Exam 3 Social Psych PDF

Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 1. obedience performance of a behavior in response to a direct com- mand from an authority figure tendency to follow orders even if they orders conflict with...

Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 1. obedience performance of a behavior in response to a direct com- mand from an authority figure tendency to follow orders even if they orders conflict with personal values 2. Milgrim's Obedi- inspired by trial is aslope eichmann ("banality of evil") ence study participant randomly assigned "teacher" role and confed- erate "learner" role learner had to remember paired words; participants were told to shock learner if they answered incorrectly every wrong answer= increase in voltage shocks ranged from 15 volts to 450 volts more then 60% of people obeyed the experimenter and went up to full 450 shocks nobody objected before 300 volts "I'm not gonna be responsible for it"- milgrim participant 3. how did mil- justification by assigning responsibility to authority ligram partici- reduce cognitive dissonance pants justify psychological distancing 4. Factors impact- 1. authority figure ing obedience 2. Social proximity 8 of them- AS- 3. perception of authority legitimacy PDAFA\ 4. defiant others 5. ambiguity 6. fear of consequences 8. authoritarian personality 5. authority bias The tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opin- ion/judgement of an authority figure and be more influ- enced by those opinions/judgements accept info or follow instructions without critical evaluation simply because it comes from perceived authority 6. how to avoid au- detach authority from actual content thority bias - focus on content of message detach yourself from authority figure - physically 1 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf - mentally aka delegitimizing find alternative perspectives and sources 7. need to belong A fundamental human motive to feel connected to other people 8. Need for affilia- personality trait- desire to establish and maintain many tion rewarding interpersonal relationships -motvated to maintain optimum balance of social contact 9. loneliness subjective feeling coming from a sense of isolation or a mismatch between the social connections someone wants and what they actually have 10. dimensions of Intimate: about 5 relationships here(besties and lovers) loneliness Relational loneliness: about 15-50 relationships here (people you see regularly and can generally rely on but not for deeper needs) Collective loneliness: about 150-500(lack of membership, group, team) ALL DISTINCT, not a fluid transition between groups 11. social isolation objectively having few social relationships, social roles, group membership, and infrequent social interaction 12. impacts of lone- Harms physical, mental, and cognitive health at every liness and social stage of life isolation 13. impacts of lone- need for reaffiliation liness and social isolation: short term loneliness 14. impacts of lone- physical and mental health problems and substance mis- liness and so- use cial isolation: prolonged loneli- ness 2 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 15. growing epidem- -amplified after pandemic ic of loneliness -online social connections predicts loneliness (depending on motivation) -using social media to maintain social relationships -> higher loneliness 16. benefits of social -health and ability to cope with stressors support -decrease intensity of physical reaction to stress (i.e., feel less pain) -social support- less threatening appraisal of stressors -promotes positive emotions, increases, self-esteem, and feelings of personal control -reduces anxiety and increases efficient communication skills 17. evolutionary ori- attracted to mates that would increase concpetion, birth gins of attraction and survival of offspring -Esp. prevalent in physical attraction -relationships are the psychological equivalent of food and water (they are a necessity to our survival) 18. attraction as an positive attitude/feelings for another person attitude affective: primarily behavioral: evaluation cognitive: sort of 19. attraction 2.0 attitude comprised of ones immediate and positive emo- tional and/or behavioral response to a specific person affective: I feel favorably towards them behavioral: I would like to meet them cognition does not equal direct component but predicts outcome of attraction 20. 2 dimensional target person -> cognitive appraisal: Willingness and ca- model of attrac- pacity tion 21. Cognition with only predicts out come of attraction, and attraction is only 2 dimensional affective and behavioral components 3 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf model of attrac- tion 22. 2 dimensional Is the target willing to meet my needs and goals? model of attrac- tion: Willingness 23. 2 dimensional Do they have the ability to meet my needs and goals? model of attrac- tion: Capacity 24. 2 dimensional model of attrac- tion: Model from notes 25. 2 dimensional Strong attraction mode of attrac- tion: Benevolent willingness and facilitate capaci- ty 26. 2 dimensional Mild attraction mode of attrac- tion: Malevolent willingness and facilitate capaci- ty 27. 2 dimensional Mild attraction mode of attrac- tion: Benevolent willingness and Hinder capacity 28. weak attraction 4 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 2 dimensional mode of attrac- tion: Malevolent willingness and hinder capacity 29. Unobtrusive establish/maintain contact or reduce interpersonal dis- measures aka tance how do people seating proximity/sitting near target flirt: direct talking to target asking target out 30. Unobtrusive solicitation/nonverbal cues measures aka communication (tone and language) how do people body language flirt: indirect eye contact ** smiling mimicry self-touch head movement leaning forward open posture head/body orientation laughter 31. 5 principles of at- familiarity traction proximity physical attractiveness similarity reciprocity 32. Familiarity we like what we are familiar with increased familiarity -> increased attraction 33. Physical dis- physical nearness (measures space) tance 34. functional dis- how often people cross paths with each (measures the tance opportunities for interaction) 5 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 35. proximity physical proximity -> increased attraction physical proximity -> increased functional distance -> in- creased attraction 36. mere exposure The more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the effect: Likeness more positively they evaluate it Likeness in increased to a point! 37. mere exposure dislike something and repeatedly see it you will NOT like effect: Dislike it more, you'll dislike it if you see something TOO much you will start to dislike it even if you had an initial positive reaction 38. Perceptual fluen- the ease with which information is processed cy the more we are exposed to something the easier we process it 39. why does mere -reduces uncertainty (about new stimulus) exposure effect -increased perceptual fluency: how easy it is to process work best when the stimulus/info we are unaware 40. physical attrac- the more attractive a person is -> increased attraction tiveness Halo effect and what is beautiful is good attractiveness cues positivity attractiveness -> increased opportunity -> increased so- ciability/influence 41. Halo effect the tendency to believe that an attractive person shares other good qualities purely because of their good look 42. What counts as -personal prefernece attractive -social norms -attractiveness embodies culture -fairly universal attractiveness: young, symmetrical, archetype (average), and positive personality traits (kindness, intelligence) 43. Archetype of at- the people rated as "more attractive" have the most aver- tractiveness age features 6 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf if you combine many faces to get their average, the middle point is rated as most attractive the more faces you combine, the higher the attractiveness rating of their average 44. High attractive- childlike features ness in female much features including slender face faces expressive features sexual cues large eyes small nose small chin prominent cheekbones narrow cheeks high eyebrows large pupils big smile body- waist to hip ration (.7) 45. High attractive- masculinity (moderate) ness in male sometimes masculinity with femininity (implies agreeable faces traits) large eyes small nose small chin prominent cheekbones body- chest to hips ratio (.9) 46. Similarity attrac- we like people who like us tion principle similarity breeds attraction and connection we are more likely to be attracted to those who share simi- lar attitudes, personality traits and physical characteristics 47. Homophily at- tendency for people to associate and bond with similar traction people 48. why does similar- we tend to think that people who are similar to us will also ity drive attrac- like us, so we are likely to initiate a relationship tion 7 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 49. positive rein- reaffirm and validate own attitudes and characteristics -> forcement in sim- boosts self-esteem -> attraction ilarity 50. matching hy- we are likely to be attracted to/form relationships with peo- pothesis ple who we perceive as equal to us in physical appearance and social desirability -people tend to stay in their level of perceived physical attraction despite potential proximity or similarity 51. balance theory: p: person (who likes) P, O, X o: other (comparison person) x: 3rd comparison element (person, object, idea, etc.) 52. balance theory: triangle 53. balence theory: motivated to maintain consistency in attitudes, beliefs and definition perceptions balancing likes and dislikes: psychological stability and balances state balanced structures > imbalanced structures 54. balence theory: interpersonal balance: state of equilibrium between per- ideal sons sans conflict or stress 55. balance theory: balance: 0 negatives or 2 negatives balance vs imbal- imbalance: 0 positive or 2 positive ance 56. balance theory dissonance and motivation to achieve balance what do we do if change in attitude (self or other) -> mutual like or dislike imbalance prolonged imbalance: despise of relationship usually 8 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 57. complementary We are attracted toward those who have different but principle complimentary characteristics 58. fatal attraction The qualities that initially attracted someone may be the same ones that lead to eventual breakup 59. reciprocity we like people who like us. Knowing someone likes you often increases your liking for them 60. playing hard to -evokes a dissonance get leads to - not a great maneuver - we like to feel wanted 61. affect and attrac- good moods - increased liking tion bad moods- decreased liking 62. misattribution of Mistakenly attributing physiological arousal to a person or arousal situation that did not cause it (i.e. a mistake in assumption of source of arousal) Ex: might feel attracted to someone who helps you after a scary or traumatic event 63. Suspension men walk across either a high suspension bridge bridge effect (high-arousal) or a low suspension bridge (low-arousal) and then an attractive women gave them her number at the endmen who walked across the high suspension bridge were more likely to call the women as they attrib- uted their feelings of nervousness, anxiety, and relief to her not the bridge 64. Social exchange relationships that provide more rewards and fewer costs theory: attraction will be more satisfying and endure longer 65. prosocial behav- Any behavior that helps another, regardless of self-serving ior or selfish motive 66. Egoistic vs altru- egoistic: self-centered, helping someone but motivated to istic motivation help self to help altruistic: help someone, selfless even with no benefit 9 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 67. altruism Behavior that helps another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefit (may be costly to the actor) Sole intention to to help another person 68. Kin Selection Like animals, we are more likely to help close blood rela- theory tives to ensure survival of shared genes Helping genetically related individuals = evolutionarily ad- vantageous, even if it comes at a personal cost 69. Genetic related- The further away in genetic relatedness, the less likely you ness and kin se- will help that person lection As group size grew -> more empathy toward entire in-group (safer for genes) Similarity as potential genetic marker parents, siblings and children - 50% genes shared grandchildren nephews and nieces - 25% genes shared cousins - 12.5% genes shared 70. Reciprocal altru- - Helping an unrelated individual with the expectation of ism repayment in the future (quid-pro-quo) - Allowed for specialized skills: Hunters can reap rewards of a gatherer & vice versa - Cooperating in groups increases survival & chances for reproduction for us and others - Genes promoting working in groups (empathy, compas- sion, a moral sense) now = huge evolutionary advantage 71. Kitty Genovese -Stabbed & assaulted multiple times outside apartment - NY Times reported 38 people watched, but no one inter- vened or called police -Lack of witness intervention has mostly been debunked, still led to flurry of research 72. Bystander effect The greater number of people present -> the less likely each individual is to help 73. diffusion of re- presence of many people make it less likely that one sponsibility individual will help someone because the obligation to intervene is shared 10 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 74. Why are peo- diffusion of responsibility ple less likely to ambiguous situation: don't know if its an emergency help when others fear of social disapproval: pluralistic ignorance- state there 3 reasons in which ppl in group think their thoughts are different from someone else's, "maybe everyone knows something about the situation I dont and thats why they're not helping" 75. Time pressure: Seminary students to deliver sermon on Bible story of the the good samari- Good Samaritan across campus tan effect Told they were late already or had extra time to get there On solo route to building, a man was slumped over, cough- ing & moaning (clearly in distress) 10% in hurried condition stopped to help 63% in unhurried condition stopped to help 76. Positive moods Positive mood -> increase helping! and emotions Ex: Dime study (Isen & Levin, 1972) Participants who discovered a dime (vs. those who didn't) -> significantly more likely to help pick up papers dropped by confederate Helping -> feel good & maintain positive mood BUT if you think helping will ruin good mood -> unlikely to help 77. negative moods Negative mood -> increase helping and emotions Negative state relief model: We help others to reduce uncomfortable negative emo- tions & make ourselves feel better Helping -> positive reinforcement -> ç self-esteem (But helping decreases if there is another way to improve mood) Guilt -> helping (especially if you feel responsible for their distress) Egoistic motivation 78. 11 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf social exchange Our interactions and relationships with others are guided theory by "social economics" (cost-benefit analysis) Use a "min-max" strategy (we want to minimize costs and maximize rewards) Rewards - cost = outcome We help when outcome is profitable, i.e. rewards > costs Same system for committing to relationships Egoistic motivation 79. Triangular theory model of love based on three components: intimacy, pas- of Love sion, and commitment; 8 types of love exist, depending on the presence or absence of each of these components 80. Triangular theory the emotional components which involves liking and feel- of Love : intimacy ings of closeness 81. Triangular theory Motivational component which contains drives that trigger of Love : passion attraction, romance and sexual desire 82. Triangular theory cognitive component, which reflects the decision to make of Love Commit- a long term commitment ment 83. 8 different types Liking of love Companionate Empty love Fatuous love Infatuation Romantic love Consummate love Absence of love 84. romantic love passion + intimacy 85. liking intimacy 86. companionate intimacy and commitment love 87. empathy love commitment 12 / 13  Exam 3 social psych Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g3oyaf 88. fatous love passion + commitment 89. infatuation passion 90. consumate love intimacy + passion + commitment 91. absence of love None 13 / 13