Hormones Chart PDF

Hormone Secretion by & in: Regulators Effects: Feedback Vasopres sin (ADH) Posterior pituitary (+) by High osmolarity of ECF KIDNEY: (+) water retention by kidney (dilutes body fluid) (+) dilution (low osm.) of ECF Negative: Low osmolarity of ECF (blood more dilute) inhibits ADH secretion...

Hormone Secretion by & in: Regulators Effects: Feedback Vasopres sin (ADH) Posterior pituitary (+) by High osmolarity of ECF KIDNEY: (+) water retention by kidney (dilutes body fluid) (+) dilution (low osm.) of ECF Negative: Low osmolarity of ECF (blood more dilute) inhibits ADH secretion Oxytocin Posterior pituitary – suckling (afferent sensory neuronal signals) (+) suckling infant MAMMARY GLAND: (+) contraction of breast duct cells (milk ejection from lactating mam gland) (+) distension of cervix UTERUS: (+) contraction of uterus (+) involution of uterus after parturition Anterior pituitary (+) by GHRH (+) growth & development in children (-) by Somatostatin, GH-IH Regulate metabolism in adults (+) by T3/T4 (+) pt synthesis (+) cell prolif. & epiphyseal growth Growth Hormone (GH) (+) by uterine contractions in pregnancy Somatotrophs Direct Effect: DIABETOGENIC (-) glucose uptake into tissues (+) lipolysis (mobilizes E for growth)f LIVER: (-) insulin sensitivity Negative: GH (+) somatomedin (IGF) = X GHRH & ^ somatostatin GH-IH Half-life Peptide – very fast IGF & GH have similar growth effects but different metabolic effects to balance growth & metabolism (enough E to create tissue, but not using all for growth) ADIPOSE (+) lipolysis (+) somatomedin (IGF-1 & IGF-2) Insulin-like (-) lipolysis (enhances storage of fat) (+) glucose uptake into tissue Prolactin T3/T4 Anterior pituitary (-) by dopamine (PIF) Mammotrophs (+) TRH/TSH (+) VIP (+) by high estrogen level Follicular cells of thyroid (+) by TSH (+TRH from HT) (+) by LOW temp (-) by HIGH temp (-) by Iodine deficiency (+) breast development (+) milk production Negative: prolactin itself stimulates dopamine release *intracellular receptors (+) synthesis of enzymes in carb metab. (+) synthesis of enzymes in fat metab. Negative: free T3/T4 X release of TRH and TSH NON-nuclear (+) mito oxidative capacity = (+) heat production CHILDREN: (+) bone growth & epiphyseal closure (+) GH (+) brain development (cerebral cortex) (+) formation of cochlea ADULTS: (+) BMR (rate of metab doing nothing) Low body temp = Low T3/T4 → upregulates HT TRH BP T3: albumin T4: TBG High body temp = high T3/T4 → downregulates TRH (+) heat production (+) mito metab (+) carb absorption from intestine (+) breakdown of carbs and lipids (+) sensitivity to catecholamines HEART: Chronotropic: (+) #/affinity beta-adr recept. BEAT FASTER Ionotropic: (+) catecholamine sensitivity BEAT HARDER ADIPOSE: (+) lipolysis MUSCLE: (+) protein breakdown (+) normal growth & skeletal development (+) normal brain development (+) rate of carb absorption (+) LDL receptors = (+) lipid metab (+) metabolic rate (+) oxygen consumption in metabolically active tissues Insulin Beta cells of endocrine pancreas (+) by High blood glucose (+) by AA (leucine, arginine by high pt diet + ATP in cell by metabolism) (+) by glucagon (-) by somatostatin (-) by Catecholamines (alpha adrenergic) PANCREAS: (+) glycolysis (metabolize glucose via GKinase in beta cell when blood glucose very high to secrete more insulin) CIRCULATION (-) blood glucose (-) GNG LIVER: (+) glyconeogenesis ADIPOSE: (-) lipolysis (+) glucose into adipose (GLUT4) MUSCLE: (+) AA protein synthesis (+) glucose (GLUT4) (-) muscle breakdown Rapid (s): (+) transport of glucose, AA and K into beta cells Intermediate (min): (+) pt synthesis (-) pt degradation (+) glycolytic enzymes (GK) & glycogen synthase (-) glycogen phosphorylase & GNG enzymes (+) lipogenesis (-) lipolysis Delayed (hr): (+) mRNAs for lipogenic enzymes 5 min Glucagon Alpha cells of endocrine pancreas (+) by low blood glucose (+) blood glucose (+) AA (glucogenic AAs like alanine, serine, glycine) (+) Acetylcholine (+) Catecholamines (+) Cortisol (+) Exercise (-) glycogen synthesis (-) high glucose (-) Free FA (-) Insulin (-) Ketones (-) Somatostatin Somatost atin (GH-IH) Delta cells of endocrine pancreas; HT Epinephri ne Beta-adrenerg ic receptors (+) high glucose (+) AA 5-10min LIVER: (+) glycogenolysis (glycogen → glucose) (+) gluconeogenesis from pyruvate & AA (+) GNG (-) glycolysis ADIPOSE (+) lipolysis MUSCLE: (+) muscle breakdown (+) AA (-) GH secretion (-) insulin secretion (-) glucagon secretion (-) gastric secretion of glucose (-) TSH (+) plasma glucose, FFA, & ketoacids LIVER: (+) gluconeogenesis (-) glyconeogenesis (+) glycogenolysis (+) glycolysis (-) insulin aka (-) glucose uptake in muscle/fat (+) lipolysis (+) ketogenesis Cortisol (+) by starvation (low gluc) *hypergly cemic (+) blood glucose (+) glycogen deposition *for storage (+) mobilization of AA from muscle to convert to glucose (muscle breakdown) (+) glycogenesis (+) GNG (-) glycolysis (-) glucose uptake by insulin into cells (+) lipolysis in fat storage, but (-) lipolysis in other adipose sites Leptin Adipose tissue (+) by [high] adipose tissue (-) by [low] adipose tissue 1,25-(OH )2D3 Calcitriol Vit D3 derivative with sunlight (+) by High PTH (+) by Low plasma Ca2+ & PO32- *long term regulation of eating (-) appetite (+) energy expenditure (+) thermogenesis (-) lipogenic activity in adipose INTESTINE: (+) Ca2+ absorption from gut into blood (by increases express of Ca2+ binding pts and Ca2+ pumps) (+) PO32- & Mg2+ absorption from gut BONE: Negative: high levels of it (+) 24,25-(OH)2D3 → inactive form of vit D Binding protein: Transcal ciferin (+) PTH effects on bone resorption by (+) osteoclasts *required for normal mineralization of bone by supplying Ca2+ & PO32PARATHYROID: (-) PTH synthesis KIDNEY: PTH Chief cells; parathyroid **Direcly (+) by Low free ionized plasma [Ca2+] (+) by cAMP stimulators like E, Dopamine, Histamine (-) by high 1,25-(OH)2D3 (-) by Vitamin D Regulates Ca2+ in narrow range: (+) plasma Ca2+ (-) plasma phosphate High levels of 1,25 (-) PTH production 10 min BONE: (+) osteolysis by osteocyte-dependent transport (+) bone resorption by osteoclasts *PTH receptors on o-clasts & o-cytes *PTH activates o-clasts via paracrine released by o-blasts (RANKL) KIDNEY: (+) Ca reabsorption in distal tubule (-) PO32- reabsorption = (+) excretion (+) hydroxylation of 25-(OH) Calcitonin Parafollicular C cells; thyroid gland (+) by High plasma Ca2+ (+) by high BONE: *antagonize effects of PTH (-) plasma Ca2+ (-) osteoclast bone resorption KIDNEY: (-) reabsorption of BOTH Ca2+ (-) reabsorption of PO32- Estrogen Albumin Progester one albumin Cortisol Aldostero Distal tubule *hepatocytes Renal tubule (+) by low plasma glucose (+) by low blood osmolarity (+) plasma glucose (+) wakefulness (and emotion) (-) osteoblast formation (+) vascular tone (+) rate of glomerular filtration (kidney) (-) fibroblast formation and collagen synthesis (+) fetus maturation (estrogen??) (+) GNG (+) lipolysis (-) GLUT4 transporter (-) glucose into muscle High levels inhibit ACTH synthesis and CRH synthesis 90% transcort in/CBG 60-90 min High levels – ANP cGMP 50% ne *tubular cells (+) by low Na (+) by high K pathway to inhibit aldosterone production albumin 20 min Testoster on Leydig cells of testes Hypothalamic H Target Cell in Pituitary Pituitary H Target Gland Pituitary Hormone Action Secondary H Thryotropin RH (TRH) Thyrotroph (+) TSH (thyrotropin) Thyroid (+) T3/T4 T3/T4 Effects Enlargement of thyroid gland Thryotropin RH (TRH) Mammotroph (+) Prolactin Mammary gland Gonadotropin RH (GRH) Gonadotroph (+) LH (+) FSH Uterus Prolactin LH: Ovulation & Luteinization (female); (+) Testosterone (males) FSH: Ovarian follicle growth, estrogen secretion Estradiol & progesterone (+) Milk production (female); spermatogene sis (male) Corticotropin RH (CRH) Corticotroph (+) ACTH (corticotropin) Growth Hormone RH (GHRH) Somatotroph (+) GH (somatotropin) Adrenal Cortex (+) cortisol (+) cell growth in cortex Cortisol (+) body growth (+) IGF-1 Growth Hormone IH Somatostatin Thyrotroph (-) TSH (thyrotropin) Thyroid Prolactin-Inhibiting Factor (PIF, Dopamine) Mammotroph (-) prolactin Mammary T3/T4 (-) Milk secretion