatory organ of male which carries semen and urine out of body. Penis contains erectile tissues corpora cavernosa (two dorso-lateral) and corpus spongiosum (one mid-ventral). The tip of penis is highly sensitive and slightly enlarges to form glans penis. It is enclosed by a fold of skin called prepuce. Penis helps in sexual intercourse and deposit semen in female reproductive tract. Figure: Anatomy of penis Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 17  Figure: Anatomy of penis and T.S. of penis Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 18  HUMAN MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 7. ACCESSORY GLANDS: They add their secretions to the sperm as they are passed through the ducts. a) Paired seminal vesicles secrete yellowish and slightly alkaline viscous fluid containing fructose (food source) and prostaglandins (vaginal contraction). b) Single large prostate gland secretes (15-30% of semen) lipids, bicarbonate ions and few citric acid. Supports in the mobility and nourishment of sperm. c) Paired Cowper's glands secrete a clear alkaline fluid that lubricates the vaginal tract for smooth movement of penis during copulation. It also neutralizes the acidity of vagina which kills the sperm. The fluid that results from the combination of sperm and glandular secretions is known as semen. In an ejaculation about 2.5-3.5 ml of semen is ejaculated. One ml of semen contains about 100 million of sperm cells. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 19 Q. The following figure shows the front view of different organ parts of human male reproductive system. Identify the labelled parts 1 to 7. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 20 Q. The following figure shows the side view of different organ parts of human male reproductive system. Identify the labelled parts 1 to 11. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 21  8.8 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Estimated Teaching Hour: 4 Lesson: 2 Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 22 Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 23  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM The male reproductive system consists of: 1) Ovaries 2) Fallopian Tubes (Oviduct) 3) Uterus 4) Vagina 5) Vulva (External Genitalia) 6) Accessory glands a) Bartholin’s glands and b) Mammary gland. Figure: Female reproductive system (internal organs) Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 24  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM CBSE Class 12 Biology, Human Reproduction – 2, Female Reproductive System https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOKqXb40F0o&ab_channel=BestforNEET Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 25  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. OVARY: Ovaries are the primary female sex organs that produce the female gamete (ovum) and several steroid hormones (ovarian hormones). Each ovary is greyish-pink about 2-4 cm in length and almond shaped. The ovaries are located one on each side of the vertebral column behind the kidney. Each ovary is connected to the pelvic wall and uterus by ovarian ligaments. It is attached to dorsal body wall by the peritoneal fold called mesovarium. Figure: Female reproductive system (internal organs) Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 26  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. OVARY: Cont… Histologically each ovary consists of following three parts: a) Germinal epithelium: Outer covering lined with cuboidal cells. b) Tunica albuginea: Middle delicate layer of connective tissue. c) Stroma: Inner mass of connective tissue. i. Outer cortex that contains ovarian follicle and ii. Inner medulla that contains neuro-vascular Figure: Structure of ovary structure. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 27 Each ovary contains about four lakhs of ovarian follicles (primary oocytes), out of which only 0.05% get chance to form ovum during the life time of a female. A fully matured ovarian follicle is known as graafian follicle which develops a matured ovum. Ovum is surrounded by two transparent layers i.e. zona pellucida and zona radiata. Figure: Section view of ovary. Figure: A mature ovum. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 28  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 2. FALLOPIAN TUBE (OVIDUCT): Each fallopian tube is about 10-12 cm long and extends from the periphery of each ovary to the uterus, the part closer to the ovary is the funnel shaped infundibulum. The edges of the infundibulum possess finger like projections called fimbriae, which help in collection of the ovum after ovulation. The infundibulum leads to a wider part of the oviduct called ampulla, which is the site for fertilization. The last part of the oviduct, isthmus has a narrow lumen and it joins the uterus. The fallopian tube is ciliated muscular tube that Figure: Fallopian tube helps to propel the ovum towards the uterus. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 29  Figure: Female reproductive system. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 30  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 3. UTERUS: The uterus is a hollow, thick walled, muscular and inverted pear shaped organ aka womb. It is supported by double fold of peritoneum called mesometrium which is attached to the pelvic wall. It is highly elastic organ specialized for the development of embryo during pregnancy time. It is 8 cm long, 5 cm across, and 4 cm thick and can expand up to 500X during pregnancy. Uterus consists of three main parts i.e. fundus, Figure: Uterus body and cervix. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 31  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 3. UTERUS: Cont… The wall of the uterus has three layers of tissue. The external thin membranous perimetrium, middle thick layer of smooth muscle, myometrium and inner glandular and highly vascular layer called endometrium that lines the uterine cavity. The endometrium undergoes cyclical changes during menstrual cycle. The myometrium exhibits strong contraction Figure: Fallopian tube during delivery of the baby. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 32  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 4. VAGINA: The vagina is a fibro-muscular and tubular structure as the female copulatory organ. It measure about 10-12 cm long extending from the cervix to outside of the body i.e. vulva. It provides passage for the menstrual flow. It serves to receive the semen during the copulation. It act as a birth canal during childbirth Figure: Vagina (parturition) Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 33  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 5. VULVA (External Genitalia): Mons pubis The female external genitalia include mons pubis, clitoris, labia majora and labia minora. Mons pubis is the anterior part of vulva as a cushion of fatty tissue covered by skin and pubic Labia majora hair. Urethral opening Clitoris is small erectile organ which is homologous Labia minora to the penis. It lies posterior to the mons pubis. Labia majora are large thick folds of skin, which extend down from the mons pubis and surround the vaginal opening. They are partially covered by pubic hair and contain sebaceous (oil) glands. Fourchette Labia minora are paired folds of tissue under the labia majora. They lack pubic hair but contain Figure: External Genitalia sebaceous glands. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 34  Figure: Female reproductive system: Internal organs and External genitalia. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 35 Q. The following figure shows the front view of different organ parts of human female reproductive system. Identify the labelled parts 1 to 7. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 36  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 6. ACCESSORY GLANDS: Mons pubis In female reproductive system two types of Clitoris accessory glands are present i.e. Urethral opening - Bartholin’s gland and Labia minora - Mammary gland. Vaginal opening Bartholin’s gland: These are two bean shaped glands, each lying on the either side of vaginal opening. Bartholin’s gland These glands secrete viscid fluid which lubricates the vulva during sexual excitement. Duct of Bartholin’s gland Figure: Bartholin’s gland Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 37  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 6. ACCESSORY GLANDS: Cont… Mammary gland: A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals. The mammary glands are paired rounded glandular structures that contain glandular tissue and variable amount of fat. They are found on the ventral-lateral thoracic wall and are also called breasts. Each breast bears a central nipple made up of erectile tissue which is surrounded by pigmented area called areola. Figure: Mammary gland Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 38  HUMAN FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 6. ACCESSORY GLANDS: Cont… Mammary gland: The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15-25 mammary lobes. Each lobule is made up of a group of milk secreting gland cells called alveoli. The alveoli open into mammary tubules. The tubules of each lobe join to form a mammary duct. Several mammary ducts join to form a wider mammary ampulla which is connected to lactiferous duct through which milk is sucked out during lactation Figure: Mammary gland Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 39 Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 40 Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 41  8.8 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Estimated Teaching Hour: 4 Lesson: 3 Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 42  MENSTRUAL CYCLE The menstrual cycle is a natural process. It is a complex cycle controlled by female hormones that cause regular bleeding (periods) with the periodicity of 28 days for a healthy female. The menstrual cycle has four phases: 1. Menstruation 2. Proliferative or follicular phase 3. Ovulation and 4. Secretory or luteal phase. Girls can start their periods anywhere from age 8 upwards, but the average is around 12 years. The average age for the menopause (when periods stop) is around 50 years. Figure: Menstrual cycle Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 43  MENSTRUAL CYCLE CBSE Class 12 Biology, Human Reproduction – 3, Menstrual Cycle https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbYa6CTqcK4&ab_channel=BestforNEET Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 44 Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 45 Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 46  Figure: Menstrual cycle NOTE: Female has high chance of pregnancy during the time of green days as shown in the image. Couple use this as the calendar method of family planning. Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 47  FERTILIZATION AND IMPLANTATION CBSE Class 12 Biology, Human Reproduction – 4, Fertilization and Implantation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEerCIZxYZo&ab_channel=BestforNEET Fertilization https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5OvgQW6FG4&ab_channel=NucleusMedicalMedia Sunday, November 24, 2024 HUMAN BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 48