Human anatomy and physiology.docx

Human anatomy and physiology Week 1 Integumentary system -- skin Endocrine system -- hormones Lymphatic system -- immune system Urinary system -- waste removal Homeostasis -- Maintenance system to keep stable conditions within the body. Negative feedback mechanism -- Reverses or negates any p...

Human anatomy and physiology Week 1 Integumentary system -- skin Endocrine system -- hormones Lymphatic system -- immune system Urinary system -- waste removal Homeostasis -- Maintenance system to keep stable conditions within the body. Negative feedback mechanism -- Reverses or negates any potentially detrimental changes to the body by reverting to a normal value. Positive feedback mechanism -- reinforces or promotes changes from previous state to an optimal state. Homeostatic imbalance -- A disturbance in homeostasis where it's difficult to control by feedback systems resulting in diseases or death. [Anatomical language] Axial areas (Head, vertebral column, and trunk) Abdominal -- Abdomen Cephalic -- Head Cervical -- Neck Cranial -- Skull Facial -- Face Inguinal -- Groin Interscapular -- Between the two scapulars Lumbar -- Lower back Nuchal region -- Posterior neck Pectoral -- Chest Perineal -- Perineum Pubic -- Pubic bone Sacral -- Sacrum (Located at the base of the pelvis) Sternal -- Sternum Thoracic -- Chest Umbilical -- Naval (belly button) Vertebral -- Spinal column Diaphragm -- A muscle underneath lungs that helps inhale and exhale [Appendicular areas (Upper limb and lower limb)] [Upper limb] Acromial -- Acromion of the shoulder (bump of the shoulder) Antebrachial -- Forearm Axillary -- Armpit Brachial -- Arm Carpal -- Wrist Cubital -- Elbow Dorsum of the hand -- back of the hand Palmar -- Palm of the hand Scapular -- scapula [Lower limb] Calcaneal -- Heel Coxal -- Hip Crucal -- leg Dorsum of foot -- top of the foot Femoral -- Thigh Gluteal -- Buttocks Patellar -- Front of the knee Plantar -- Sole of the foot Popliteal -- Back of the knee Tarsal -- Ankle [Anatomical directions] Anterior -- front Ventral -- towards the belly Posterior -- back Dorsal -- towards the back Superior -- on top, above Cephalic/cranial -- towards the head Inferior -- below, underneath Caudal -- towards the tail Lateral -- away from the midline, towards the side Medial -- Towards the midline e.g. the heart lies medial to the lungs Proximal -- Nearer to the trunk of the body e.g. The acromial is proximal to the cubital. Distal -- Furthest from the trunk of the body e.g. The carpal is distal to the cubital. Deep -- away from the body surface. E.g. the heart is deep to the sternal. Superficial -- closer to the external surface. E.g. the sternal is superficial to the heart. [Anatomical planes] Axial -- Cuts the body horizontally into superior and inferior portions Coronal -- cuts the body vertically into posterior and anterior portions Sagittal -- cuts the body vertically in the midline of the body into left and right portions [Major body cavities] Dorsal cavity -- Consists of two smaller cavities and is divided into superior and inferior portions: cranial cavity and vertebral cavity. Cranial cavity -- superior portions and is bounded by the skull, consists of brain and meninges (protective membrane) Vertebral cavity -- inferior portion, known also as spinal cavity, consists of vertebral column, intervertebral discs, ligaments, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots. Thoracic cavity -- Bounded laterally by the ribs and inferiorly by the diaphragm. Consists of mediastinum, pericardial, and pleural cavities. Abdominal cavity - A large cavity found inferior to the diaphragm. It contains the gastrointestinal tract, spleen, kidneys, and adrenal glands. It is bound laterally by the body wall and inferiorly by the pelvic cavity. Pelvic cavity - Inferior to the brim of the pelvis. It contains the urinary bladder, internal genitalia, sigmoid colon, and rectum. It is bound superiorly by the abdominal cavity, posteriorly by the sacrum, and laterally by the pelvis. Regions of the abdomen Quadrants of the abdomen