First Aid 1, 2, 3, 4 PDF

# First Aid ## Lec 1: **Initial Assistance Given by a Layperson** * **Dressing:** * Sterile: * Eye pads * Gauze pads * Non adherent pads. * Directly to the wound. * **Bandage** * Not necessarily sterile. * **Gauze roller:** * Absorbent *...

# First Aid ## Lec 1: **Initial Assistance Given by a Layperson** * **Dressing:** * Sterile: * Eye pads * Gauze pads * Non adherent pads. * Directly to the wound. * **Bandage** * Not necessarily sterile. * **Gauze roller:** * Absorbent * Breathable * Pressure bandage. * **Elastic:** * Sprain * (Sling) & Tourniquetes - To tie splints * **Triangular** * **Tubular bandages** * **Instant hot pack useful in aid kit.** (X) * **Scissors and tweezers are useful in aid kit.** (V) * **Safety pins** * **Immunization against hepatitis.** * **Don't prick your hands with needles.** # Nancy ## Lec 2: **Assessing Responsiveness by AVPU Scale** * **AVPU:** * A - Alert * V - Verbal * P - Painful * U - Unresponsive * **If individual is unconscious:** * Start the Basic Life Support * Airway survey * If victim is Responsive to talk airway is open. (V) * **If there is (not) spinal cord injury:** * Head tilt chin lift maneuver * **If there is spinal cord injury:** * Jaw thrust maneuver. * **Give 2 breathes in each 1 sec.** * **Agonal Breathing:** * Is ineffective and doesn't count as breathing. * **Don't pause more than (10) sec to check breath and pulse.** * **Feel carotid pulse in (2) sec.** * **If there is no pulse or breathin** - > **CPR**. ## Sings you found on examination: * **Medical warning bracelet such as epilepsy/diabetes/ anaphylaxis.** * **Always compare between injured side and uninjured** * **Appointment card indicated for Diabetes, epilepsy, allergy.** * **Always start examination with head.** (V) # Nancy ## Lec 3: **Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)** **The goal of CPR** * **Effective circulation and ventilation** in a person suffering from cardiac respiratory arrest. * **Prevent irreversible cerebral damage.** * **Establish carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange.** **How to know if someone needs CPR** * **Sudden unconsciousness.** * **No heard BP.** * **Pallor, cyanosis** * **Absent carotid or. Femoral pulse** * **Gasping then stop respiration.** **The process of CPR includes ABC** * **Maintain open airway** * **Maintain breathing** * **Maintain Circulation** ### **Step 1.** * **Conduct a rapid assessment** *(check if they are conscious, check airway, breath, and pulse)* * **This should take a maximum of 5-10 sec.** * **Assess a person and activate emergency response system within 30 sec.** * **Give 30 high quality compressions.** * **Give 2 effective breaths** * **Use Automated external defibrillator (AED) if available.** ## Lec 4: **Bandage** **It's a strip of cloth used to wrap a body part** **Applying a strip of woven material to fit a body part.** **Bandaging a body part** * **Hold dressing** * **Immobilize fracture** * **Swelling** * **Arrest bleeding by compression** * **Correct deformity** * **Pain** * **Prevent excessive muscular activity** * **Secure traction equipment.** * **Provide support and aid in venous blood return.** * **Varicose veins** * **Impaired circulation** **Materials** * **Elastic bandage** * **Stochinet** * **Gauze** * **Muslin** * **Aannel** * **Clastoplast** **Elastic** * Stretchable * Causes Compression * Prevents bleeding or Swelling **Stochinet** * Type of Elastic bandage * Used after operatively to prevent emboli. * Used for varicose veins or circulatory impairments **Gauze** * Inexpensive * Allows ventilation of air. * Made of soft, woven, tight, cotton. **Muslin** * Inexpensive * Can be washed for repeated use. **Flannel** * More absorbed than muslin * Keep area warm **Elastoplast** * Hypoallergenic adhesive tape. * Waterproof * Keep the area dry. * Holds dressing in place. **Basic Bandage Turns** * **Circular** * Used to start or terminate other turns. * **Spiral** * Used for cylindrical part as forearm. * **Spiral reverse bandage** * Reversed or twisted. * **Figure-eight turns** * Crisscross in shape. * Used in joint require movement. * **Recurrent turns** * Anchored * Follow back and forth motion. * Fingertip, head, amputated stump. * **Spica turns** * Form of figure of 8. * Very much larger * Shoulder, hips, thumbs. **Principles of bandaging** * Standing opposite position if possible. * Body positioned in anatomical position. * Applied from distal to proximal to aid venous blood flow. * Applied with equal pressure to keep circulation. * Skin Surface Shouldn't be bandaged together (toes, fingers) * Cotton should be placed between them before bandaging * Leave the end of bandaged body part exposed for assessment of circulation. * Skin and bandage should be clean and dry. * Elevate the part to be bandaged for 15 min before bandaging. * Pad the bony prominence before bandaging. * You must make sure that your bandaging is not to tight as it can cause cyanosis. *If your nail bed is the same colour as your skin and circulation is good*. **Signs of poor circulation** * **Swelling or edema** * **Pale or cyanotic color** * **Coldness to touch** * **Numbness or tingling** * **Poor or slow return to pink color after nailbeds are blanched.** **Complications of bandage** * **Impaired circulation**. * **Pressure sores bony prominence** * **Infection** if bandage in wet or unclean **Binders & Bandage** * **Large pieces of material specially designed to fit a specific body part.** * **Support large areas** -> **Abdomen, Arm, Chest** * **Most Binders made of** -> **Elastic, cotton, muslin, flannel.** * **Abdominal binder** -> **Used as Large dressing, Slings** * **Triangular bandages** -> **Used after abdominal surgery** * **Padding may be added to the areas that may become uncomfortable** * **Cravat bandage** * Triangular * Bring the point of the triangular to the middle of the base. * Continue to fold until a 5 cm in width is obtained. * **Perineal binders (U Binder) ** * Hold pads or dressing * In perineal area * **4 Tailed binder** * It has 4 tails. * Used for the Chin # **Nancy**