Biology Chapter on Organic Compounds
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Questions and Answers

What are the two main elements found in organic compounds?

  • Nitrogen and Phosphorus
  • Carbon and Hydrogen (correct)
  • Carbon and Oxygen
  • Hydrogen and Oxygen

What are the two types of bonds carbon can form?

  • Covalent and Double/Triple (correct)
  • Covalent and Hydrogen
  • Covalent and Ionic
  • Hydrogen and Metallic

Which of these best describes a functional group?

  • A large molecule made of smaller units bonded together
  • A chain of carbon atoms
  • Atoms or groups of atoms attached to a carbon backbone that give the molecule specific chemical properties (correct)
  • A single atom attached to a carbon backbone

Which functional group contains an oxygen atom directly bonded to a hydrogen atom?

<p>Hydroxyl Group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group contains a nitrogen atom?

<p>Amino Group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a monomer?

<p>Amino Acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a type of organic compound?

<p>Minerals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organic compound is known for its ability to store large amounts of energy?

<p>Lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones using water?

<p>Hydrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of proteins in cells?

<p>Providing structural support and carrying out various functions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of protein structure refers to the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain?

<p>Primary Structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecule is composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base?

<p>Nucleotide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does denaturation affect the function of a protein?

<p>It alters the protein's shape, disrupting its function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the bond that forms between two monomers during dehydration synthesis?

<p>Covalent bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between monomers and polymers?

<p>Polymers are long chains of repeating monomers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a denatured protein?

<p>Increased ability to bind to substrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction occurs during the formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following carbohydrates is known as a 'double sugar'?

<p>Sucrose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

<p>Monosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are isomers defined in the context of carbohydrates?

<p>Molecules with the same chemical formula but different arrangements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of carbohydrate is primarily stored in the liver for intermediate energy storage?

<p>Glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is composed of glucose and fructose?

<p>Sucrose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of polysaccharides like starch and glycogen?

<p>Energy storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide is known for being indigestible by humans?

<p>Cellulose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is required to form disaccharides from monosaccharides?

<p>Condensation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a function of lipids?

<p>Regulate pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction is responsible for the formation of polymers from monomers?

<p>Condensation reaction (C), Dehydration synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes endergonic reactions?

<p>They require a net input of energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hydrolysis in biological systems?

<p>To break down complex polymers into monomers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released during the process of condensation reactions?

<p>Water molecule (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process would you classify as a catabolic reaction?

<p>Digestion of starch into glucose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does condensation differ from hydrolysis at a molecular level?

<p>Condensation builds molecules while hydrolysis breaks them down. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an exergonic reaction from an endergonic reaction?

<p>Exergonic reactions involve the breakdown of molecules while endergonic involve building them up. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do enzymes play in condensation reactions?

<p>They function as catalysts to speed up the reaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cholesterol in the body?

<p>It serves as a component of cell membranes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of lipids?

<p>Glycerol and fatty acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves joining two monomers together?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of proteins?

<p>Transporting oxygen in the blood (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which describes the process of hydrolysis?

<p>Breaking down a compound by adding water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional groups present in amino acids?

<p>Amino and carboxyl (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which carbohydrate provides structural support for plants?

<p>Cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the formation of a dipeptide?

<p>A peptide bond is formed by removing water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of a cell membrane?

<p>Phospholipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of high cholesterol combined with a high saturated fat diet?

<p>Atherosclerosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Compound

A substance composed of at least two different kinds of atoms chemically joined.

Organic Compound

A compound containing carbon (C) and hydrogen (H), often found in living organisms.

Organic Molecules

Molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen.

Functional Groups

Atoms or groups of atoms that bond to carbon backbones and determine the molecule's chemical properties.

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Carboxyl Group

A functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group (-OH).

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Amino Group

A functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (-NH2).

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Macromolecules

Very large molecules made of smaller units bonded together.

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Polymers

Large molecules made of smaller repeating units.

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Disaccharide

A type of carbohydrate made up of two monosaccharides linked together. Examples include maltose, sucrose, and lactose.

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Monosaccharide

A type of carbohydrate that is a simple sugar and cannot be broken down further. Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

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Starch

A type of polysaccharide found in plants, used as a form of stored energy.

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Glycogen

A type of polysaccharide found in animals, used as a form of stored energy.

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Cellulose

A type of polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants, providing structural support.

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Anabolic Reaction

A process that combines smaller molecules into larger ones, requiring energy input.

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Catabolic Reaction

A process that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

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Exergonic Reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy, often in the form of heat. The products have less energy than the reactants.

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Endergonic Reaction

A chemical reaction that requires energy input to occur. The products have more energy than the reactants.

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Dehydration Synthesis

A type of reaction where a water molecule is removed to join two monomers, forming a larger polymer.

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Monomers

The building blocks of polymers.

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Polymerization

The process of joining monomers together to form a polymer.

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Condensation Reaction

A chemical reaction where a water molecule is removed to form a covalent bond between monomers, creating a larger molecule.

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Hydrolysis

A chemical reaction where a water molecule is added to break a covalent bond between monomers, breaking a larger molecule into smaller ones.

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Polypeptide

A long chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

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Tertiary Structure

The unique three-dimensional shape of a protein, determined by the sequence of amino acids and interactions between them.

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Protein Denaturation

The process of altering a protein's shape, typically caused by heat or changes in pH, making it unable to function properly.

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Nucleotide

A complex molecule composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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What are lipids?

Lipids are organic molecules that are insoluble in water. They include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids.

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What are phospholipids?

Phospholipids are a type of lipid that is important for cell membranes. They consist of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group.

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What are steroids?

Steroids are a type of lipid that has a four-ring structure. Examples of steroids include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrone.

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What is glucose?

Glucose is a simple sugar that is the main source of energy for the body. It is a monosaccharide, which means it is a single sugar molecule.

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What is a polysaccharide?

A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate that is made up of many sugar molecules linked together. They provide long-term energy storage.

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What is Cellulose?

Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in plants. It provides structural support for plant cells.

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What are proteins?

Proteins are large complex molecules that consist of amino acids. They are essential for many functions in the body, including structure, function, and catalysis.

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What is an amino acid?

An amino acid is the monomer of proteins. There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be linked together to form proteins.

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What are enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions. They speed up the rate of reaction without being consumed in the process.

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What is a peptide bond?

A peptide bond is the type of covalent bond that links amino acids together to form proteins.

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Study Notes

Seating Arrangement

  • Four seats must be left open in the back.

Homework

  • Read the entire lab and answer the pre-lab questions for tomorrow.
  • There will be a pre-lab quiz to ensure understanding of the lab procedures.
  • Vocabulary words will be defined for Thursday.
  • Vocabulary quiz on Friday.

Reaction Progress Diagrams

  • Two diagrams show energy changes during a reaction.
  • Diagram labels show position of reactants (A), transition state (C), and products (B) and activation energy (D).
  • Energy levels for the reactants, transition state, and products are labeled for the different reactions.

Organic Compounds Review

  • Organic compounds are substances containing carbon and hydrogen.
  • Examples are glucose, and glycine-an amino acid.

Organic Molecules

  • Organic molecules are made up of carbon and hydrogen bound via covalent bonds
  • Can form long chains that might be branched or in rings
  • Carbon atoms can form double bonds or triple bonds.

Functional Groups

  • Organic molecules are identified by their functional groups.
  • These are atoms or groups of atoms attached to the carbon backbone that determine molecular properties.
  • Examples include hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), and phosphate (-OPO32-).

Properties of Functional Groups

  • Hydroxyl: Polar.
  • Methyl: Nonpolar.
  • Carbonyl: Polar.
  • Carboxyl: Charged, ionizes to release H+, acidic.
  • Amino: Charged, accepts H+, basic.
  • Phosphate: Charged, releases H+, acidic.

Building Activity

  • Go to a lab station and find a group of four people.
  • Each person gets a pinwheel with a different color.
  • Combine the pinwheels.
  • Repeat for round two.

Four Types of Organic Compounds

  • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • Each type has a specific function and unique chemical makeup.

Monomer and Polymer

  • Monomer: Single unit that combines to form a polymer.
  • Polymer: Many monomers linked together.
  • Macromolecules are polymers.

Polymerization

  • Polymerization is the process of forming a polymer.
  • Bonds are formed via condensation reactions (dehydration reactions).
  • A water molecule is removed.

Condensation Reactions

  • Condensation reactions form larger molecules by removing water.
  • These reactions require energy and biological catalysts (enzymes).
  • Examples like the joining of two amino acids to make a dipeptide via peptide bonds.

Endergonic Reactions

  • Endergonic reactions absorb energy.
  • The product has more energy than the reactants.
  • Anabolic reactions are endergonic.

Hydrolysis

  • Hydrolysis is the reverse of polymerization.
  • Water is added to break the bonds between monomers.
  • Digesting food is an example of a hydrolysis reaction.

Exergonic Reactions

  • Exergonic reactions release energy.
  • The product has less energy than the reactants.
  • Catabolic reactions are exergonic.

Condensation vs. Hydrolysis

  • Condensation/dehydration synthesis: Builds polymers.
  • Hydrolysis: Breaks down polymers.

Dehydrate/Hydro

  • Dehydrate: To remove water.
  • Hydro: To add water.

Chemical Reactions

  • Reaction 1 is considered a synthesis reaction.
  • Reaction 2 is considered a synthesis reaction.
  • Reaction 3 is considered a synthesis reaction (protein, carbohydrate, or lipid synthesis).
  • Reaction 4 is considered a hydrolysis reaction (digestion of proteins, carbohydrate, or lipid).

Computer Checkpoint

  • Were you actively listening, completing the quiz?

Reaction Type Identification

  • Decide whether the given reaction is exergonic or endergonic, and catabolic or anabolic.

Carbohydrates

  • Chemical formula (C₆H₁₂O₆).
  • Monomer (monosaccharide): Glucose.
  • Example of a carbohydrate is glucose.
  • Example of a disaccharide is sucrose.
  • Example of a polysaccharide is starch and glycogen.
  • Carbohydrates provide energy, act as intermediates, and form supporting structures like cellulose.

Lipids

  • Large amounts of long-term energy storage.
  • Insulation (e.g., fat, blubber).
  • Component of cell membranes (e.g., phospholipids).
  • Help the body absorb vitamins.
  • Used in hormone and cholesterol production (steroid hormones).
  • Types of lipids: triglycerides, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids.
  • Building blocks: glycerol, fatty acids.
  • Saturated vs. unsaturated fats (structure determines state at room temperature and health considerations)

Proteins

  • Monomer (building block): amino acid.
  • 20 different kinds of amino acids.
  • Proteins are long chains of amino acids.
  • Essential for structural support, carrying oxygen, defense, hormones, and catalyzing biochemical reactions.
  • Folding determines function.
  • Denaturation (e.g. from heat or pH changes) disrupts shape and function.

Nucleic Acids

  • Monomer: nucleotide.
  • Composed of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.
  • Two kinds: DNA and RNA.
  • Carry genetic information.

Homework for other activities

  • Different homework assignments for different activities or labs may be included.

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Honors Organic Compounds Review 2025 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on organic compounds in biology. This quiz covers fundamental concepts such as types of bonds, functional groups, and the structure and function of proteins. Challenge yourself with questions that delve into the molecular biology of living organisms.

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