Female Reproductive System PDF

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM HUMAN REPRODUCTION Vaginal orifice and hymen, and ducts for the 1.0 FUNCTIONS greater vestibular. Formation of Ova...

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM HUMAN REPRODUCTION Vaginal orifice and hymen, and ducts for the 1.0 FUNCTIONS greater vestibular. Formation of Ova Clitoris – It is a small cylindrical erectile body. Reception of Spermatozoa Measuring about 1.5 to 2 cm. Situated in the Provision of a suitable environment for most anterior part of the vulva. The two labia fertilization and fetal development minora meet at the clitoris. A small sensitive Parturition (delivering of baby) protrusion. The clitoris is covered by a fold of Lactation, the production of breast milk, which skin, called the prepuce, richly supplied with provides complete nourishment for the baby in nerves. The clitoris is very sensitive to its early life. stimulation and can become erect. 2.0 DIVISIONS Urethral Opening – Situated in the midline just External Genitalia in front of the vaginal orifice. About 1-1.5 cm Internal Genitalia below the pubic arch Accessory Reproductive Organs Vaginal Orifice and Hymen – Lies in the 3.0 EXTERNAL GENITALIA (VULVA) posterior end of the vestibule. It is completely enclosed by a septum of mucous membrane called hymen. Vestibule Hymen – Located just inside the vaginal opening. No known function; not always present. It is usually ruptured at the consummation of marriage. 4.0 INTERNAL GENITALIA (REPRODUCTIVE TRACT) Mons Pubis – A region of adipose tissue above the vagina that is covered with hair (pubic hair) Labia – Rich in never endings and blood vessels. It protects internal organs against pathogens. Function in sexual arousal. Two kinds of Labia 1. Labia Majora – has two folds of adipose tissue that border each side of the vagina. Vagina – “birth canal” A tube-like muscular but The Labia Majora enclose and protect the elastic organ. It is about 4 to 5 inches long in an other external reproductive organs. It is adult woman. PH-4 acidic. It is the passageway translated as “large lips,” and the labia for sperm to the egg and menstrual bleeding. majora are relatively large and fleshy. It Organ of copulation and forms the birth canal of contains sebaceous glands. After puberty, parturition. the Labia Majora are covered with hair. Cervix – is the lower part of the uterus, which 2. Labia Minora – The Labia Minora are protrudes into the upper part of the vagina. It smaller folds (forchette) of skin that lie can be seen during a pelvic examination. Like inside the Labia Majora. It contains no hair the vagina, the cervix is lined with a mucous follicles or sweat glands. The folds contain membrane, but the mucous membrane of the connective tissues. Numerous sebaceous cervix is smooth. Sperm can enter and glands, erectile muscle fibers, and menstrual blood can exit the uterus through a numerous vessels and nerve endings. channel in the cervix (cervical canal). The Vestibule – The vestibule is formed by the Labia cervical is usually narrow, but during labor, the Minora. It encloses the Urethral opening, canal widens to let the baby through. The cervix DO IT SCARED ANYWAY! PAGE 1 AUBREYBAGO | BSP4D FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM HUMAN REPRODUCTION is usually a good barrier against bacteria, the ampulla. except around the time an egg is released by Infundibulum – catches and channels the the ovaries (ovulation), during the menstrual released eggs; it is the wide distal (outermost) period, or labor. portion of each fallopian tube. Uterus – The main function of the uterus is to Fimbriae – are finger-like projections at the sustain a developing fetus. It prepares for this ends of each of the fallopian tubes. Each month, possibility for each month. At termination of they sweep a newly released egg from the pregnancy, it expels the uterine contents. The ovaries into fallopian tubes. Damaged fimbriae uterus consists of the cervix and the main body can negatively impact fertility. (corpus) It has three muscles: Ovary – produce and store egg (ovum) and 1. Endometrium – the inner lining of the uterus, male hormones (estrogen and progesterone) nourishes developing embryo, built up each that control your menstrual cycle and month for pregnancy, if not, shed during pregnancy. During ovulation, one of your menstruation. ovaries releases an egg. 2. Myometrium – muscular, supports fetus, 5.0 OOGENESIS AND contracts at birth, and sheds the FOLLICULOGENESIS endometrium during menstruation. Oogenesis – the process of formation of female 3. Perimetrium – The Perimetrium is a serous gametes. This process begins inside the fetus membrane that lines the outside of the before birth. The steps in oogenesis up to the uterus. production of primary oocytes occur before Fundus – It’s dome-shaped and sits at the top birth. Primary oocytes do not divide further. of the uterus. Like the cervix, the uterine fundus They either become secondary oocytes or is important in reproductive health, too. Not only degenerate (atresia). does the fundus help balance appropriate Folliculogenesis – the goal is to produce a hormones during pregnancy, but it also aids in single dominant follicle from a pool of growing the protection of the fetus. follicles. Fallopian tubes (uterine tubes) – Stretch from 6.0 MENSTRUAL CYCLE the uterus to the ovaries and measure about 8 The menstrual cycle is a natural but complex to 13 cm in length. The ends of the fallopian cycle of changes that your body goes through tubes lie next to the ovaries feathering into ends each month. called fimbria. Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line A menstrual cycle is measured from the first day the fimbria and interior of fallopian tubes. The of the period to the day before the next period. cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second The average length of the menstrual cycle is 28 catching the egg at ovulation and moving it days, but everyone’s cycle is different. For through the tube to the uterine cavity. example, teenagers might have cycles that last Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian 45 days, whereas people in their 20s to 30s tube. might have cycles that last 21 to 38 days. Isthmus – A tiny channel that connects the Phases of Menstrual Cycle: ampulla to the portion of the fallopian tube that’s Menstruation (period) – uterus lining sheds closest to your uterus. The uterine isthmus can and flows out of the vagina. Period contains become more compressible and softer in blood, mucus, and some cells from the lining pregnancy, which is a finding known as Hegar’s of your uterus. The average length of a period sign. It typically presents between the fourth is 3 to 7 days. and 6th week of pregnancy and may be present Follicular phase – the first day of the period until the 12th week of pregnancy. and lasts for 13 to 14 days. Changing Ampulla – The major channel in your fallopian hormone levels cause the lining of the uterus tube, located in between the infundibulum and to thicken and follicles to grow on the surface isthmus. Fertilization most often takes place in DO IT SCARED ANYWAY! PAGE 2 AUBREYBAGO | BSP4D FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM HUMAN REPRODUCTION of the ovaries. Usually, only one follicle make PCOS symptoms worse. matures into an egg. 7.2 Who is at risk for PCOS? Ovulation – when a mature egg is released If mother or sister has it. May also be more from an ovary. This usually happens once a likely to have it if have insulin resistance or are month, about 2 weeks before the next period. obese. Most likely to get pregnant if undergo Women with PCOS are more likely to develop unprotected sex around the time of ovulation. certain serious health problems. These Luteal phase – after ovulation, the egg travels include type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, through the fallopian tubes to the uterus. The problems with the heart and blood vessels, uterus lining continues to thicken in and uterine cancer. Women with PCOS often preparation for pregnancy. If fall into have problems with their ability to get pregnant pregnancy, there will be no period. If not get (fertility). pregnant, there will be a period and the 7.3 What are the symptoms of PCOS? menstrual cycle will start again. Missed periods, irregular periods, or very light 7.0 POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME periods (PCOS) Ovaries that are large or have many cysts polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – is a set Extra body hair, including chest, stomach, and of symptoms caused by a problem with a back (hirsutism) woman’s hormones. It affects the ovaries. Weight gain, especially around the belly PCOS is a very common condition in women Acne or oily skin of childbearing age. In some cases, it can lead Male-pattern baldness or thinning hair to serious health issues if not treated. Infertility Treatment for PCOS is often done with Small pieces of extra skin on the neck or medicine. This can’t cure PCOS, but it helps armpits (skin tags) reduce symptoms and prevent some health Dark or thick skin patches on the back of the problems. neck, in the armpits, and under the breasts. In some cases, a woman doesn’t make 7.4 How is PCOS treated? enough hormones needed to ovulate If plan to become pregnant, treatment may When ovulation doesn’t happen, the ovaries include: can develop many small fluid-filled sacs 1. Change in diet and Activity – a healthy diet (cysts). These cysts make hormones called and more physical activity can help lose androgens. weight and reduce symptoms. It can also Androgens are a type of hormone found in help the body use insulin more efficiently, abundance in men, but women normally have lower blood glucose levels, and may help them in smaller amounts. Women with PCOS ovulate. often have high levels of androgens. 2. Medicines to cause ovulation – medicines This can cause more problems with a can help ovaries to release eggs normally. woman’s menstrual cycle. It can cause many These medicines also have certain risks. of the symptoms of PCOS. They can cause ovarian hyperstimulation. 7.1 What causes PCOS? This is when the ovaries release too many Experts don’t know the exact cause of PCOS hormones. It can cause symptoms, such Many women with PCOS have insulin as belly bloating and pelvic pain. resistance. This means the body can’t use If don’t plan to become pregnant; treatment insulin well. may include: Insulin levels build up in the body and may 1. Birth Control Pills – These help to control cause higher androgen levels. menstrual cycles, lower androgen levels, Obesity can also increase insulin levels and and reduce acne. DO IT SCARED ANYWAY! PAGE 3 AUBREYBAGO | BSP4D FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM HUMAN REPRODUCTION 2. Diabetes Medicine – This is often used to lower insulin resistance in PCOS. It may also help reduce androgen levels, slow hair growth, and help ovulate more regularly. 3. A change in diet and activity – a healthy diet and more physical activity can help lose weight and reduce symptoms. It can also help the body use insulin more efficiently, lower blood glucose levels, and may help ovulate. 4. Medicines to treat other symptoms – some medicines can help reduce hair growth or acne. 8.0 ACCESSORY REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN The breasts contain mammary glands. Only the mammary glands in women can produce milk to feed a baby during lactation. For this reason, the breasts are accessory organs of the female reproductive system. Breasts are secondary sexual characteristics, not organs. DO IT SCARED ANYWAY! PAGE 4 AUBREYBAGO | BSP4D