HOSA CPR First Aid Study Guide PDF

Recognizing an Emergency ​ Be careful about unusual signs ○​ Unusual sounds: screams, crashes, cries for help ○​ Strange Odors: Smoke, gas, or chemical smells ○​ Unusual sights: blood, broken objects, unconscious ppl ○​ Erratic Behvaiors: Confusion, anger, disorientati...

Recognizing an Emergency ​ Be careful about unusual signs ○​ Unusual sounds: screams, crashes, cries for help ○​ Strange Odors: Smoke, gas, or chemical smells ○​ Unusual sights: blood, broken objects, unconscious ppl ○​ Erratic Behvaiors: Confusion, anger, disorientation Recognizing an Emergency ​ CHECK, CALL, CARE (CCC for emergencies) ​ Scene Safety: Check situation before approaching victim ○​ If unsafe, call for help ​ Assess Victim: Approach victim and check consciousness by gently tapping and asking if ok ​ Call EMS (Emergency Medical Services) ASAP ○​ Tell them ​ Actions taken ​ Location ​ Phone Number ​ Assistance needed ​ Number of people in situation ​ Victim condition Obtaining Permission to Provide Care ​ If victim conscious, ask for permission before giving care ​ If unconscious or can’t respond, assume consent is given ○​ Ask around what happened ○​ Identify injuries reasonably  ​ When EMS come, tell them what you found Basics of CPR ​ CPR means Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ​ Check responsiveness and breathing simultaneously ○​ If unresponsive and not breathing, call for help ​ Check pulse: Use carotid pulse for adults and children ○​ Find carotid artery by putting index and third finger on neck (next to windpipe) ​ When pulse is felt, count number of beats in 15 seconds ​ Multiply this by four to get heart rate per minute ​ ○​ For infants, check brachial pulse ​ Pulse is on inner arm between shoulder and elbow  ​ Chest Compressions ​ Adults: Press sternum down two inches at rate of 100-200 compressions per minute ○​ ​ Children: Use adult method on children showing puberty signs ​ Infants: Use two fingers on sternum, compress 1 ½ inches deep at 100 - 120 compressions per minute Compression and Ventilation Cycle  ​ Perform 30 compressions, then 2 breaths (1-second) using head-tilt/chin-lift method ○​ 5 cycles of ^ in two minutes ○​ Chest Compressions for Different Age Groups ​ 8 and 8+ years old: adult defibrillator ○​ Follow AED prompts (said) ○​ Undress person for bare chest ○​ Put pads on bare chest (upper right, lower left) ​ Don’t touch person ​ ○​ AED checks heart rhythm ○​ If told by AED, press electric shock button  ○​ Continue chest compressions ​ 1 - 7 years old: Child defibrillator; not available: adult defibrillator ​ Under 1 years old: Manual defibrillator ○​ Upper left in front; top middle back ○​ Partially Obstructed Airway Choking Victim (Conscious) ​ If victim can cough/talk, tell them to continue coughing to clear obstruction Completely Obstructed Airway Choking Victim (Conscious) ​ If victim can’t talk, breathe, or cough, perform abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver)  ○​ ○​ For pregnant/obese victims, do chest thrusts ​ Place heel of one hand in low center of chest, other hand on top (interlocked) ​ Unconscious Victim with Obstructed Airway ​ Give CPR ​ Check inside mouth for objects of obstruction ○​ Take it out using a hook/C-shaped motion Infants with Obstructed Airway ​ Do five back blows, then five chest thrusts ​ ​ Check mouth for objects ○​ Get out with finger Types of Open Wounds for First Aid ​ Abrasion: scrape on top of skin ​ Incision: Clean cut caused by sharp object (ex: knife) ​ Laceration: Jagged cut caused by skin tearing due to accidents ○​ ​ Puncture: Caused by sharp objects like nails ​ Avulsion: Tissue torn from body  ○​ ​ Amputation: Separation of body part Types of Bleeding ​ Arterial (artery): bright red, spurting, life-threatening ​ Venous (venom): Dark red, steady flow, quite easy to control ​ Capillary: Slow, oozing, easiest to control ○​ Methods to Control Bleeding  ​ Direct Pressure w/ sterile dressing (cloth you wrap around) ​ Elevation: Raise injured area above heart ​ Pressure bandage for constant pressure Care for Minor Wounds ​ To prevent infection: wash hands, wear gloves, clean wound, cover in sterile dressing (cloth) ​ Infection signs: swelling, redness, heat, pain, fever, pus, red streaks Care for Closed Wounds (skin not broken) ​ Bruises: Put cold compress to reduce swelling ​ Serious closed wounds: look for internal bleeding ○​ Signs of pain, tenderness, cold/clammy (sweaty) skin Open Wounds (skin broken) Severe Wounds ​ Need immediate attention to prevent blood loss and infection ​ Deep cuts, lacerations, and deep punctures ​ Signs: lot of bleeding, visible tissue damage potential exposure to internal organs ​ Treatment: put direct pressure to control bleeding, elevate wound to above heart level, use sterile dressing ○​ If bleeding continues, use tourniquet on wound  ​ ​ Look for professional care Minor Wounds ​ Abrasions, small cuts, scrapes ​ Treatment: clean wound with soap and water to prevent infection, apply antiseptic, cover wound with sterile bandage ​ Heals within few days easily Causes of Shock ​ Excessive pain ​ Infection ​ Heart attack ​ Dehydration ​ Psychological trauma ​ Caused by severe bleeding and allergic reactions; metabolic issues from fluid loss or neurogenic shock Types of Shock Type of Shock Cause Description Anaphylactic Allergic reaction Blood releases histamine (tells body to to a substance fight invaders) causing vasodilation (dilation of blood vessels), leading to low blood pressure. Cardiogenic Damage to heart Heart cannot pump enough blood to muscle body cells, leading to trouble with circulation. Hemorrhagic Severe bleeding or Decreased blood volume causes blood loss of blood pressure to drop, decreasing plasma (largest circulation. part of blood) Metabolic Loss of body fluid Severe vomiting or diarrhea → dehydration and disrupted acid-base balance. Neurogenic Injury to Nervous system loses control of blood brain/spinal cord vessel size, causing low blood pressure. Psychogenic Emotional distress Sudden dilation of blood vessels can lead to fainting or loss of consciousness. Respiratory Trauma to Interferes with oxygen exchange, respiratory tract leading to insufficient oxygen supply. Septic Acute infection Toxins in blood cause vasodilation (develops quickly (dilation of blood vessels) and low and has short-term blood pressure, decreasing oxygen symptoms) supply. Signs and Symptoms of Shock ​ Signs: Pale, cyanotic skin, cold to touch, sweating ○​ Cyanotic Skin: ​ Blood pressure may be low or undetectable → severe shock ​ Symptoms: Pain, anxiety, restlessness ○​ Possible symptoms: excessive thirst, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision Treatment for Shock ​ Goal: Eliminate cause of shock, improve circulation ​ Give oxygen if available to increase oxygen supply to organs ​ Position victim flat on back to support circulation to brain and heart ○​ (or position on side for vomiting) ​ Cover victim in blankets for warmth and adjust for sweating ​ Don’t give food/drink ○​ Moisten lips with wet cloth for comfort Poisoning Introduction ​ Can be exposed due to ingestion, inhalation, injection, or skin contact ​ Immediate action needed (medical help especially) ​ Poison Control Centers (PPC) can give guidance General First Aid Steps for Poisoning ​ Check consciousness and breathing ○​ If unconscious/not breathing, do artificial respiration (mouth-to-mouth) ​ If ingested, save container/label and vomit Types of Poisoning and First Aid Steps Type of Poison First Aid Step Ingestion Poisoning Call PPC/EMS Encourage vomiting if told Inhalation Poisoning Ensure personal safety Remove victim from area Contact Poisoning Rinse skin with water for 15-20 minutes Remove contaminated clothing Injection Poisoning Remove stingers (if caused by insect) Wash area Monitor for allergic reactions ​ Look for swelling, hives, breathing difficulties ○​ Hives: Types of Burns ​ Superficial (first-degree) burns: impact epidermis (top layer of skin), red skin, normal swelling ○​ Takes 5-6 days to heal ​ Partial-thickness (second-degree) burns: impact epidermis and dermis (top and middle layers of skin), blisters, painful  ○​ Takes 3-4 weeks to heal ​ Full-thickness (third-degree) burns: Impacts all skin layers, white/black, painless ​ Causes: sunburn, hot liquids, fire, electrical incidents General First Aid for Burns ​ Remove source of heat ​ Cool area with running water for 10-20 minutes to reduce pain and swelling ​ Cover burn with sterile, non-stick dressing to protect from infection ○​ DON’T apply ice to wound because it can further damage tissue Specific First Aid Based on Burn Severity ​ Superficial & Mild Partial-thickness burns: Cool area, pat dry, cover with sterile dressing ○​ Elevate area to reduce swelling ​ Severe partial-thickness and full-thickness burns: Get medical help, cover burns with thick sterile dressing ○​ AVOID removing clothing stuck to burn Chemical Burns ​ If skin contact, wash area with water for 15-30 minutes and remove contaminated clothing ​ If eye contact, flush eyes with water for 15-30 minutes (TILT head to prevent contamination to other eye) Types of Heat-Related Emergencies ​ Heat Cramps: Loss of water and salt through sweating ○​ Muscle pain/spasm ○​ Treat by applying firm pressure to affected muscle ​ Give electrolyte drinks (for muscles to function) ​ Heat Exhaustion ○​ Pale, clammy skin, fatigue, nausea ○​ Need hydration and coolness ○​ Remove excessive clothing ​ Put cool cloth ​ Elevate feet ​ Heat Stroke ○​ High body temperature and dry skin ○​ Need coolness and medical help ​ Put in cool water/sponge with cold water/ice packs Hypothermia and Frostbite ​ Hypothermia: Body temperature below 95°F ○​ Shivering, confusion, weakness ○​ Treat by moving to warm area ​ Remove wet clothing ​ Warm victim slowly (blankets and liquids) ​ Frostbite: Freezing of tissue fluids → damage ○​ Redness and tingling → unconsciousness ○​ Treat by putting affected areas in warm water (100°F–104°F) ​ Avoid warming up too fast Types of Bone and Joint Injuries Bone Injuries ​ Fractures: break in bone determined by closed or open wound ○​ Deformity and pain ○​ Treat by using splints or slings to stop motion with medical help ​ Sling: ​ Splint: ​ Dislocations: Bone displaced from joint ○​ Swelling and limited movement ○​ Treat by immobilizing and getting medical assistance ​ DON’T try to move back into place Joint Injuries ​ Sprains: Injury to ligaments ○​ R.I.C.E method (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) ​ Strains: Related to muscles ○​ R.I.C.E method (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) ​ Femur is the longest bone → prone to fractures and injuries Eye Injuries ​ Foreign Objects ○​ Redness and pain ○​ Flush eyes with water ​ DON’T rub eye ​ Embedded Objects ○​ Cover with sterile dressing and get medical help ​ Don’t try to remove ​ Blows to Eye ○​ Tretament: Put sterile dressing and keep victim flat ​ Get medical help Ear Injuries ​ Ruptured Eardrum: Place gauze in outer ear loosely ○​ Avoid liquids ○​ Get medical help ​ Fluid Drainage ○​ Position victim on injured side and drain ​ Elevate head to reduce pressure Head and Skull Injuries ​ Brain Injury Symptoms: Clear fluid from nose/ears & unequal pupils ○​ Put victim flat and treat for shock ​ Don’t stop fluid flow; monitor duration of flow Chest and Abdominal Injuries ​ Sucking Chest Wound: Cover with nonporous material (no liquid can pass through) and tape on three sides ○​ Position victim on injuried side ○​ ​ Abdominal Injuries: Cover organs coming out with moist sterile dressing ○​ DON’T give food/drink  ○​ Heart Attack and Stroke ​ Heart Attack ○​ Chest pain and shortness of breath ○​ Treatment: keep victim calm and get medical help ​ Stroke (CVA - Cerebrovascular Accident) - Use F.A.S.T. assessment and get medical attention to minimize brain damage ○​ Other Sudden Illnesses ​ Fainting: Lay victim flat and elevate legs, get medical help ​ Convulsions: Remove dangerous objects and place pillow under head ○​ If seizure lasts more than 5 minutes, get medical help Types of Dressings and Their Uses ​ Dressings: Sterile coverings that control bleeding and prevent infection ○​ Mateiral: Gauze pads/thick compresses ​ Emergency substitutes: Clean handkerchiefs and pillowcases Bandaging Techniques ​ Roller Gauze Bandages: Versatile for securing dressings on different body parts; width differs ​ Elastic Bandages: Gives support and helps circulation ○​ Don’t overstretch because that can cut circulation Checking Circulation ​ Signs of poor circulation: swelling, cyanotic skin ○​ Do nail bed test to assess blood flow ​  ​ If poor circulation found, loosen bandages to allow blood flow Discussion questions What are the essential steps to take when recognizing an emergency situation, and why is each step important? Difficulty: Easy How does the approach to CPR differ between adults, children, and infants, and what are the implications of these differences? Difficulty: Medium Discuss the various types of shock and their underlying causes, highlighting the importance of recognizing these differences in first aid response. Difficulty: Hard What are the key first aid steps for managing bleeding and wounds, and how do these steps differ based on the severity of the wound? Difficulty: Medium Analyze the treatment protocols for heat-related emergencies, particularly the differences between heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Difficulty: Hard What are the primary considerations when providing first aid for poisoning, and how do these considerations vary based on the route of exposure? Difficulty: Medium