Human Movement Across Life Stages PDF

Human movement across life stages 1. Functional independence: a lifelong goal PROBLEMS OF DEPENDENCE: Dependence: loss of personal autonomy in some sense and conditioned due to the physical or mental disability, social limitations or economic, or other circumstances. - Decrease...

Human movement across life stages 1. Functional independence: a lifelong goal PROBLEMS OF DEPENDENCE: Dependence: loss of personal autonomy in some sense and conditioned due to the physical or mental disability, social limitations or economic, or other circumstances. - Decrease of quality of life - Mental health disorders: feeling of guilty and being a burden to others - Increase of social spending: more medical consultations and more socio-health resources - Physical, mental and socio economic problems for caregivers FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DEPENDENCE: - Age and concomitant diseases - Impairments in physical performance - Impairments in cognitive status - Living in rural environments - Poor nutrition - Depressive symptoms - Low self-efficacy - Low economic level FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDE: - Physical and mental capacity to carry out actions of daily living, maintain the body and subsist in an autonomous way - Relevance: - Increasing numbers of elderly people - Functionally: main focus in the healthcare of elderly people - It broadens the conception of health-disease evaluation and gives particularity to the healthcare - The most used tool: Functional Independence Measure (FIM). FIM (Functional Independence Measure): - A validated questionnaire that analyzes self-care, sphincter control, locomotion, mobility/transfer, communication and social cognition - 18 items: 13 motor items and 5 cognitive items - Score of each item (from 1 to 7): 1. Total assistance 2. Maximal assistance 3. Moderate assistance 4. Minimal assistance 5. Supervision 6. Modified independence 7. Complete independence - Aim: to measure the degree of dependency of the elderly, and to quantify the demand for care that they could present. FUNCTIONAL INDEPENDENCE: THE UNIVERSAL GOAL - Improvement of quality of life - Decrease of mental health disorders - Increase of physical activity level → decrease of chronic diseases and mortality - Cost-effectiveness: - Fewer hospital admissions - Fewer surgical interventions - Less spending on drugs - Less spending on social health human resources  2. Theories on human development HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: - System that balances the demands of the environment with the internal resources of organizations, institutions or sectors in the health, educational and labor fields. - Three theories: - Quality of life theory - Subjective well-being theory - Theory of social representations - Human development is explained by the differences between these three constructs QUALITY OF LIFE THEORY: - General levels of health, education and employment as a reflection of the opportunities of the state management system compared to the capacities of self-management → Comfort, recreation or leisure - High or medium levels of access and enjoyment of resources - In a situation of shortage → quality of life loses meaning SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING THEORY: - Experiences that, when considered positive, become significant for those who experience them and, based on this fact, assume that their development is favorable - It is not measured from the level of resources but from what it means for each person to be satisfied with themselves and others - It understands development as commitment, influence, empathy and satisfaction. THEORY OF SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS: - Consequences of the processing of information that the individual carries out when exposing himself to the media - Interpretation of reality as members of a group and of a culture, which allows an ecosystem of social interaction - It understands development as the capacity to develop and integrate knowledge into an understandable construct for a social group  3. Motor development and motor control HUMAN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: - Sequential and dynamic process that occurs throughout childhood → acquire a large number of motor skills while the nervous system is madurating → physical and functional independence - It is closed linked to psychological, social, sensory and proprioceptive development - Motor skills learning: - Opportunities to perform an action - A motivating environment that poses a challenge to force or encourage he action to achieve an objective - A stimulating social environment and cultural influence that influences motor behaviour. - A sensory, emotional and social development - New skills that allow opportunities for learning and exploration THE KEY: NEUROPLASTICITY: - The neuroplasticity: potentially of the nervous system to modify itself from neural connections in response to new information, sensory stimulation, development, disfunction or damage - Early motor behaviour is organized by means of activity of basic networks in the brainstem and spinal cord → primary variability → to adapt motor behaviour to the specifics of the environment. - Secondary variability → each adaptation starts at function-specific ages - It takes many years of additional exploration, experience and developmental changes in the brain, before the adult configuration RISK FACTORS IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: - Low birth weight - Malnutrition - Cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, - Low socioeconomic conditions visual or hearing disorders - Premature birth - Neonatal infections - Cognitive delay - Low educational levels of parents KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: - Newborn: ability to move arms and gesture - 3 months: look at hands and use the arms to lift the head - 6 months: play with his feel, hand objects can be changed and able to sit for a limited period - 9 months: able to sit and start crawling. Able to carry weight when standing and reaches objects - 12 months: stands while held on and moves by crawling or lateral walking. Gets the fine pincer - 18 months: able to walk and get up without assistance. Able to scribble and turn pages of a book - 24 months: able to run changing directions and beginning to jump, and walk up and down stairs - 36 months: able to stand on one leg, jump and begin to pedal the bicycle. Performs the digital grip. WARNING SIGNS IN MOTOR DEVELOPMENT: - Persistence of archaic reflexes, or abnormal muscle reflexes - Hypotonia or hypertonia - Tremors, seizures, clonus, hypokinesia - Anomalous postures with asymmetrics; and walking on tiptoes, ataxic of hemiparetic - Language problems - Behavioral disorders: hyperactivity, negativity or irritability - Sleep disorders - Strabismus, nystagmus, or gaze deviation - Several months delay in developmental milestones according the chronological age MOTOR CONTROL: Area of physics exploring laws of nature defining how the nervous system interacts with other body parts and the environment to produce purposeful coordinated actions - Motor control is the responsibility of the primary motor cortex - Two theories: - Direct: CNS outputs muscle force through the direct activation of muscles from higher brain centers - Indirect: force production results from the specification of neurophysiological parameters that may influence, but remain independent of biomechanical variables, determining the conditions and context in which muscle may act to produce a given task within a given environment. - Motor control is nor a stable condition, but can be worked on and optimized through training strategies  4. Body systems changes CHANGES IN AGING: Aging: a progressive, intrinsic and universal process that occurs in all living beings over the time, as an expression of the of the interaction between the individual’s genetic program and their environment - Changes at the multisystem level: - Cardiovascular system - Increase of blood pressure - Decrease of cardiac output - Decrease of ability to respond to stress - Decrease in the amount of blood ejected (alteration in cardiac pump) - Thickening of the left ventricle in response to atherosclerotic changes - Progressive loss of myocardial cells - Disturbances in cardiac rhythm - Decrease in maximal oxygen consumption - Imbalance contribution/consumption → deterioration of aerobic capacity. - Respiratory system - Changes in lung volumes and capacity → restrictive or obstructive dysfunctions - Decrease of antagonistic synergistic process of respiratory muscles - Decrease of the maximum capacity, number and motility of cilia - Sternocostal joint calcifications → restrictions of movement - Decrease of the reaction of chemoreceptors due to arterial thickening → increase of residual volume - Decrease in the strength of respiratory muscles - Decrease of the mobility of rib cage → acute respiratory failure with retention of secretions - Musculoskeletal system - Loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) - Loss of muscle fibers associated with decreased strength → muscle atrophy - Weakness → limits movement and performance of their basic daily activities - Deficiencies in range of motion - Loss of bone mass (osteopenia) - Loss of collagen and elastic fibers → decreases the structural capacity to support loads - Slow and insecure gait with easily lose balance - Suppression of kinesthetic, lowering of arousal thresholds and reception of stimuli → alteration in motor feedback processes. - Nervous system - Decrease of size and number of the cells → changes in brain function - Decrease in dendrites and synapses - Accumulation of damage elements that produces confusional states or dementia - Decrease of brain volume with increase of neuronal atrophy and death - Neurotransmitter alterations → decrease in reaction capacity, coordination, neural drive speed, blood flow, memory, attention span, and learning, mental and intellectual capacity - Slowdown in the speed of response, perception, writing and movement coordination speed - Bradykinesia and dyskinesia - Slowing of the processing of visual and auditory sensory information - Memory loss  - Digestive system - Decrease of chewing and swallowing functions - Decrease of esophageal motility - Increase of gastroesophageal reflux - Loss of appetite - Atrophy of the salivary glands - Decrease of epithelium and atrophy of the submucosal and muscular layer of the stomach - Decrease of digestive enzymes - Loss of intestinal absorption capacity - Decrease of peristalsis → constipation - Immune system - Decrease in immunity due to the thymic involution, and decrease of lymphocytes and interleukins - Increase of antibodies - Endocrine system - Decrease of levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) - Increase of glucose intolerance - Genitourinary system - Decrease of glomeruli (decrease glomerular filtration) and renal fibrosis - Sexual impotence 5. Locomotion patterns across the life span BASIC PATTERNS OF MOVEMENT (BPM): BPM: essential motor skills for the development of complex skills; necessary to participate in a great variety of activities throughout life BPM are classified into: - Locomotor activities: are used to move the body from one place to another → running, skipping, galloping. - Manipulative activities: are used to project or receive objects → throwing, kicking, bouncing Development into three stages: - Initial stage - Elementary stage - Mature stage In mature stage (6-7 years old) → performance mechanically efficient, coordinated and controlled movements LOCOMOTION PATTERNS: It includes the projection of the body to external space - The locomotion patterns imply: - That in one execution many types of movements can be carried out to reach the goal - That the movement can be changed when the execution requires it - That the movements can be altered according to the demands of the environment - There are two types of locomotion pattern: - Basics: jumping, running, walking - Combined: glides, climbing, shifts with changes of direction, jumps with obstacles CHANGES IN LOCOMOTION PATTERNS DUE TO AGING: - Slowdown in the execution of locomotion patterns - Dysfunctional gait: toe does not detach, the unipodal phase is shorter, the length of the stride is reduced… - Decrease of the range in which elements of such patterns are performed - Loss of ability to execute combined patterns - Abnormal pattern development as adaptation to changes in the musculoskeletal system 6. Prehension Prehension: grabbing or grasping an object with the hand - Grip strength is considered as a biomarker of: - Aging - Bone mineral density - Malnutrition - Cognition - Depression - Sleep - Grip strength is a mortality predictor: - A decrease of 5 kg in grip strength → increased risk of cardiovascular disease - Values greater than 18 kg → low risk of mortality