Emergency Life Support First Aid Training PDF

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Attachments sunnuntai 5. tammikuuta 2025 22.26 2.+ICE+on+ phones Udemy Page 1 3.+FAW+Co ntat+999+... Udemy Page 2 3.+Silent_so lution_gui... Udemy Page 3 Recovery+p osition+h... Udemy Page 4 Adult+CPR Udemy Page 5 Child+CPR Udemy Page 6 Baby+CPR Udemy Page 7 Epilepsy+he lp+sheet+... Udemy Page 8 Udemy Page 9 Udemy Page 10 adult+and+ child+cho... Udemy Page 11 Baby+Choki ng Udemy Page 12 44.+bl-1699 -emerade... Udemy Page 13 44.+JEXT-Pa tient-Infor... Udemy Page 14 Udemy Page 15 44.+16592- Guide-to-... Udemy Page 16 Online+First +Aid+Ma... Udemy Page 17 Udemy Page 18 Udemy Page 19 Udemy Page 20 Udemy Page 21 Udemy Page 22 Udemy Page 23 Udemy Page 24 Udemy Page 25 Udemy Page 26 Udemy Page 27 Udemy Page 28 Udemy Page 29 Udemy Page 30 Udemy Page 31 Udemy Page 32 Udemy Page 33 Udemy Page 34 Udemy Page 35 Udemy Page 36 Udemy Page 37 Udemy Page 38 Udemy Page 39 Udemy Page 40 Udemy Page 41 Udemy Page 42 Udemy Page 43 Udemy Page 44 Udemy Page 45 Udemy Page 46 Udemy Page 47 Being prepared sunnuntai 5. tammikuuta 2025 22.25 2. Planning for an emergency Being prepared for an emergency now, I always do believe we should plan for an emergency and I don't go anywhere without my emergency contact on me. Now I store this all on my smartphone. And the reason why I use a smartphone rather than a paper is because I never go anywhere without my phone. And most of us in society probably now have a smartphone. I do appreciate that not everybody likes technology, and not everybody will be like me and has a smartphone with them. But if you do, using a smart phone is perfect for storing this information. Now, when you set it up and I will leave some leaflets and resources attached to this video so you can go and have a look and you can finish watching me talk on this video and then go and have a look at those resources and set it up because it's so, so powerful to have on your smartphone. Now, normally it's called medical I.D. and people think you can only fill out if you have a medical issue. That's not the case. I thankfully don't have any medical conditions. If I did, I would, of course write them down there. But what I use my smartphone for and a medical ID is a little information I would want you as a first aider to know if I had a sudden collapse of my workplace and I am unable to get home that night. I would want you to get a call somebody for me. So underneath my medical conditions on my medical I.D., I've written a little note and I've put on there a message that said, I want you to know mine says, I've got a cat and dog that's home alone. If I'm unable to get home tonight, please call these numbers. Now, for me, they're my family, but I appreciate that you might have children who might need picking up from school, might need looking after, you might have next of kin that want to know where you are. You know, you might have someone that wants to come and give you a cuddle if you're in hospital. We all have different needs in life. I'm sure you'd want somebody to know if you are unable to get home, so it's good to have all that information stored on there Now, people think it was no good storing information on your phone because they can't access the phone as they don't have my pin or Face ID or thumb print You don't need any of that to be able to get access to someone's phone. This medical IDs all stored on someone's lock screen. Udemy Page 48 This medical IDs all stored on someone's lock screen. They can't get into your phone, so they can't go through any bank details, if it's all on your lock screen. The resource attached will show you how to set it up and also how to find the information when you have set it up. So it is all there. Now there is no sensitive information. I'm not saying where I live because my emergency contact details will know that information. But I do think it's really important we make sure that we have information on there that you as a first aider, will know what to do if I'm unable to get home that night. Now I had a colleague a few years ago whose husband went out jogging and he never came home. It took 11 hours of running around hospitals to find out you actually had a cardiac arrest and died if he had something on him, even if is a bit of paper or smartphone. In the case of just explained, then she would have found out a lot earlier what happened? It wouldn't have a result, but it would have saved her that 11 hours of worry and panic. So please always go out with emergency contact details and medical information if you do have a medical condition. Now the other good thing smartphones do is if I was walking home and I felt threatened, maybe I could feel someone going to attack me or if a little bit dizzy, light headed and I was going to collapse, then I can just push the power button five times on my phone or hold it down for five seconds, and it will call the emergency services for me. After it called emergency services, it will then send a text message of what it sees from the front camera, the back camera, a five second audio clip and a map of where I am to my emergency contacts. So that's a really useful tool to have, and that's why I like using my smartphone. I could go into a lot more detail about the smartwatch if you fall down and contact them as well. But not everyone does like technology. What the most important thing is to make sure you have something on you that says what to do in an emergency. He doesn't need to have your name on there if you don't want to, but at least something to say, please call this number. If I'm unable to talk, if I want to get home tonight might be something you leave in the car might be something you have in your bag, your back pocket or on your phone. Another thing to consider would be having a key safe. Now I have a key safe in my home or outside my home. So if something happened to me in my home, which could be some of those workplaces, a key safe is great because if I suddenly collapsed upstairs in the bathroom, and I slipped and I couldn't move. I'm still able to ask my mobile phone to call the ambulance. Udemy Page 49 I'm still able to ask my mobile phone to call the ambulance. They are not going to get into my house. They don't just break the door down. They actually have to contact the police to be able to come and break the door down, which is not ideal. So having a key safe outside my house will allow them to be able to get access to me as quick as possible because I could give them the code or I can reach that key safe code with the ambulance service so they can get in there without me having to give them the code over the phone. You might forget it, but also having that key safe is really good to give to my emergency contacts. So if I was in hospital and I was unable to get home, I can give the emergency contacts a key safe number rather than lots of different keys. And they've got to get into my house. In my case, look after my cat and dog. So having a key safe is another way that helps me prepare for an emergency situation. From 4. Calling the EMS Calling the emergency medical services is really important. Call the emergency medical services as quickly as possible in an emergency. The number to call here in the UK is 999 Or we can use 112 which is a European number. And if you're watching this video from another country, make sure you know what number you need to call in an emergency situation because every country tends to have their own number. Most of us are familiar with 911 being in America, but I believe 911 also works in other countries as well. Now, when we call them, we give them clear information about the situation. We describe the accident, we describe the injuries, and we most importantly describe the condition of that patient if it's a life threatening situation. They will categorize your call accordingly and send the relevant services that are needed. So make sure you give them as much information about that casualty as you can. What is wrong with them? Make sure you speak clearly and slowly to them, which I know is easier said than done when you are panicking. Try to stay calm. Make sure you also tell them where you are. They're not going to come to you if you don't tell them where you are. You know, house names or blocks of flats. They're very difficult to find. So try and give them clear instructions. If you're not quite sure where you are, look for landmarks such as road signs, buildings, schools, churches. If you in a house, look at post letters that come through the door to find out what the full address is Udemy Page 50 address is But in rural areas, such as beaches and forests and country roads, it's very hard some time to describe where you are. However, there is an app out there called what three words works all over the World. You do need to download it and you do need to have a smartphone to be able to do this. But what three words is great because what it does, it gives the user three unique words based on the three square meter location of where they are. And if you don't actually have GPS in at that time, it will work off your last GPS signal. So that means emergency services know exactly where you are and to be able to get you without a delay. Now, when you do call emergency medical services, consider using the speakerphone so that you are actually hands free, which means you be able to listen to the commands of the emergency medical services, as well as treating and helping that patient. Okay. So why are you waiting for the emergency medical services arrive? I want to try and ask the casualty, the patient. Lots of questions. You know, you want to find out lots of information about them, such as the date of birth if you don't already know it. Are there any medication? Do they have any allergies are they undergoing any hospital treatment at the moment? try and find out who the next of kin is. I mean, you might have this information already because maybe your friend or your colleague, but you still want to try and get as much information out of the casualty as you can, because this is useful for the emergency medical services when they arrive. So things like allergies, medication, what are you on? Have you taken any medication? Have you got it with you? Have you been in hospital recently? Are you undergoing hospital treatment? All this is really important as well as finding out next of kin information or asking them, is there anyone you liked me to call for you? Now there might be lots of people watching, trying to help and not quite sure what to do. So what I'd like you to do is pause me, and before you pause me, I want you to make a list or in your head on paper and think about things you can ask your helpers/bystanders to do for you. So pause the video now ill be waiting for you I'll still be here when you come back. Okay. Welcome back. So what are you going to ask the helpers in the bystanders to do? Because I know in my workplace where I used to be a teacher in a secondary school, the very first thing I would do is tell my helpers/bystanders to go and let the receptionist know. Udemy Page 51 do is tell my helpers/bystanders to go and let the receptionist know. We've called the ambulance because the receptionist is going to let the ambulance come in through the main gate. There might be a big car park and multiple entrances into the building, so make sure that the helpers or able to guide the emergency medical services to you as quickly as possible without without a delay. You don't want them having to buzz on a buzzer for ages just trying to get access to you. Helpers can help move equipment and furniture out of the way to clear a path so emergency medical services can get to you in a casualty quickly. For example, they're probably going to use a bed or a chair to transport the casualty So unable to walk. So you need to make sure is enough space for them to be able to do that, that the emergency medical services haven't stayed on the phone with you. Then make sure you do keep a mobile handy at all times just in case they need to call you at any point so your bystanders can make sure they're monitoring that phone for you. Make sure that all the pets, if there are any pets, have been locked away safely. If it's night time, you know, maybe turn on all the lights in the house or the home, the property, they are in Just so it's easy for the emergency medical services to find you. If you're lucky enough to have a car outside, maybe put the hazards on the car. So the Emergency Medical Service can find where you are, or ask one of the helpers to go and stand outside waving to make sure the ambulance can get you quickly. You don't want there to be a delay. You helpers Could also go and get together all the medication, the casualty, might say they are on, it might be in their car, it might be in the bag, maybe by the desk. You could go and collect that person's belongings for them. And you can make sure that everything they need to go to a hospital if that's what's going to be happening, and so they can go and get all those bits and pieces together for them. Now, while you're with that patient, time can go very quickly or slowly. But please do not be afraid to call the emergency services again if the situation changes or if the ambulance doesn't arrive. You can always, always call them again. If your heard of hearing can notify the emergency medical services by text message, I'm going to attach a leaflet in the resources section below so you can download and have a look at it because you actually need to be able to set it up beforehand, but it's really a good way of contacting for them if you can't hear or you have got a hearing impairment. Now I've also attached another leaflet in the resources called Silent 55. Though sometimes when you call emergency services, you might not be able to talk by talking, by making a noise, you might be putting yourself into a dangerous situation. Udemy Page 52 a noise, you might be putting yourself into a dangerous situation. So if you're in an emergency situation and you need help from the police or the ambulance, but you can't speak, try and make yourself heard and let the 999 operator know. Your call is actually a genuine call and we have not done a pocket dial. However, if making a sound would put you or somebody else in danger and you're unable to talk. What you can do as soon as a phone is being answered, you can type 55 into your phone. And what that will do will be then let the police know that actually this is a genuine call and your call be transferred to what they call the silent solution system. And the police will be able to listen in and they'll be able to track where you're making that phone call from. Now, we've talked about called emergency medical services because it's an emergency. It's life threatening. However, if it's not an emergency, but you're unsure what is wrong, you can also call 111 111 Now, this is a non-emergency number and they will ask you questions and again, they will categorize your call. They might send an ambulance if they deem it to be an emergency. Or they might just give you advice, like, can you go to this doctor's surgery? Can you go to the chemist or they'll get someone to call you back. So that's for non-emergency 111 And again, that number is based here in the UK. If you're watching this from another country, maybe see if you've got a non-emergency number you can call to get some medical advice. From Udemy Page 53 The Unconscious Casualty sunnuntai 5. tammikuuta 2025 22.25 6. Conducting a scene survey So in this video, we're going to talk about what we should do as a first aider when you arrive at the scene. Now, I want you to remember this acronym DRAB or Dr. AB, because we're going to be talking about that in this section and in a few videos as well. D stands for Danger. R stands for Response, A stands for Airway and B for Breathing. In this video, I just talk about the D and the R, the danger response. Now we have three aims of first aid, and we talked about these a few videos ago, but I want to recap them again because it's so important in order to ensure we are safe at the scene. First one, the most important one is preserve life. And we are talking about our life as a first aider We need to make sure is safe. We need to make sure we stop and we think before we act. That stop parts stops us from rushing in and getting hurt. And the think part - it also gives you a chance to think what the dangers are actually are. So what the danger at the scene could actually be. You know, is there anything here that could hurt me? To always preserve your life as well as the casualty is all about you, preserving your life, making sure you are safe before rushing in and putting yourself into danger. So let's talk about D for danger then. What can be dangerous about where you're sitting? Taking part on this e-learning course. Have a look around the room you're in. What could be dangerous? Have a think about your home. Think about a workplace. Think about when you go have a meal. Think about the dangers you might come across. Now, that could be something. It's falling down A trip hazard you might trip over. That could be an electrical cable dangling down, touching somebody could be traffic on the road. There could be other people that are maybe huddle around the scene in the way. Or other people could have actually hurt that person as well. Think about what could be dangerous. And we should always be assessing a scene for dangers. We should be looking, we should be listening, and we should be smelling any potential dangers. And they need to think about how are you going to reduce those dangers. So, for example, if you walked in, a room and there is a fire. Close the door. Get yourself out of there. Udemy Page 54 Get yourself out of there. Call the emergency medical services. Don't put yourself into danger. If you walk in a room, you see somebody being electrocuted. Don't touch them. Because if you did, you are now going to be electrocuted. Get yourself out. Call somebody that knows how to turn the power of. There could be other people that may be gathering around, you know, causing more of an issue. Try to move them out of the way. Or they could be something, you know, you made a trip hazard, obviously. Pick it up. Move it out of the way. Do what you can do to make it safe. It doesn't need to be just you. It could be calling for backup or maybe speaking to a helper that could actually help make that situation safe. Please, always, always stop and look for those dangers because that person on the floor could be on the floor because somebody was just hiding behind the door to attack them. And that's why they're on the floor. And if you go rushing in there to try and help them, you are now going to be hurt potentially by that person standing behind the door. To always think before we act. Always check the area for danger. Always. Always check the area for danger. And then make it safe. So those are the first two things we're going to do when arriving at a scene. We're going to assess it. Looking for those dangers and then will making it safe by doing what we can do. Then offer a response. I'm going to check and see if they're responding to me. We do this for a few different reasons. One to see it's a conscious see what levels of conscious they have. And also to see if we can get consent to help them. So when you approach a situation, when you approach a coward, a casualty should always introduce yourself. You should always ask the patient for their permission to help. Even if you know them and they know you, you should always, always ask for consent before helping them. Because if someone has hurt themself or maybe is feeling unwell, they just might want space. They don't want a cuddle from me. they don't want you touching them They might also be really embarrassed. So always introduce yourself and ask, Is it okay if I help you? So for example, I might come up to you and go, Hi, my name is Emily. I'm a first aider. May I help you? Udemy Page 55 May I help you? And when they give you consent, either verbally by saying yes or by nodding or offering up their injured limb to you in the eyes of the law, you have permission to continue. But if a patient says no, then you have to respect their wishes. If you think they need the ambulance, let's say a catastrophic bleed, that I would still be calling the ambulance. I would also be trying to see if anyone else that can help them. Maybe it's me they feel uncomfortable with, but maybe there's somebody else can help. Maybe a family member or friend. And I was also try and talk to them. And I would try and reassure them. I will try my best communication skills to be able to convince them actually is in your best interest. If I can help you or can you help yourself? I'm trying to gain their trust. I'm trying to talk to them. I'm going to do what I can to help them. But ultimately, I need to make sure I am safe as well. I'm not going to put myself into danger. Now, if you're dealing with a child or an infant, so someone under 18 speak to their peers and guardian to get permission. But just say, be aware someone under 18 cannot refuse treatment. The other issue could be if the person doesn't talk back to you, you know, if they are unconscious. It was an unconscious casualty you still use the same statement and consent can be deemed to be given as most people in that situation would answer yes if they're able to. This is called assumed consent. I mean, would you want someone to help you if you unconscious, not breathing? Would you want someone to perform CPR to you? In most cases, this answer will be yes. And in the eyes of the law, you have assumed consent. Now, when helping an unconscious patient or any patient, I always still talk to them because the hearing is one of the last things that goes and they might still be on to hear what you were saying. And also it's reassuring the witnesses around. They're going to wonder what you are doing. So it's reassuring for them. So you're explaining what you're doing, how you're treating them. I think it also helps me stay calm by talking to them as well. So the whole time I'm dealing with somebody, I'm always talking to them. I'm trying to reassure them. We're showing the witnesses around that. What is going on? So I've checked for response. I've asked for their consent. I'm probably not going to shout for help at this point as well. I want someone to come and help me because I hope I can go and get a first aid kit. You might also want to talk to those witnesses, those bystanders around to actually find out what happened. Udemy Page 56 out what happened. You know, if the county says to you, I'm fine, I just fell over and hit my head. The witnesses might say, well, no, they were asleep on the floor for 10 minutes. Or they grabbed the chest and then went down. So talking to us witnesses is really quite powerful and helpful as well. So the arrival of the scene. Always check the area for danger. Look at it. Make sure the area is safe. And if it's not safe, we're going to make it safe. Then we're going to talk to the county because you want to see the conscious. And also to get consent from them, give a shout for help, because I want to help it to go and get me a first aid kit. I'm going to talk to any witnesses that might be around. And I'm going to stay nice and calm because if I'm not calm, probably no one else is going to remain calm either. From 7. The Primary, Secondary Survey and the Recovery Position So in this video, we're going to put all the theoretical content into a practical situation. So what you need for this is maybe a cushion on the floor, Teddy on the floor, or maybe it's going to help at home, that could be your casualty. It's because we could imagine that we've got somebody unconscious on the floor, and we're going to put the primary survey together with a secondary survey, together with the recovery position, the primary survey is where we check the area for danger. We look, listen and we smell for things that could be dangerous for us. We then check in for response if there's no response we shout for help. We then open the person's airway. And then we look listen to feel for breathing for 10 seconds. So that's our primary survey. Then a secondary survey where we do the head to toe check and then the recovery position is the position we put them in in order to maintain an airway so they're not going to choke on their own vomit, saliva and allows the airway to stay open. So that's a theoretical bit we are going to put into our practice situation. OK, so the very first thing we're going to do then is there's a casualty on the floor. We've walked into the room. We're checking the area for danger. We're looking, we're listening, was smelling for things are dangerous, such as fire. The people being there, things are falling down. Things are touching them. We make it safe if needed. We talked to the casualty to see if you're awake. If they don't respond to my voice, I'm going to push on their shoulders generally to see if I can get a response or maybe make a loud noise. They're not responding to me. Udemy Page 57 They're not responding to me. Now I'm going to shout for a helper because I want to help you to get me a first aid kit, especially if I'm in a workplace. Now, if I was in a workplace, this is when I would put my gloves and PPE on this example. I'm showing you, I'm in a home situation, but in a workplace, please put your appropriate people and then could open the airway by doing a chin lift and a head tilt. So one hand on the forehead, two fingers of the chin and pushing the forehead back and lifting the chin up. I'm getting nice and low to this casualty, and I'm looking and I'm listening and a feeling for normal breathing. So feeling with my cheek, I'm listening in my ear and I'm looking at that belly or their torso rising and falling. And I'm checking for 10 seconds. Now, if someone was breathing normally, an adult would breathe between two and four times if they were breathing normally in 10 seconds. If you're doing this on a baby, a baby, be breathing 10 times in 10 seconds. Now is really important to check for normal breathing, because if someone has something called adeno gasps, which someone goes. This can be the last breath that someone breathes and actually they might need CPR performed to them, so please check for normal breathing for 10 seconds. Great news. The person is breathing normally. So then what good do is do our second risk survey. We go from the head all the way down to the toes and we're looking for anything such as bleeding or broken bones. What do you think that can explain why this person is injured? So we're checking the head for any lumps and bumps looking for fluid coming out of the ears. If they've got fluid, coming out of it is it could indicate spinal issues. Look and see if they've got this medical I.D. necklaces on. We then look down one arm at a time while the sleeves have a look for lacerations and also bracelets. I'll do the same in the other one. I will then check the torso to make sure the sternum is OK. Make sure the belly there's no hard bits on the belly. If the was, it could indicate internal bleeding. I gently push on the pelvis to make sure we're still intact. Then I use the back of my hands to see if there's anything in the pockets. The reason I use the back of my hands is because if they did have some sharp in the pocket are more likely to grab it if I went palm down and therefore I might hurt myself. And then I checked one leg out at a time. So it's a primary survey, then the secondary survey, then now a found no injuries with this county. Udemy Page 58 this county. I'm going to place him into the recovery position. Now I do this by putting both my arms on the other side of the patients, I lean over the hand closest to the casualties head. I'm going to link fingers with them and I'm going to gently bring it across their body and slap their like their cheek closest to me. I'm still holding my hand in place. I won't let go. So if it did let go, the hand would just flop the back down again. So I hold in place with my other arm. I lift the outside the leg, lift the knee up. and push their shin and their foot towards their bottom. And then what I simply need to do is use one finger or very gently push the knee towards me and they will roll over on their side. I need to make sure the knees at 90 degrees in order to make sure they stay on their side. And then I open the airway. And the reason I'm on the side is because it allows, the airway to remain clear if they're sick or they've got any vomit or blood in their mouth, it's just going to drain away. I'm going to keep checking and monitoring their breathing while they're in this position. And if it hasn't been caught already, I would now call the ambulance. Now we put them in the recovery position because it allows them to maintain an open airway. And that's really important to have an open airway. However, if we find they've got a broken leg or a broken arm or we forget how to do the recovery position, then what we're going to do. Well, we kind of do the same thing, we maintain an open airway, so that means they stay on their back and we just keep the airway open. The downside of this, however, is that my hands are now attached to that casualty. So that's great if I can be with that casualty all the time. And there's lots of other helpers around. And the other help is can go on, open the front door for me and bring the ambulance crew to me. If I'm by myself with this casulaty in the home, at some point I need to open the front door for the ambulance crew. So ideally, I need them in the recovery position because if I let go of the county's airway, it will close again. And that's when the airway could be blocked and they might stop breathing. So I want you to go and pause me, and I want to practice that either with a cushion on the floor or with somebody else, the primary server, the second survey and the recovery position or gong practice, putting yourself in that position and try doing it on both sides. Don't just do it on one side. Go on, pause me and go and practice. I'll be here when you come back. Udemy Page 59 I'll be here when you come back. From 8. An Unconscious Baby So we've just covered recovery position for an adult and used that same recovery position for a child, someone from one to 18, as well as an adult 18 upwards. But when it comes to a baby, we need to adapt things. A baby is classed from zero to one, so we still do our primary survey, we still do our secondary survey, we still do the recovery position, but we just adapt it, so they probably find a baby in their bed, in their cot, maybe on the floor or in a car seat. So we are going to approach the eye for danger. Exactly the same. Sure, we look all around, we listen and we smell for dangers. Exactly the same as before this time when we're asking a baby for a response. Obviously, baby's not going to be able to talk to us. Well, I'm probably gonna be tickling babies, feet, tickling babies, hands, just trying to get them to wake up like you would normally try and wake a baby up if there's no response. Again, I'll be shouting for someone to get me some help. Whether that's someone in your house, your neighbors, anybody to scream for help. You then can open a baby's airway. Now this is also what we're going to adopt because if you put a baby's head all the way back like this, it actually closes the airway. And the same, if we have the baby's head all the way forward, it will close the airway. So with baby's airway, we need to have a completely neutral airway, so that means just tipping back slightly. That action here that would would be think it would be only airway actually closes it. And this action here also closes a baby's airway. So baby's airway is on a flat surface needs to be completely neutral. Then we look, listen and feel for normal breathing, get nice and low listening with our ears, feeling with our cheek, looking at their belly, the torso going up and down. Same as before. Now, when we're looking for normal breathing, we're looking for a baby to be breathing about eight to 10 times in those 10 seconds, which is different from an adult. If they are breathing. Great news, but we're going to just check to see if any damage anywhere on the body. And just do a quick head to toe checks around the head, just the arms, their bellies, their legs just as soon as any injuries anywhere. And then the recovery position for baby is adapted because we don't want to leave a baby on a floor and it's going to be very hard to manipulate a baby's arms and legs like we've just been doing on each other or on a child. So baby's recovery position is like this. We're keeping the hand on the head to make sure the baby's airway is neutral. Udemy Page 60 We're keeping the hand on the head to make sure the baby's airway is neutral. We're keeping the head slightly lower than bottom. So if the baby is sick, they're not going to choke on any vomit. And we're just cradling the baby now. We can do it towards us if we wish, or we can turn baby around and have baby away from us. Just keeping that airway neutral, though, so we don't want the head closed. We don't want the head to back neutral airway head slightly lower than bottom. So if they are sick, then it's just going to drain away from their airway. So that's a baby's recovery position, and that's how we adapt the primary, survey the secondary survey and the recovery position for a baby who is zero to one years old, and you can practice that with a teddy or with a cushion as well. From Udemy Page 61 The unconscious casualty - not breathing sunnuntai 5. tammikuuta 2025 22.25 9. CPR introduction and the importance of the chain of survival So in this video, we're going to look at what to do if the casualty isn't breathing. So we've done our primary survey and we found out they are not breathing. We're going to learn about what CPR is and the importance of the chain of survival. So CPR then stands for cardio pulmonary resuscitation. You need to perform CPR when someone isn't breathing normally, because by doing CPR, what you're trying to do is you're trying to pump the heart. If you pump the heart pumping blood around the body and inside blood there is oxygen, you're trying to keep them alive or bring them back to life until medical professionals can take over. Now, the chain's survival concept is designed to show you your role in an emergency procedure. Following each link in the chain in the correct order can greatly increase the person's chances of survival. So there are four links in the chain. First one is early access or early activation of the emergency services, so call the emergency services as soon as possible as soon as you know that person isn't breathing normally. The next link in the chain of survival is beginning CPR early CPR without effective CPR. It is probable that the next links in this chain are not going to work. So early CPR is crucial. The next link in the chain is early defibrillation using an AED So if you have access to an automated external defibrillator, then you need to use it. The quicker you get one there to the patient, the better that person has of surviving. What an AED actually does. It interrupts the abnormal twitching of the heart, and it can reset the heart, so it begins beating normally again. We'll talk more about that in a later video Then the final link in this chain is early advanced care. Now this is given by the emergency services in addition to delivering an AED They will also have drugs and oxygen and and other equipment, and are actually trained to provide care that is far beyond first aid. But every link in that chain is vital. If that changed, survival is broken at any point, then that patient's chance of survival is massively reduced. So if you don't call the emergency medical services quickly, this will delay the advance care and possibly the AED If you don't provide CPR, then the effectiveness of using an AED and advanced care all compromised. So every link is important. And in fact, for every minute of delay between the person going into cardiac arrest to the time when an AED and arrives on the scene to where advanced care can be given the chance of survival drops by Udemy Page 62 survival drops by 10 percent. Making sure that their links remain intact and that an AED is available at the earliest possible moment improves that person's chances survival. So make sure those links are not broken. So let's put this into practice, shall we? Now, do you remember the primary survey danger response, airway breathing? What we're going to be adding a C and a D onto the end of it. C for CPR and D for defibrillation So deep danger and response Ave opened the airway beep. Look, listen and feel for breathing for 10 seconds. And if they're not breathing, we need to call the ambulance and then we need to do see the CPR and d the early defibrillation. So we're now going to look at some videos. We are going to look at CPR on the use of an aed on an adult and a child and also CPR for a baby. Now, when you watch the videos for adult child and baby, you will notice that an adult CPR performer to hand a child has one hand and a baby's two hands. But don't get too worried about, you know, whether I should use to hand one hand and or two fingers. It's all about the size of the casualty and also about your ability to do CPR. You know, if you're trying one hand on a child, someone under 18 to do compressions and it's not being effective, then you're going to need to use two hands. Now what I would like to do is as you're watching the videos, I would like you to get a cushion or teddy on the floor, and I want you to practice and doing your danger response, airway breathing, pretend you are calling ambulance and then practice your compressions on that teddy or on that cushion pretend to open the airway pretend you are giving rescue breaths. I know you might feel a little bit silly, but I believe by doing something, by practicing something, then you have more chance of remembering what to do in an emergency. Okay, so you're going to watch the videos and on CPR and you're going to have a cushion in front of you or Teddy in front of you, and you're going to practice and copy what I'm going to be doing. So therefore, it becomes more automatic in your head if you ever had to come across an emergency situation like that, OK? From 11. Adult CPR Check the area for Danger Hi, can you hear me? There is no response. Help - open the airway Im going to look listen and feel for breathing for up to 10 seconds Two three four five six seven eight nine 10. Udemy Page 63 Two three four five six seven eight nine 10. You're not breathing. I'm going to call 999 I have an adult who is unconscious and and not Breathing. I'm asking for a defibrillator. Remove clothing one two 28, 29 30 then 2 rescue breathes And then we're going to keep on going until the ambulance turns up. So that was the whole thing you just watched. So we're going to break it down to make it a little bit easier and simpler to follow. And this is where you can grab your cushion or teddy so you can practice as you're watching the video. So the first thing we're going to do is check the area for danger. So we're looking, we're listening and we're smelling for anything that could be dangerous. When I approached the casualty I approached them from their feet, and that's because if they have got a spinal injury, their eyes are a naturally looking in front of you, they're not looking behind. And if he was conscious, you don't want them moving that neck and making a spinal injury was always trying to pressure from the feet to be calm and then check the response by talking to them. Say Hello. No response. So now I'm going to see if they respond to a bit of pressure and then I just push on that collarbone or squeeze their shoulders like my big loud noises. to see If they blink but this time there is no response. Shouting help help. And then when I open the airway, I can put two fingers underneath the chin, one hand on the forehead, and I do a chin lift and a head tilt I kept my hands there because if I don't keep my hands there, what will happen is the airway will close. So to lift head to keep your hands. And then I get really low I look at that belly. I listen with my ear and I'm feeling on my cheek for normal, breathes and I'm doing this for 10 seconds. Now remember, an adult is going to be breathing normally between two and four times in those 10 seconds. If they're not breathing, which this person isn't I must leave them I must call the ambulance because as soon as I get them there, the better this person has of survival. Then when I return, making sure I'm asking for a defibrillator as well, I will come back and do compressions. I have to place the heal of my hand on the center of the chest. I try to get my middle finger in line with their nipple and I was going to push on their sternum. Hand in centre of chest Udemy Page 64 Hand in centre of chest When I was in, it was now I won't be able to push down deep enough if I'm sitting like this. So I'm going to get my shoulder over the top of my wrist, move my knees back and place the other hand on the top. And I might want to link it together, like so or just place it like that. And then I'm going to push down five to six centimeters in depth, making sure I push down. I also come back up. Imagine this is your heart and you're pushing down on the heart. You must allow the heart to refill so you must come back up again So you push and you come back up, push, come back up here, push back up, push. And I'm going to go on a speed of 100 to 120 beats per minute. You can sing a little song if you like to as well. I'm going to do 30 and after I've done 30, I will then go to my rescue breaths. With a head tilt and chin lift - two fingers on the chin, one hand on the forehead who do a chin level and head tilt, this time with pinch the nose and open his mouth, keeping his airway open. Otherwise, nothing will work like that, and I'm going to open my mouth. Look away. I'm back on that chest again. It should only take me five seconds to give those 2 breaths. And I just keep on going and to someone else will take over from me until they come back to life or until I can't carry on anymore. From 12. Child CPR Check the area for danger are you ok - can you hear me? Help. Open the airway and look listen and feel for breathing for 10 seconds Counting compressions and breathes 5 initial breathes then 30 compressions and 2 rescue breathes for 3 cycles then call EMS (999 here in the UK) unconscious child, not breathing. So that was a whole thing you just watch. So we're going to break it down to make it a little bit easier and simpler to follow. And this is when you can grab your cushion or teddy so you can practice as you're watching the video. So the first thing we're going to do is check the area for danger Hi can you hear me? Always trying to approach my feet and I'll kneel down next to them and put pressure on the shoulder to see if they respond. No response help open his airway. HELP Two fingers on the chin. and hand on forehand to do a head tilt and chin lift then get nice and low So you can see and feel them breathing, see them and also hear them breathing and Udemy Page 65 So you can see and feel them breathing, see them and also hear them breathing and check for 10 seconds. As soon as you know there are not breathing. I'm going to give them five breathes of oxygen because normally of child and baby, the reason they have gone into an arrest is normally down to problem with oxygen, so asphyxiation of some sort. So open the airway again. Pinch the nose and open your mouth over their mouth get a good seal 5 rescue breathes and remove clothing The hand again is going to go on the center of the chest, making sure your shoulder goes over the top. Your knees back and you're pushing down one third, and making sure you come back up again. Same as the adult casualty Push and come back up same speed 100 to 120 beats per minute, after the compressions You go back to the airway chin lift head tilt, pinch the nose keeping the airway open and then do 2 rescue breathes look away and back on that chest again, doing your 30 compressions on a child and a baby We do three cycles and it is no one here to help us in between that time and we're by ourselves. Then we're going to call the ambulance. And the reason we delay in calling gate EMS if we are by ourselves is because you can probably get them back to life. So we don't want to delay the treatment by running to find our phones By all means, if your phone is in your back pocket as soon as you know this person's not breathing. The quicker you get the EMS there the better, just do not delay the treatment. From 13. Baby CPR Check the area for danger Hi, are you ok? Can you hear me? We can wake up? Rise and shine Help Look for breathing for 10 seconds Not breathing (counting 5 rescue to myself) then begin 30 compressions and 2 rescue breathes non stop for 3 cycles take baby with me while I go make a phone call to the ambulance? So that was the whole thing you just watched So we're going to break it down to make it a little bit easier and simpler to follow. And this is when you can grab your cushion or teddy so you can practice as you're watching the video. So the first thing we're going to do is check the area for danger. Check for a response No response - shout for help Udemy Page 66 No response - shout for help Now look, baby, we don't open the airway that we do on an adult and child. A baby's airway is just neutral. It is not all the way back and is not all the way back It's just a neutral alignment. I am going to get Nice low so I can feel, listen and also see the breaths. I checked for 10 seconds. Now newborn babies are going to be breathing 8-10 times in 10 seconds. This baby's not breathing, so I'm going to do five rescue breaths. Now I want to do my rescue breaths. I must make sure my mouth goes over their mouth and nose So I breathe and then I'll look away. Look away, look away. Look away, look away. Five breaths and I say to use a cheek full of air that we use then we remove their clothing and find their nipples then using two fingers push down 1/3 of their body depth doing 30 compressions and going the same speed as a child in the adult. So 100 to 120 beats per minute, making sure when we push down, we come back up 30 of those now to rescue breaths one two and then back on that chest again. Now, the as a same child, we're going to give three cycles of 30 : 2 (counting compressions) After the 3rd cycle I am then calling the ambulance because they haven't come back to life and there's nobody else here to do that for me. I could use two thumbs, if I get tired. One. two OK Let's go and get you to an ambulance and call and call an ambulance now. And then we come back and we carry on. From 14. What is an AED An AED stands for automated external defibrillator, If you want to call it. Now, one of the myths about an AED unit is that they start the heart. It's not true. What they actually do is provide a shock that interrupts abnormal twitching of the heart, hopefully allowing the heart's own inbuilt pacemaker to sort out the rhythm, reboot itself and kick back in again. Bit like we've got an issue with your phone or computer, you reboot it, that's kind of what the ad does to your heart. Does the need for CPR does not always mean to the heart has stopped because it's got a little activity within the heart, the quiver. So rather than beating like this or stopping like that, a heart could quiver, and if its quivering like Udemy Page 67 quivering like a jelly on a plate. It won't have a pulse. Now, when using an AED, there are, shockable rhythms normally called VF and VT And then there are non shockable rhythms, for example, when the heart is beating normally like mine is right now or when there is no electrical activity at all, and it just flat lines. Now, to use an AED effectively, you don't need to worry about it because the AED will detect what type of rhythm the casualty has, and it will tell you whether to shock or not. But it is vital to get the aid to the patient as soon as possible. So as soon as you know, they're not breathing. Ideally, you need an AED there straight away and to carry out effective CPR until that AED arrives. That's where the helper comes in. Now, early defibrillation is a vital link in that chain of survival we talked about in a few videos ago, and every second counts. So we're doing CPR on the casualty, waiting for the AED to arrive because the sooner the AED arrives, the better that person has of recovering. Now, as soon as an AED is given to you, turn it on and use it. It will talk to you and tell you what to do in the next couple of videos will show you how to do that. Now there are a lot of different types of AED on the market. There was a little bit different, but they all do the same thing. They all have a set of pads you have to put onto a patient. They will all have an on-off button and they will all talk to you, as well as have a visual prompt so you can see what what it's telling you to do or see what's going on. Now, as soon as you get one, turn it on and follow those instructions. It will talk to you. There's normally an accessory kit that comes alongside it. So scissors, a towel and a razor. The scissors are designed to remove clothing. So you cut my t shirt off going away from my face. You don't want to make it slip or make it worse. The towel begins to dry the casualty, and the razor is used to get rid of any hair where you want to put the pads, because otherwise they will just sit and float in the air rather than actually stick to the skin surface area. So as soon as you get one, use it. Now, you might be thinking, why do I find one? Well, there are lots around at the moment. I want you to give you a task, or you should find where your nearest one is. Does your workplace have them covered places? You're going to find them all. All leisure centres would have them some sports clubs. You find quite a lot of schools, dentists, doctors, big and shopping centres, big supermarkets and railway stations, but have a look and see if you can find your local one, your nearest one for your workplace and the nearest one is for your home. Udemy Page 68 workplace and the nearest one is for your home. See if you know where yours is because you need to get it without a delay. If your workplace has one, always make sure you use it is not a wall decoration. Don't just leave it sitting on the wall. Make sure you use on that casualty So the next video we're going to show you how we use it on an adult casualty and also how to use it on a child casualty or someone of a smaller frame. But always remember, if you know your casualty is not breathing, you need to call the ambulance. You need to get an aed there quickly. You need to begin CPR and need to get to hospital now. Paediatric CPR ideally that you want to follow that chain of survival, but if you're by yourself, you wait for a minute before you go and get the AED But ill explain that in the videos coming up for you. From 15. Adult AED Let's talk about how to use an AED because hundreds of people alive today entirely due to the prompt and appropriate use of a defibrillator every minute delay in deploying a defibrillator, the odds of survival reduced by about 10 percent. So in this video, we're going to look at adult CPR as a sole rescuer, meaning you're the only one there, but you've got an AED located nearby. Try and emember the acronym from previous videos, the primary survey danger, response, airway and breathing. They're not going to be breathing, so then we must make sure we activate the EMS. We do CPR and we get a defibrillator to them. And that was all part of the chain of survival we talked earlier about, you know, early access or the activation of emergency medical services beginning CPR, getting an AED to them and then early advanced care. And if we can do all that in a timely manner, the chances of survival are hugely increased for this casualty. Okay, so the first thing I do is d for danger. We're looking, we're listening was smelling for things that could be dangerous, were approaching the Casualty from the feet and we're making sure that we talk to them. We ask, they can. Yeah. Hi, my name is Emily. I'm a first aider I'm here to help you. We'll see if they respond. We'll give them a bit of pressure on their shoulders and maybe make a loud noise to say to respond. There is no response. Udemy Page 69 There is no response. So then I do a airway. I open the airway with a chin lift and a head tilt. And then I look, listen and feel for breathing for up to 10 seconds. So I'm looking at that chest rising and falling. I'm listening with my ear and I feeling for breath on my cheek. Now this casualty is not breathing, so I leave them now and I go and call the emergency medical services, and I make sure I grab the aed because there is one easily located, I can get in a few minutes. I return with the aed The first thing I do is open up and turn on because it's going to talk to me. It's go time exactly what to do and then going to make sure I'm wearing the correct PPE, so I'm going to get my gloves on in this case. I then get to follow the instructions, apply pads to patients, bare chest. The first thing I need to do is have a naked chest, so I need to remove the clothing of this casualty, so I'm going to unzip the jacket and then I'm going to use a scissors and place a cut at the top of the T-shirt might try and rip it. That doesn't work. I would then keep cutting all the way down. Remember neck down to belly. I'll make sure that they're not hairy. And if they were hairy, I need to shave them where the pads would go and maybe dry the mouth of a clammy or sweaty. I'll get the pads out the packet. I will have a look at the pictures on the pads because they do show you what you need to put them on. Peel them because they are a bit like plasters. Stick one on the underneath the right clavicle and the other one underneath the left pectoral muscle. This should be a hands with distance apart between the pads, plug in pad connector next to flashing lights. It would then plug it into where it is flashing and you follow the rest of the instructions. Analyzing heart rhythm do not touch the patient. Making sure that everyone standing back, nobody's touching a casualty, because if someone is touching them, reading will be incorrect. It will analyze your reading rather than the casualtys reading. Now remember is looking for a shockable rhythm. Shock advised charging. Stay clear of patient tell everyone to say back, so I say clear in shock. Now press the orange button now - SHOCK delivered. Start CPR. Then begin CPR. So I'm doing 30 compressions with two rescue breaths. When the shock has been given, you continue a CPR as directed by the machine and you keep going with 30 compressions to two rescue breaths. The machine will reassess the heart rhythm normally every two minutes and then it will advise another shock Udemy Page 70 advise another shock if indicated. Or it might say no shock advised. Please, if it says no shock advise, just continue CPR and follow the prompts. Keep going until help arrives. And only stop CPR if the casualty begins to regain consciousness until you become too tired, you can't carry on and there's no one else to take over from you. Let's talk about what we would do that if there was a helper there with us, what would we do? Well, quite simply, one person will begin the CPR straightaway. Remember, we talked about that being really important the chance of survival while the other person goes and calls the EMS And then they will make sure they grab the AED when that person comes back. They will take over the AED while you carry on with compressions. From 16. Child AED So in a previous video, we looked at how to use an AED alongside CPR for an adult as a sole rescuer, but also how to implement it with helpers. In this video, we're going to do exactly the same. But for a child or go to it as if we're by ourselves, first of all, then we'll talk about what we'll do if we had helpers there with us. So we're going to the same primary survey. We're going to check the air for danger. We're going to check for response. We're going to see if they respond by pressure, by talking to us, make a loud noise next to them to see if they wake up. No response are Ill probably shout for help. I will then open the airway by doing a head tilt and a chin lift, and I would look, listen and feel for breathing normal breathing in 10 seconds. This casualty is not breathing, The casualty is a child. I'm going to a five rescue breaths. After my five rescue breaths, I will then go do to do 30 compressions compressions using the heel of one hand. Now I have not got any scissors with me, so I'm just going to remove the casualties jacket because I can unzip that and do compressions with a hit of one hand. 30 of of those at a speed of 100 120 beats per minute. And then I will go and do 2 rescue breaths. And I'm going to do that three times three cycles, which is one minute. After a minute, if this casualty hasn't woken up and I'm still by myself, I'm going to leave them to go, make a phone call and to grab the AED that I have available. I will come back and I will turn the AED and apply the pads to a naked chest. I will put my gloves on and any other PPE, and then I'm going to get the scissors and cut their T-shirt off. Udemy Page 71 and then I'm going to get the scissors and cut their T-shirt off. So I've got a naked chest. I will then put the pads on. Now this is a bit different on a child. We place the pads front and back. If you remember on an adult, we had them on the clavicle, the collarbone and on the left hand side of the body. The shock go through the heart. We can't put them like that on this child because their frame is too small, and that will mean the shock will go over the heart rather than through it. So we're going to place one on the front of this child and I'm going to place one on the back. So the shock will go through the heart. When the pads are in place, we're going to plug it in and listen to the instructions. Analyzing heart rhythm. Do not touch the patient. So it's looking for a shockable rhythm. So we're making sure we're not touching the casualty as it's doing that. Shock advised charging stay clear of patient. Now, as it's charging, we're making sure everyone is standing by. We're getting ready to push that shock button when it flashes. We're then going to push that button when it tells us to and after which were then going to carry on with our 30 compressions and two rescue breaths. Now, if I had a helper there with me, we do not delay in calling the emergency medical services. If there's a helper there, we know this person is not breathing, this child not breathing. We send them to go and get an ambulance straight away and come back with that aid. From 17. CPR Conclusion Video So I just want to finish off the CPR section and with some questions that people normally asked me on my face to face courses. Now the first question I always get asked is do I have to put my mouth on the casualty because they're normally concerned about infection and rightly so, especially in the current climate? So the answer is yes or no? It all really depends on the casualty you've got in front of you. So if you're working with adults, the guidelines since 2015 have stated if you're unable or unwilling to give rescue breaths, then please do something. And that's something will be compressions and compressions only. And you would have seen the adaptations have been put into place by the Resus Council in the UK. The COVID pandemic we're currently going through. But that still applies, though, if you don't want to put your mouth on a complete stranger. If you haven't got a barrier such as a face shield or, a pocket mask in order to prevent infection from you, to them and then to you and just do something because something is better than staring at them. Udemy Page 72 at them. If you stare at a casualty they are not going to come back to life. You attempting to do compressions is better than doing nothing at all. Now, with a child to someone under 18 or drowning casualty, those five initial rescue breathes are really important. And what we said in the video previously that a child and a drowning casualty, the reason the heart has stopped is not a problem with a heart is because it's a problem with oxygen and they need oxygen. So it's quite important that we give them oxygen, so make sure we do have a face shield or a pocket Mask or some type of barrier between you and them to prevent infection and attempt to give up to five rescue breaths. And then, thirdly, compression and to rescue breaths. So for a child and a drowning casualty, so anyone under 18 anyone is suspected to be drowning. Rescue breaths are very, very important. Next question I get asked is what happens if the country sick? Well, if a casualty is sick, we just need to turn them over on their side, make sure they're not choking on their vomit, wait for them to finish being sick, roll them back again. Check to see if they breathing because if they are breathing, great but if they are not We need to carry on with CPR, and of course, I would encourage you to use a face shield as well. Now another question would be my rescue breathes are, not working. I don't see the chest rise and falling. I remember we said we need to see a gentle rise and fall of the chest, but you've got to make sure you open the airway. So if you don't see that gentle rise and fall of the chest, maybe the airways not open. Maybe you haven't got a good seal, so make sure you fully open the airway to be fully extended to the neck. Make sure you're pinching them their nose or your covering their nose, depending on what casaulty you've got in front of you, and make sure you've got a good seal around their mouth. Now, if it still doesn't work, there might be another reason they might have a blockage just out of your control. But make sure you open the airway and make sure you've got a good seal. And we're only going to attempt five initial for a child or drowning casualty. Then after that, when attempting to. I always asked, how do I know I'm going deep enough with a compressions? I don't want to hurt them. Well, listen, this casualty is not breathing. You've got to do something to them, and my advice to you would be go hard because if you don't go hard enough or you are doing is tickling them. But a good tip to see if you are actually being effective with your compressions would be color. You should hope you see the color coming back to their face if you're going deep enough with a compression Udemy Page 73 enough with a compression because at the end of the day, you're pumping the heart, which is pumping blood around the body, which has oxygen in the blood So you should see color coming back up to their face. And it doesn't matter what kind of skin someone's got. We've all got nice red rosy lips. So you should see color coming back to their lips and back to their face as well. And then finally, the question I get asked is, I'm tired. When can I stop? Of course, you can stop CPR if your life is being affected, for example, preserve life - it is your life as well. Even if you just have a little rest, I probably if I had to stop run out of my workplace, my home, wherever I am, and scream to someone else to come and help me so they can take over. And if there's a helper there, they should be taking it in turns with me. One person does something, the other person rests And keep going like that. But you would stop if you're by yourself if you can't carry anymore. If a casualty comes back to life, please do stop. Then if the ambulance turn up or someone else, of course, takes over from you, then you would stop them. From 18. When to call the ambulance When you called an ambulance now in a previous videos of watching CPR, you would have noticed that I called an ambulance a different time, whether it was an adult casualty in front of me or whether there is a pediatric casualty in front of me, and I want to explain the reason behind that. Now, if you come across an adult that's collapsed in front of you, it is vital that the helpers go and check their breathing straight away. Is then vital to make sure that if we know they're not breathing, actually, we call the emergency medical services as soon as we know they're not breathing, because if you've not called for help delivering CPR to that casualty without the ambulance coming and without the use of an AED will not help them at all. If I am there by myself with that patient, then I must leave them to call the ambulance myself and bring the phone back and stick it on speakerphone. I'm not going to go off looking for an AED unless I know get one, then a few minutes, but I'm not going to go looking for one. I'm going to be 10 minutes away because the EMS will bring one. Now, if there was a helper there with yourself, one person should be doing CPR because obviously the earlier we start CPR, the better. Udemy Page 74 earlier we start CPR, the better. But at the same time, we need to make sure the ambulance is coming, so we need to make sure the helper goes off and cause the ambulance and, if possible, goes and finds an AED that will greatly increase the chances of survival. And the reason why they increase the chance of survival is because an adult is more likely to suffer from a heart problem. Therefore, they need drugs and deliberation in order to be able to get that heart working again. So we must leave to get that qualified help before we then begin CPR. Unless, of course somebody is with us while we do CPR and they get help now with children, so anyone under 18 or victims of drowning. If there's only one rescuer, then we need to make sure that we start resuscitation for one minute before going for assistance. So you note we did five rescue breathes in the video. Then we did 30 to two for one minute before we then go and get assistance. Now the reason we delay calling EMS on a child and a drowning victim is because the heart is normally stopped due to a problem with oxygen. So we need to give them some oxygen or five breast pump around the bodies a little bit and then hopefully within that first minute, which is really important, they will come back to life. And if they don't, obviously we are then going to , call the EMS the emergency medical services. Now, if there was a helper there with yourself, one person should be doing CPR because obviously the earlier we start CPR, the better. While the other person goes and called the ambulance. There's no need to wait for minute if there's more than one helper. Now, the only exception performing one minute of CPR before going for help is if there is in the unlikely event that it's a child with maybe a sudden collapse, you know, witnessed sudden collapse, and therefore we'll be assuming it is a problem with a heart. In that case, we seek help immediately if there's no one to go for you. From Udemy Page 75 Heart Attack and Seizures sunnuntai 5. tammikuuta 2025 22.25 19. Heart Attack Heart attacks. A heart attack, or MI Which stands for myocardial infarction is a serious medical emergency in which you supply blood to the heart is suddenly stopped. It's usually caused by a clot that blocks it. Now people often think a heart attack and a cardiac arrest are the same thing, but they're not. If someone is having a heart attack, they're conscious. But if someone's in cardiac arrest, it means they're unconscious because the heart completely stopped. Now, heart attack is a medical emergency, and as soon as you suspect some just having a heart attack, we must call EMS/999 and we must get them on the floor and stick them in the W position. Symptoms of a heart attack can vary, but they can include pain. Normally, the centre the chest, it can feel like it's been pressed or squeezed by a heavy object, and pain can radiate from the chest to the jaw to the neck to the arms and the back. They may also experience shortness of breath. They may feel weakness on one side of the body or lightheaded or both. They might feel a great sense of and or anxiety. They might be sick or feel sick, like a very pale in color. They just generally look how well they're supposed to know that not everyone experiences the severe chest pain. And this is particularly the case with many women. The pain of being mild are mistaken, sometimes for indigestion. It's a combination of symptoms that's important in determining whether a person is having a heart attack and not the severity of actually the chest pain. Treating a heart attack as you said, we call the ambulance as soon as someone is showing signs or symptoms of heart attack. Now we're waiting for the ambulance, we're going to get them to sit down on the floor in the W position I encourage that person take any medication that might have previously been prescribed. Sometimes they might have a spray. They must spray underneath their tongue, encourage them to take that. When the ambulance come. They will do various tests on them and they will probably take them into hospital in hospital for treatment for a heart that just depends on how serious it was. But there are two main types of treatment. One treatment will be using medicines to dissolve the blood clots or surgery to go to help restore the blood to the heart. You might be thinking, why does somebody actually have a heart attack? Udemy Page 76 You might be thinking, why does somebody actually have a heart attack? Well, coronary heart disease is a leading cause of heart attacks associated is a condition where the major blood vessels that supply the heart just clogged up with deposits of cholesterol known as plaque before heart attack. One of the plaques just burst or ruptures, causing a plot to develop at the site of the rupture. The clot may block supply of blood to the heart, triggering a heart attack. Now we must always be keeping an eye on that person talking to them while we wait for the analyst to arrive and we're getting them sitting on the floor in the dopey position because if they suddenly stopped breathing, we might need to do CPR to them. And if they're on the floor already or we need to do is just lay them flat and then begin CPR, which you talked about in a previous video. From 20. Seizures Seizures , a seizure is caused by sudden bursts of excess electrical activity in our brains, causing a temporary disruption in the normal messages pattern between our brain cells. This disruption result in the brain's messages becoming halted, confused and all mixed up. Seizures can be convulsive seizures and also non convulsive seizures. The difference is a convulsive one is something you might have associated with, the word fitting a non convulsive is when someone is kind of daydreaming, having an absence seizure. Now I'm going to give you a task and then I want you to pause me and I want you to think about and make some notes. I want you to come up with a list of why somebody might have one of these seizures. What could cause it? Pause me now. I'll be here when you come back. So what did you come up with? Epilepsy? Epilepsy is actually currently defined as a tendency to have recovered seizures. But people can have a seizure because they've hit the head, so they've fallen over. They've got a sporting injury, hit their head that can have a seizure. You can have one if you're a diabetic in a hyper, a hypoglycemic attack. And also, if people are withdrawing from drugs and alcohol, it can cause them to have a seizure. And young children can have what we call a febrile convulsion. That's when they get too hot and the brain can't deal with that just yet. So they have a febrile convulsion. So there's different reasons why somebody might have a seizure. How many did you get? There are few others as well, of course. Let's talk about these seizures because our brain is responsible for all the functions of our body. So what we experienced during a seizure would just depend on where in the brain the Udemy Page 77 So what we experienced during a seizure would just depend on where in the brain the activity begins and also how widely and how fast it spreads. And for this reason, there were many different types of seizures, and every person might have a completely different seizure. So never think there's a normal seizure. I'm going to give you a description of a typical type of seizure. But remember, we said there is not a normal type and everyone is different. Now, a tonic clonic seizure is a most common type of generalized seizures. And this is when our body just becomes rigid due to strong muscular contractions. That's what we call the tonic stage. You will then lose consciousness and you will fall and that could cause injuries. So this stiff or tonic phase, as we call it, passes and into the clonic stage and the chronic stage the convulsive bit. And this is when the muscles or they do it kind of repeatedly contract and relax. So your whole body just appears to shake. And this may last for a few seconds to a few minutes. Now, some of the key things you're going be looking for anesthesia are as follows in sudden loss of consciousness, a rigid body with an art back. Noisy and difficulty in breathing convulsions, and sometimes you might see somebody losing control of their bladder. And afterwards they fall into a deep sleep. Now, when the seizure has actually stopped, the person is going to gradually regain consciousness but may still be confused and days for quite a while afterwards. The time taken to recover will vary between person to person and different seizures as well. The person may have some soreness due to all those muscles just contracting involuntarily, plus they may also have a headache, and they might want to sleep for quite a period of time after the actual seizure itself. Now sometimes people have orders which are kind of warning symptoms for a short period of time before the seizure. Now this doesn't happen all the time, and it can take various forms. For example, somebody might show odd movements of wear their clothing on back to front. Maybe they can smell rain or taste metallic in the mouth. Every person is different member, and not everybody has these and most seizures commonly occur without any warning whatsoever. And that's what makes it so dangerous. So this is why the treatment that we would do as a first aid if we experience someone have a seizure, when someone has a seizure, it can be a very frightening thing for both sides to deal with, especially if they've never seen it before. And the first thing I would say to you would be take a deep breath and stay calm. Then you need to make sure that casualty is safe, so protect them, you know, move Udemy Page 78 Then you need to make sure that casualty is safe, so protect them, you know, move objects out of the way so that it will hurt himself, protect their head with a bag, never hold it and never restrain them, but protect that head with a bag or a cushion. Start timing the seizure. The timing's important will come to that in a second. Then maybe if you don't know the history that patients don't know who they are. Start looking for medical I.D. bracelets, necklace, look on their phone, look in their wallet, be careful. And we do that because that and medical id alert can give you more information about what to do for the casualty to help them recover. Now, when the seizure is finished, that's when you can check they're still breathing and then place them in the recovery position and keep talking to them throughout until they fully regain consciousness. Let's go over things you should definitely not do. These are kind of old wife tales that people have done historically. Please never, ever restrain the person. Do not put anything in their mouth. Do not move them unless they're in danger. Do not attempt to bring them around and do not give them anything to eat or drink until they are fully recovered. Now, we must always call the ambulance as our first data. If we don't know the history of that patient and it's their first seizure or we think it's their first seizure, we're always going to call the ambulance if the seizure lasts for longer than five minutes. We're going to call if one tonic clonic seizure follows another one without the person regaining consciousness between those two seizures. In other words, two seizures together. And if you believe that person needs urgent medical attention, you're going to call the ambulance. And of course, you're always going to call the ambulance if they're not breathing, which is very rare, but you've got to call the Ambulance /EMS and obviously begin CPR. Now, if someone has a non convulsive seizure the day, Jimi want that as a first aider, all we're going to do is monitor them, make sure they're safe and time in and when they recover. We're obviously going to tell them what has happened and report it and this next of kin or guardians if needed, and depending on the age of them. From Udemy Page 79 Choking sunnuntai 5. tammikuuta 2025 22.25 21. What is choking? Identifying when choking is mild or severe. Now, thankfully, choking is not a common cause of death, and it is treatable. People are most likely, however, to choke when they're eating and when the often in company. Now, victims /casualties are initially conscious and responsive, therefore early intervention can save a life. And it does. But recognizing that someone is choking is a key to a successful outcome. So do not confuse this type of emergency with someone that fainted or someone's got a heart attack, who's having a seizure or any other condition that might cause a sudden respiratory arrest or loss of consciousness. As you said, choking usually occurs while somebody is eating or drinking, and people have increased risk of choking tend to be the old or the young. Someone with reduced consciousness levels, maybe the intoxication with drugs or alcohol, or maybe they've got a neurological impairment, such as strokes and Parkinson's disease, or maybe they've got dental problems or dementia, but that doesn't mean that we can't choke Of course we can. Now, foreign bodies into the airway can either cause mild or severe airway obstruction. Now I'm going to show you in the videos later how to treat somebody with a severe airway obstruction. I just need to understand the difference a mild obstruction. They'll be able to make a noise, a severe airway obstruction. They won't be able to make a noise. There's always important if you see someone or you suspect someone is choking, it's really important to go up to them and ask them, Are you choking? Because if they can speak, they are very unlikely to be choking. And if they can speak a little bit, it's maybe just a mild a blockage. If they can't speak, they look distressed and they're nodding their head at you. Then that's probably going to be a severe airway obstruction and you need to act quite quickly. Now, case studies from past experiences have shown that it's a combination of back slaps and also abdominal thrusts that are actually worked better. Get rid of the blockage. It's not just one or the other or lots of one. It's a combination of back slaps and abdominal thrusts. And you'll see later in the videos, it's five and five and keep repeating it. So sometimes you'll be lucky and it comes out in the first attempt, but you might need to do a few cycles of five backslash five abdominal thrusts before that, severe airway obstruction gets relieved. So it's really important to identify, is it mild or severe airway obstruction, because Udemy Page 80 So it's really important to identify, is it mild or severe airway obstruction, because someone with a mild obstruction should always be encouraged to cough? Because what coughing does it generate a high and sustained air pressure, which will hopefully expel the foreign object out? You do not want to treat a casualty who's got a mild obstruction with backslapping and abdominal thrusts because it may cause harm to that county and can actually worse than the obstruction. So it's really important to identify is it mild or severe airway obstruction? From 23. Choking Adult Later in this video, we're going to look at choking for an adult. But just so, you know, adult and child choking treatment is exactly the same. You just might need to adapt the position of yourself. And then when administering the treatment now in the previous video, we talked about a mild blockage and a severe blockage. So this person with a partial or mild airway obstruction or we need to do is keep tell him to cough and try and calm them as much as possible. We also need to stay calm, and hopefully the coughing will be able to clear the obstruction and they've got to do this themselves fairly well. The important thing to remember is all the time that making a noise, they are breathing. There's nothing more block in their throat. Now, a complete airway obstruction might be when someone eats maybe a lump of food and they swallow it, and it's got rather swallowing and its gone to their bellow It's got stuck in their airway. Now this is a complete airway obstruction. This is when someone's not making a noise at all. They're struggling for breath. If we don't do something, they are soon going to be unconscious. And this is where we're going to use a combination of backslaps and abdominal thrusts because once there is a blockage there, there's not much this person can do. We need to be able to help them as a first data. So you normally see this person put the hands around their throat. You'll see them trying to gasp. But they can't make a noise. You go see the whites of the eyes person jumping out at you because they have a very panicked going to be very scared sometimes as well. They might also start turning a pale color blue as oxygen levels start to drop. And sometimes what they might do is because it might be very embarrassed that the choking? Well, they might do, especially when a company is take themselves away, and that's when they might go and collapse. And there's nobody there to go and help them. So if you're out for dinner with friends and family, you see someone at a dinner table Udemy Page 81 So if you're out for dinner with friends and family, you see someone at a dinner table when they get up without saying saying anything. I would follow them just in case something is wrong. So in order to treat this person with a severe airway blockage, a complete blockage. This is a life threatening condition. But we can get this blockage out if we use a combination. As we said, the back slaps abdominal to us. So what we're going to do is go over the cough to ask them if they're choking, ask their permission to help. Even though they can't talk, they will still be able to find a way of communicating with them. Are you choking? Then we're going to do up to five backslash now you need to position yourself in a way that you can get your arm across her chest because as soon as you do the bank collapse between the shoulder blades, they might walk forward so you need to support them. Now you can get a cushion or a pillow and you can practice with me. So get pillow in your hands like this so you can practice the backslash and the abdominal thrusts with me if you want to. So I'm going to show you. So you had to complete up to 5 back slaps using the heal heal of your hand, aiming between the casualties , shoulder blades. You're checking them out each time, but you can probably listen to see the blockages come out as well up to five back slaps. Now that's not working. We then need to go round the back of the casualty. And this is what we're going to do abdominal thrusts. Now I know what to do. Abdominal thrust where I tend to do is put. My thumb inside my fist. So the knuckle on my thumb is sticking out and then go underneath the person's rib cage. under the sternum and above the belly muscles, the abdominals. And what you are doing there is you push it underneath a diaphragm, which is expel an air up and hopefully bring in the blockage with it and will go up to five of those. But has what we need to make sure that somebody has called in the ambulance. So if there's nobody outside, get a phone out your pocket and and call the emergency medical services because we need help for this county, then we go back to up to five back slaps and up to 5 abdominal thrusts Now, its up to because because you might not need to use all of them. It might come out without using all 5 If it does, then great news. But if not, we're going to keep on going up to five back slaps, then up to five abdominal thrusts and we keep going up until.. If it does come out or two is a drop to the floor unconscious, we will then obviously Udemy Page 82 If it does come out or two is a drop to the floor unconscious, we will then obviously check the airway and if they're not breathing, we'll make sure the ambulance has been called. And we're starting CPR on that casualty. Now it's a blockage does come out. Great news. The person will still be distressed, though. Get him to sit down, open a window and get some fresh air. They're going to be struggling to breathe at this point that we're trying to take in loss of oxygen. Keep them calm. Breathe with them. Loosen any tight clothing they might also have. Now, if the casualty is seated, when they were choking, you don't need to make them stand up from the chair. You can do. But not everyone is able to do that, so you can still do this treatment for choking. Whatever position they're in, if someone's too tall for you. What you're going to do? I'm hoping you're going to say you're going to get some kneel down if you don't be climbing up on a chair to reach them. So just adjust the position of the casualty or yourself to suit your treatment. You are the ones to try and get this blockage out for them. There's not much they're going to do. They're going to keep on coughing, but that's not working, which is why we're intervening. And we're going to a back slaps and abdominal thrust. I'm not going to keep on going. So practice, I said with a cushion, with your pillow, with a teddy, because the more times you practice this, then hopefully you're more likely to remember ever had to deal with an emergency wherever you are a home at work on the way to or from the gym, wherever you are really important, you know how to better treat some of this choking. From 24. Choking Child In this video, we're going to look at choking for a child, adult and child choking treatment is exactly the same. Now, in the previous video, we talked about a mild blockage and a severe blockage, so this person with a partial a mild airway obstruction. All we need to do is keep tell him to cough and try and calm them as much as possible. We also need to stay calm, and hopefully the coughing will be able to clear the obstruction and they've got to do this themselves fairly well. The important thing to remember is all the time they're making a noise, they are breathing. There's nothing more blocking their throat. Udemy Page 83 There's nothing more blocking their throat. Now, a complete airway obstruction might be when someone eats maybe a lump of steak and they swallow it, and it's got a lot of swollen to the belly. It's got stuck in their airway. Now this is a complete airway obstruction. So if we suspect a child is choking, we need to go and ask them, Are you choking? They should be able to nod the head if they can speak, they're not. We then need to perform up to five back slaps using the heel of one of your hands. Now you might need to get the child to stand up, or you can do it in a position where they are or depends on your ability to be able to support them and also slap them between the shoulder blades. So up to five back slaps checking their mouth or listening to see if the blockages come out. After that, well, then going to perform up to five abdominal thrusts. It still doesn't come out well, they're going to call the ambulance and then we're going to come back and we're going to repeat up to five backs us up to five abdominal thrust and we're going to keep on going until either it comes out or unfortunately dropped to the floor unconscious and they stopped breathing. That's when we go straight to CPR and we start off with compressions. From 25. Choking baby So you can guess what we're going to look at in this video, choking baby or choking an infant, so this baby/ infant is zero to one years old. So from birth and to one, but don't worry too much about the date of birth. It's all about the size now when it comes to treating a baby for choking. There's a few adaptations we put into place. The first one is we need to be really aware of the baby's airway. So here the baby's airway is neutral. If we took the head back, which we would do it ourselves to open an airway on a baby that actually closes the airway. So if it goes forward, this will close the airway. So I imagine the baby's lying down. Baby lying down should be in a completely neutral position and the head in a neutral alignment like so now if we go back too far, this will kink the airway. And this will close the airway if it comes for too much. It will close the airway so baby's airway has to be neutral. And a neutral airway on a baby means an open airway. So we need to make sure that we keep that airway open when dealing with a baby, that's choking. Right? So we do exactly the same idea that we're going to do up to five back flaps and up to five of us. The difference with a thrust is its actually in line with the nipples. It's not down here in the abdominals, like it on a child, an adults. So on a baby its in line with the nipples and it's thrust, it looks like a compression, but Udemy Page 84 So on a baby its in line with the nipples and it's thrust, it looks like a compression, but it's not its a thrust. OK, now you'll notice a baby starts to choke because they're going very starry-eyed. They're looking at like gasping. They're not making any noise. So we get baby and I'm going to make sure we keep the airway supported. And I do that by making sure my hand stays here on the jawline to keep the airway in a neutral position. I now also keep the baby's head lower than the bottom. And I'm supporting them with my arm, using the heel of my hand. I'm going to do back slaps and checking every time Does it come out? No. Two No. Up to five back slaps looking and listening to say that blockages come out, I will know when the blockage is out because baby will cry, baby will gasp for air. If that doesn't work well. Then go turn baby over again and support in the airway in my hand and head is lower than the bottom. As we said, it's two fingers in line with the nipple, so it's a chest thrust and I'm going to push down push. Three four five. OK, it's a thrust So this is a compression. Well, this is a thrust so harder but slower in between two has a compression is quite fast. If the object still not out, call the emergency medical services and keep on repeating up to five backstops up to five chest thrusts. And when you find baby's gone unconscious or kind of unresponsive flop in your arms, just double check their breathing. And if they're not breathing, that's when you begin CPR. Now what I would like you to do is... Maybe get a teddy and just practice that with me. Well, again, you can use a cushion and just practice that sequence. I'm up to five back slaps up to five chest thrusts call the ambulance and then repeating because I said in the previous video, the more times we practice these skills, hopefully the more likely we're going to remember if we ever needed them in an emergency. From Udemy Page 85 Bleeding sunnuntai 5. tammikuuta 2025 22.25 27. Types of Bleeding The types and severity of bleeds we can come across. we can bleed from three different blood vessels. We can bleed from our arteries. We can bleed from our veins and our capillaries. Which one do you think's worse? Maybe you said arteries, and if it did well done. If you bleed from your arteries the blood is pumping out and is under pressure and it's not very bright red in color and it's just spurting out at you. This is obviously the most dangerous because you got to loose lots of blood fast. Then we can bleed from our veins Loosing blood from your veins it's also quite dangerous as its like someone has left the tap on and it is just flowing out. And this is normally darker red in colour. And then we have a bleed from our capillaries, which just seeps out or oozes out. This is not that dangerous, and it's normally stopped quite easily with very little pressure. Now we don't need to know what type of bleed that person has or we need to do is stop it because if we don't and they lose too much blood, they're going to suffer from hypovolemic shock which we talk about in a few videos time. Now in order to treat these bleed. You just need to clean it and put pressure on there, and I will show you how to do that in the next video as well. That different type of wounds we can get will be things like an incision. Now, incisions are like a cut a surgical cut, Maybe that's from my kitchen knife where you just try to catch a knife or you just sliced it by accident? as you are chopping vegetables. So that's an incision. You might then come across as well. Someone has a laceration and it's kind of split like a sausage in the oven, so it's a bit jagged. Might also have an abrasion, which is otherwise known as a graze. We might have a bruise or a puncture wound. Now with a bruise, people bruise in different ways. You know, the older and the young tend to bruise more easily. What do you do for them is give them an ice pack which helps Reduce swelling. And it also helps with the pain. With things like a grace, when you need to clean the wound up and put a dressing over there. Puncture wounds or something you might find from someone being stabbed is a knife is still in there, then we treat as an embedded object, which we'll talk about later. But if it's a puncture wound and the knives been pulled out or whatever it has been pulled out, then Udemy Page 86 pulled out, then you don't actually know how bad that bleeding is because he's probably got internal issues as well. So we still need to treat them by putting pressure on the wound. I'm going to show you how to do that in the next video, but in preparation, can you check the house now or the workplace wherever you are and find a bandage? If you haven't got a bandage if you've got something I don't know, maybe tights, some leggings, a scarf that we can use so you can practice with me as I am showing you how to treat some bleeds From 28. Treatment of bleeding Have you got your bandages ready? Maybe you have a pari of tights or a scarf because this is when we're going to need them. And I want to try and do these bandages as I'm talking You can either do on somebody else or you can do it on yourself. I do suggest doing your arm is quite difficult, but you can maybe do a leg on yourself. OK, so let's have a look at treating a cut on. Someone's arm.. Now limbs are quite easy to treat and the treatment will be the same for all bleeds. You just need to be able to adapt the skills I am going to show you into any different bleed. Clean the wound, put pressure on the wound and put a dressing on them. Now, depending on the type of bleed, you might not have time to be able to clean it because actually you need to stop the bleeding because if you don't, they're going to go into hypoglycemic shock hypo means low, voleomic mean volume so low volume, meaning they've lost fluids. Therefore, their blood pressure is dropping and you do not want them to go into shock. Therefore, we need to stop the bleeding so you can see this casualty here has gone on a cut on alarm. What you need to do is ideally clean it underneath water. She's putting pressure on there. Well, I go and get my PPE on. It's really important to make sure you have your PPE on so put your gloves on. You're then going to get your first aid kit You should always have a first aid kit at home and at work Ideally, but also you would have one, definitely in a workplace. Now you'll be able to get it out and you'll find different types of dressing in your first aid kit. You'll find ones like plasters, which will be for a small, superficial wound. Then you've got different types of dressings small, medium and large. No, I like the medium ones because you tend to have more in a first aid kit, so you got a grab. In my opinion, the medium dressing because of the wound larger than you're going to grab a larger dressing or is a very small wound, you might get a smaller one. But let's get that medium more when you've opened it, which can be quite a feat in itself. But open it up and then you're going to find the gauze pad, so unroll it and to see the Udemy Page 87 But open it up and then you're going to find the gauze pad, so unroll it and to see the gauze pad. Now, the gauze pad obviously has two sides. One side, the bandage goes over on one side where it's nice and shiny. The shiny side is going to go straight onto the wound. The casualty can then put pressure