Honors Organic Compounds Review 2025 PDF

Find your new seat! 4 seats must be left open in the back 1 HW: Read entire lab and answer prelab questions for tomorrow ○ There will be a prelab quiz to make sure you know what we are doing! Vocabs words defined for Thursday VOCA...

Find your new seat! 4 seats must be left open in the back 1 HW: Read entire lab and answer prelab questions for tomorrow ○ There will be a prelab quiz to make sure you know what we are doing! Vocabs words defined for Thursday VOCAB QUIZ FRIDAY  Honors Organic Compounds Review Mrs. DeVore ORGANIC COMPOUNDS COMPOUND ORGANIC COMPOUND A compound containing carbon A substance made of at (C) AND hydrogen (H), found in least 2 different kinds living organisms of atoms chemically Examples: C6H12O6 (glucose), joined NH2CH2COOH (glycine - an amino acid) ORGANIC MOLECULES Organic molecules are molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen Carbon can: Bond by covalent bonds with as many as four other atoms Form double or triple bonds with itself and other atoms Long chains of carbon atoms are common. The chains may be branched or form rings  Long chains of carbon atoms The chains may form rings or branch Organic Compounds are partially identified by their Functional Groups: Atoms or groups of atoms that are attached to carbon backbones that give the molecule specific chemical properties , such as the ability to dissolve in water Four Types of Functional Groups: 01 Hydroxyl Group 02 Carboxyl Group -OH -COOH 03 Amino Group 04 Phosphate Group -NH2 -OPO3-2  Building Activity Go to a lab station- find a group made of 4 people - Each person must have a different color pinwheel - Put you pieces together in which ever way you see fit Round two Repeat the process Four Types of Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Each type has a specific job Lipids (or jobs) and a unique Proteins chemical makeup Nucleic Acids All four types are macromolecules (very large molecules) and polymers (large molecules made of smaller units bonded together). Monomer is the general name for a small unit that bonds with another small unit to create a polymer. POLYMERS POLYMERS - Proteins, Carbohydrates , and Nucleic Acids are all polymers. Polymers - “many” - “part” Many monomers attached together by covalent bonds form polymers.  Polymerization POLYMERIZATIO N The process of polymer MONOMERS formation Sucrose Bonds form by a CONDENSATION REACTION or DEHYDRATION REACTION (loss of a water molecule) Condensation Reactions Condensation Forms larger molecules with the removal of water (H2O) Reation also known as Dehydration Synthesis Loss of a hydroxyl (-OH) The process requires energy and biological group catalysts or enzymes Loss of a Hydrogen atom (-H) ENDERGONIC REACTIONS These are energy absorbing reactions Product of reaction has more energy than the reactants Anabolic reactions are “building up” reactions What process is the REVERSE of polymerization? Hydrolysis “Hydro” - “lysis” is the use of “water” to “break” something Example: Hydrolytic (hydrolysis) reactions are catalyzed by digestive Catabolic reactions are enzymes in the breakdown of polymers of food (e.g. starch) so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream “breaking down” reactions The addition of water breaks the covalent bonds between monomers EXERGONIC REACTIONS These are energy releasing reactions Th energy in the products is less energy than the reactants Energy is released Condensation (dehydration synthesis) vs. Hydrolysis Condensation Hydrolysis  Dehydrate Hydro- synthesis -lysis monomer polymer 1. To split or break apart; release -lysis 2. To make something synthesis 3. Many monomers hooked together make a Polymer 4. Means to lose or remove water; to take water away dehydrate 5. Means water ( as in gaining water) hydro- 6. Building block or single unit of a polymer is a monomer Computer Checkpoint Were you actively listening? Is energy released or is a net input of energy required? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Catabolic or Anabolic? Is energy released or is a net input of energy required? Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Catabolic or Anabolic? Making or breaking Is this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Polymerization reaction/dehydration synthesis or Hydolysis? Making or breakingIs this reaction exergonic or endergonic? Polymerization reaction or Hydrolysis? Anabolic or Catabolic? 04 The Four Organic Compounds Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, & Nucleic Acids CARBOHYDRATES Elements found Monosaccharide Functional in Carbohydrates (glucose) Group = -OH Disaccharide (sucrose) (Hydroxyl group) Monomer Examples (building block) Starch & Sugar = Monosaccharide (C6H12O6) Polysaccharide (amylose starch) Carbohydrates 1. Provide energy a. Short term storage - glucose b. Intermediate storage - glycogen in the liver 2. Provide materials to build cell structures a. Cellulose - plant cell wall (what we call “fiber” is the most abundant carbohydrate on Earth) 3. Names end in “ose” 4. Energy is stored in their chemical bonds - used in Cell Respiration 5. Carbon skeletons used to make other molecules Carbohydrates (continued) Classified by number of monomers: 1. Monosaccharide (C6H12O6) - one monomer a. Also called “single sugars” or “simple sugars” b. Ex. glucose, fructose, galactose 2. Isomer : molecules with the same chemical formula but atoms are arranged differently, that is different structural formula Glucose Galactose Fructose Carbohydrates (continued) 2. Disaccharide (C12H22O11) - two monomers (two monosaccharides) bonded together. Called a “double sugar” Ex. Maltose, sucrose, lactose (milk sugar) Disaccharide Monomer Comments Maltose Glucose + Glucose Brewing beer Lactose Glucose + Galactose In milk Sucrose Glucose + Fructose Table sugar → most common disaccharide  CARBON CONDENSATION REACTIONS OXYGEN Forms larger Process requires molecules with Loss of a hydroxyl Loss of a Hydrogen ENERGY & BIOLOGICAL loss of water (-OH) group atom (-H) CATALYST or ENZYMES (H2O) Carbohydrates (continued) 3. Polysaccharide Complex carbohydrates with three or more monosaccharides bonded together  Examples of Polysaccharides Glycogen : Found in Cellulose : Found in Starch : Found in plant cell wall, Chitin : Found in animals, stored plants , stored support, called fiber arthropods in their sugars found in liver sugars or roughage, we exoskeleton and muscle cannot digest Jobs of Polysaccharides Energy storage (starch & Major structural component glycogen) (cellulose & chitin)  Lipids - their Jobs 1. 2. 3. Store LARGE amounts of Insulation (fat and Component of plasma long term energy (fats ) blubber) membrane (phospholipid) 4. 5. 6. Contain Carbon, Oxygen, Help body absorb Help to make hormones and Hydrogen vitamins and cholesterol (steroids) Lipids Building blocks (monomers) of lipids are: - Glycerol : 3-Carbon chain with a hydroxyl group off each Carbon - Fatty acid molecules : Carbon chain with COOH at one end Fatty Acids - hydrophilic end & hydrophobic end Dehydration synthesis to make a triglyceride Four kinds of Lipids: 01 Triglycerides 02 Phospholipids Cell membrane - two fatty acids, one glycerol Three fatty acids & one glycerol & a phosphate group 03 Waxes 04 Steroids One long fatty acid chain joined to one long 4C rings with functional group attached - alcohol (plants & animals) building blocks of hormones  Structure GLYCEROL C FATTY ACID | C FATTY ACID | C FATTY ACID A FAT MOLECULE  Fats: Saturated vs. Unsaturated SATURATED UNSATURATED No double bonds between C atoms One or more double bonds between C “Saturated” with Hydrogen atoms atoms Solid at room temperature C=C creates a “kink” to prevent Animals… close packing Examples? liquid at room temperature ○ Bacon Plants ○ Lard Examples? ○ Butter ○ Corn oil ○ Peanut oil ○ Olive oil  Phospholipids Important in cell membranes Glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group The phosphate head is soluble in H 2O The fatty acid tail is not  Steroids Include cholesterol , found in all body cells; testosterone, estrone Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes High cholesterol and a diet high in saturated fat leads to atherosclerosis - hardening of the arteries  Glucose is A polysaccharide: stand and face the back Long term energy storage: stand and face the front A monosaccharide: put your hands on your head Provides insulation: raise both hands in the air  Provides structural support for plants Glycogen: stand and face the back Glucose: stand and face the front Starch: put your hands on your head Cellulose: raise both hands in the air  A polymer of a carbohydrate is A polysaccharide: stand and face the back Long term energy storage: stand and face the front A monosaccharide: put your hands on your head Provides insulation: raise both hands in the air Two Monomers are joined together through the process of hydrolysis: stand and face the back Dehydration synthesis: stand and face the front anabolic: put your hands on your head Catabolic: raise both hands in the air  The monomer of a lipid is monosaccharide: stand and face the back Glycerol and fatty acid: stand and face the front nucleotide: put your hands on your head Amino acid: raise both hands in the air  A function of a lipid is A polysaccharide: stand and face the back Long term energy storage: stand and face the front A monosaccharide: put your hands on your head Provides insulation: raise both hands in the air PROTEINS Two functional groups: Elements found -NH2 = amino group in Proteins: -COOH = acid C, H, O, N, (S) (carboxyl) group Monomer Amino Group Carboxyl Group = Most Proteins are chains of Amino Acid (20 more than 500 different kinds) amino acids The 20 Amino Acids Formation of a polypeptide  Jobs of Proteins Structural proteins : Found in skin, hair , muscles (make up structures) Functional proteins : Have specific jobs ○ Hemoglobin - protein in blood that carries oxygen ○ Antibodies - fight disease ○ Hormones - chemical signal carrier, such as insulin Organic catalyst (enzyme ): Catalyst = any substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed or used up ○ Sucrase helps break down sucrose ○ Maltase helps break down maltose ○ Lipase helps break down lipids  Jobs (continued) Receptors on plasma Movement (actin and membrane myosin) in muscle cells Example of Enzyme Reaction Enzyme Substrate Products (Catalase) (Hydrogen (Water and Peroxide) Oxygen) Building Proteins Dipeptide : Two amino acids joined together by a special covalent bond called a peptide bond A molecule of water is removed (the OH from a carboxyl group and an H from an amino group) forming the peptide bond. (Dehydration synthesis aka condensation ) What type of reaction is this? Polypeptide: Many amino acids joined together Proteins (chains of amino acids) fold up, and have a unique 3-dimensional shape that determines its job Primary Secondary Structure Structure  Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure Denatured protein : Shape damaged by heat or pH, protein can’t do its job  Denaturation of an Enzyme Results in a change in shape of the enzymes and it can no longer function Caused from changes in ○ Temperature ○ pH  NUCLEIC ACIDS Elements found Two kinds of nucleic acids: in nucleic acids: DNA: DeoxyriboNucleic Acid RNA: RiboNucleic Acid Monomer = Jobs : Carries (contains) genetic (inherited) Nucleotide , composed information that controls of a 5-carbon sugar all cell activities and (ribose or deoxyribose), characteristics of the phosphate , and organism nitrogenous base  REVIEW: Two Important Chemical Reactions in Cells Dehydration Synthesis : (an anabolic - building up - reaction) “Condensation ” - An H from the end of one molecule (monomer) combines with an OH from the end of another molecule (monomer) and they are removed, forming a molecule of water (H + OH = H2O) - Where the H and OH were, there is now a covalent bond holding the two monomers together - Two or more smaller molecules are joined together to make a larger molecule Hydrolysis : A catabolic - breaking down - reaction (hydro = water, lysis = splitting) - Water splits into H and OH - The H and OH break a bond between two covalently bonded monomers, separating the two monomers A large molecule is broken into two or more smaller building block molecules  Macromolecules are large molecules ( polymers) made up of smaller subunits called monomers and when monomers link together they form polymers. 1. Match the MONOmer of the left to the macromolecule on the right. Fatty acids and glycerol ____________ A. Protein Monosaccharide ____________ B. Lipid Nucleotide ____________ c. Nucleic acid Amino Acid ____________ D. Carbohydrate 2. Match the POLYmer on the left to the macromolecule on the right. DNA ____________ A. Protein Enzyme ____________ B. Lipid Triglyceride ____________ C. Nucleic Acid Starch ____________ D. Carbohydrate 3. Match the MONOmer on the left to the POLYmer on the right. Fatty acids and glycerol ____________ A. Enzyme Monosaccharide ____________ B. Triglyceride Nucleotide ____________ c. Starch Amino Acid ____________ D. DNA