Egyptian Architecture PDF

History of Architecture 1 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE  History of Architecture 1 The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Sev...

History of Architecture 1 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE  History of Architecture 1 The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of the pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.  History of Architecture 1 ANCIENT NEAR EAST : MESOPOTAMIA EARLY EMPIRES AND RULINGS RECAP SEQUENCE OF CIVILIZATION 4500 BC to 2000 BC Sumerian civilization Start of EGYPTIAN Civilization (2686 BC) 2350 BC to 2200 BC Sargon’s ruling (Akkadian Empire) over Sumerian 1792 BC to 1570 BC Old Babylonian Empire 1350 BC to 0612 BC Assyrian Empire 0625 BC to 0539 BC Neo- Babylonian Empire 0560 BC to 0275 BC Persian Empire  History of Architecture 1 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE LAND OF PHARAOH Sumerian Civilization (4500 BC to 2000 BC) Start of EGYPTIAN Civilization (2686 BC) EGYPT (along with Mesopotamia: Near-East) are known to be the EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS IN HISTORY  History of Architecture 1 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE Both civilizations started along the rivers of Tigris and Euphrates (Mesopotamia) and Nile (Egypt)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE The NILE DELTA is where the river splits into several channels before reaching the Mediterranean.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE NILE RIVER serves as the heart of Egypt 4000 miles long longest river in the world  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Nile River was the driving force for ancient Egypt. An important part of their everyday living which means magnet for life. This also means to settle into permanent villages.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Sun Dried Sandstone Bricks Reeds Acacia Date Palm Sycamore Because of the Geographical set- up of the Egyptian territories (situated along the Nile River), they were only limited to use such materials for construction like stones, sun- dried/ mud- bricks, fiber or reeds, palms, acacia and sycamore for mummy cases  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATION According to the theories of the German-American historian Karl A. Wittfogel, any culture having an agricultural system that is dependent upon large-scale government-managed waterworks— productive (for irrigation) and protective (for flood control). Among these hydraulic civilizations, Wittfogel listed : ancient Egypt Mesopotamia China India pre-Columbian Mexico and Peru  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE ROYAL CROWNS OF EGYPT LOWER and UPPER EGYPT also known as The Two Lands Land of Papyrus Land of Reeds Land of the North (Ta- Shemau) (Ta- Mehu) Undeveloped or "the Sedgeland" scrubland, filled with The main city of grasses and herbs pre-dynastic upper Memphis was the Egypt was Nekhen capital of Lower Egypt Cairo and Delta Cairo to Aswan Lower Egypt Upper Egypt  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE ROYAL CROWNS OF EGYPT r Egypt r Egypt Uraeus (rearing cobra) Vulture (dine mostly on DESHRET pharaohs of Lower Egypt HEDJET dead animals) (Red Crown) and the desert Red Land; (White Crown) pharaohs of Upper Egypt; the deities Horus, Wadjet the deities Horus and Lower Egypt and Neith Upper Egypt Nekhbet  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE ROYAL CROWN OF EGYPT However, the two kingdoms were united around 3000 BC. PSCHENT Deshret and Hedjet (Double Crown) Uraeus (Egyptian cobra) and vulture pharaohs, and their Horus (god of Unified Egypt kingship and the sky)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE ROYAL CROWNS OF EGYPT Lower Egypt  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE ROYAL CROWNS OF EGYPT KHEPRESH NEMES HEADDRESS ATEF CROWN (Blue Crown) Specific feathered white crown Blue and gold striped head Uraeus (Egyptian Cobra) of the ancient Egyptian deity cloth. Blue cloth or leather Osiris. Worn by rulers from the Old headdress decorated with White headdress decorated with to the New Kingdom; bronze or gold dics. ostrich feathers and hedjet a scarf-like and long tail at Worn in battles, as well as on Worn during some religious the center back symbolized ceremonial occasions. rituals. a lion's tail  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PHARAOH POSTICHE a metal false beard, or postiche a sign of sovereignty, was worn by royalty This was held in place by a ribbon tied over the head and attached to a gold chin strap, a fashion existing from about 3000 to 1580 BCE.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE ROYAL CROWNS OF EGYPT What were the crowns made from? No crowns of the pharaohs have been found by archaeologists. This could be because they were passed down from one ruler to the next, or possibly because they were made out of delicate materials. Experts believe that they were probably made from fabric, leather, or woven fibres such as papyrus.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PAPYRUS Although not paper in the true sense, papyrus was the first writing material to assume many of the properties of what we now know as paper. Invented by the Egyptians in approximately 3000 B.C., papyrus leaves for writing were made from the papyrus water-plant which grew abundantly in the marshy delta of the River Nile.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MENES The two crowns from lower and upper Egypt were united around 3000 BC; the brain behind the unification of the two kingdoms MENES Menes  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MENES (aka KING NARMER) was the successor to the protodynastic King Ka also (alternatively) Sekhen, was a Predynastic pharaoh of Upper Egypt belonging to Dynasty 0 The founder of the city of Memphis- Capital of Egypt The first to wear the PSCHENT crown (symbol of combined upper and lower Egypt)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MENES The city of Memphis survives catastrophic floods brought by the expansion of the Nile River He was the first to invent massive wall fortification (Menes wall) to protect his kingdom  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MENES first pharaoh considered by some scholars as the first human god who ruled Egypt  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PHARAOH The Ancient Civilization of Egypt is unique and distinct in many ways such as their beliefs/ practices, the power and dedication to high authority, and myths. Thus, Egyptian form of ruling is concentrated to their Supreme ruler called Pharaoh (descendant of their gods; the absolute hereditary king). “EGYPT: THE LAND OF PHARAOHS”  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MOST FAMOUS PHARAOH KINGS IN THE ANCIENT HISTORY HATSHEPSUT THUTMOSE III (1507 BC -1458 BC) (1481 BC – 1425 BC) 5th pharaoh belongs to 6th pharaoh belongs to the the 18th dynasty 18th dynasty one of the most ruler of Egypt together with triumphant pharaohs his step mother Hatshepsut ruled Egypt longer than served as the leader of any other Female ruler of Hatshepsut’s army, very well- the Egyptian dynasty known for his courage and as 'Cross-Dressing' Pharaoh a courageous warrior king The famous temple of wdely known as the Hatshepsut is a “Napoleon of Egypt” mortuary temple she built wide list of accomplishments for herself. and military achievements His most renowned contribution is the temple at Karnak. One of the obelisks from this temple was re- erected as the Obelisk of Theodosius in Istanbul, Turkey  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MOST FAMOUS PHARAOH KINGS IN THE ANCIENT HISTORY RAMESSES II AMENHOTEP III (1303 BC – 1213 BC) (1391 BC – 1353 BC) 3rd Egyptian pharaoh 9TH pharaoh of the 18th dynasty belongs to the 19th dynasty whose reign lasted from 1391 the most influential pharaoh BC to 1353 BC. of the Egyptian kingdom He had a large impact on the His queen, Nefertari, was economy of Egypt which beautiful. Carvings of this blossomed under his reign queen exist on the Ramses thanks to the healthy trade II’s temple at Abu Simbel. relations at this time. Ramses II died at the age of He contributed a great deal to 92. the field of art by building many Egyptians often call him “the monuments, statues, and Great Ancestor” stone scarabs that are still in said to have had a good condition today. victorious military career Many texts were found that highly benefited the engraved on these scarabs kingdom during excavations depicting a variety of historical events. It is believed that no pharaoh has ever surpassed his architectural triumphs. He is credited as the pharaoh He built an extensive amount of monuments spread all over Egypt that are with the largest number of his now a proud part of Egyptian heritage. own statues. Abu Simbel, Luxor Temple, Ramesseum, expansion of Karnak Temple  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MOST FAMOUS PHARAOH KINGS IN THE ANCIENT HISTORY TUTANKHAMUN XERXES I (1341 BC – 1323 BC) (519 BC – 465 BC) The most famous pharaoh of all more commonly known as time is King Tutankhamun. He Xerxes the Great was the fifth ascended the throne at the king of the Persian Achaemenid tender age of nine or 10 but his dynasty. reign only lasted from 1332 BC to 1323 BC. He is well known in history for his attempted invasion of The boy-king, who married his Greece in the Battle of half-sister Ankhesenamun, was Thermopylae. Later in the same originally named Tutankhaten year, he was defeated at the rein reference to his father’s Battle of Salamis which led him religious obsessions about to flee his kingdom. worshipping ‘Aten’ the sun god. In a bizarre act of defiance and a He is known as both a Persian reversal of his father’s beliefs, ruler and a pharaoh as when he the young pharaoh, who became ruled Egypt it was also a part of ruler at just aged nine, changed the Persian Empire. his name to represent Egypt’s traditional beliefs in polytheism – He was assassinated by his own commander of the royal bodyguard the worship of many gods. forces. Xerxes is not portrayed positively in the history books as most of the historical texts were written by the Greeks who saw him as a symbol of tyranny.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MOST FAMOUS PHARAOH KINGS IN THE ANCIENT HISTORY AKHENATEN (around 1380 BC – 1334 BC) SNEFRU belongs to the 18th dynasty, he was He was the first king belongs well-known in history for his religious to the 4th dynasty. ideas. He ruled Egypt for about 24 Egyptians were polytheist, but when years. Akhenaten ruled Egypt, he preferred the worship of only one god that is He was not declared king Aten (the Sun God). despite of his right according to inheritance but through He established many huge marriage. complexes for Aten. The approach of art which developed throughout Snefru was a better-quality this period was surely unlike from the military leader. other Egyptian arts. Snefru planned to expand Akhenaten, also known as his empire. Amenhotep IV, was an ancient pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. His His most famous reign lasted from 1353 BC to 1336 achievements were the Bent BC and was not much enjoyed by his Pyramid of Dahshur. people due to the unpopular reformations that took place.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MOST FAMOUS PHARAOH KINGS IN THE ANCIENT HISTORY CLEOPATRA VII KHUFU (69 BC–30 BC) (2589 BC – 2566 BC) or Cleopatra Philopator was the last pharaoh of commonly known as Cheops, the Ptolemaic Kingdom. he ruled Egypt in the 4th Dynasty. She was not a native Egyptian but the daughter of the Macedonian general Ptolemy I Soter. He was the second Pharaoh of the age and his reign The kingdom of Egypt prospered under her lasted for 23 years. The reign as various reforms were introduced to second pharaoh of the fourth improve the Egyptian economy. Her foreign dynasty, Khufu, was also relations, both personal and political, proved to known as Khnum Khufu. be of great value to the kingdom and led to much prosperous foreign trading. He belonged to the Old Kingdom and reigned from Ruling Egypt was never an easy task for her about 2589 BC to 2566 BC. as her ascension to the throne was challenged by her own brother. She was a smart and There are not many historical After the death of competent emperor but at the age of 39, she texts describing Khufu’s reign Cleopatra VII, the committed suicide, though by what means is but his greatest contribution Egyptian Empire came to still unproven. Egypt’s last ruling pharaoh has to Egyptian civilization was an end. had a great influence on literature and drama, the Great Pyramid of Giza. with many plays, documentaries, dramas, and movies being made about her life.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE DJOZER (2686 BC -2649 BC) founder of the Old Kingdom a pharaoh of the ninth dynasty best known for his contribution to the construction of the famous limestone Step Pyramid at Saqqara. The monument is an example of great technological innovation. The pyramid was made to protect the tomb of Pharaoh Djoser and it was created by stacking up huge limestone blocks in the mastaba fashion. The stones have inscriptions engraved on them and the building is a great example of a smart form of architecture that did not lose its stability despite its height. The structure was completed after Djoser’s death by his official, Imhotep.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GODS OF EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY Amun-Ra Ra  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GODS OF EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GODS OF EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GODS OF EGYPTIAN MYTHOLOGY  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY 4500 BC to 2000 BC Start of EGYPTIAN Civilization KINGDOMS 1 THE OLD KINGDOM (2850- 2052 BC) 2 THE MIDDLE KINGDOM (2052- 1570 BC) 3 THE NEW KINGDOM (1570- 715 BC) THE LATE PERIOD (715- 332 BC)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY (EGYPTIAN KINGDOM) 1 2 THE OLD KINGDOM THE MIDDLE KINGDOM (2850- 2052 BC) (2052- 1570 BC) Beginning of hieroglyphic and calendar Construction of the Karnak Temple Sun worship is the official religion King Mentuhotep II build innovative terraced temple at Deir- El Bahari Construction of the Step Pyramid began King Senworset II is the first to build a King Khufu builds the Great Pyramid of Giza pyramid using unfired mud- brick  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN CHRONOLOGY (EGYPTIAN KINGDOM) 3 THE NEW KINGDOM (1570- 715 BC) THE LATE PERIOD (715- 332 BC) Egypt becomes a leading power, era of great achievement & saw a renewal of expeditions to Asia and Nubia Egyptian nationalism & pride in their attempts to throw off Persian rule & regain autonomy Greatest extension of kingdom under Thotmos III, construction of Karnak, Luxor, After the 27th dynasty the Persians were Abu Simbel expelled but returned once again. Construction of the Temple of Hatshepsut After experiencing a brief period of autonomy after the Persians were expelled the first time, Macedonian Ptolemaic kings sponsor Egypt was conquered again by Alexander the extensive religious construction Great in 332 B.C.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE DEATH AND THE AFTERLIFE The Egyptians had a very clear idea of the afterlife. They took great care to bury their dead according to convention and supplied the grave with things that the departed would need for a pleasant life after death.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE DEATH AND THE AFTERLIFE If the Near- East is popular because of their gods and worship, Egyptian are into deaths. The importance of final resting place and marked the beginning of Tomb Architecture.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPTIAN TOMBS In Egypt, TOMBS are into three (3) types; MASTABAs PYRAMIDs TEMPLEs DOWNLOAD A FREE PDF COPY Pre-historic Asian Near Near East Egyptian  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE THE MASTABA Internal House of Life  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MASTABA means “bench of mud” rectangular mud-brick tomb with flat roof and battered walls, from which shaft leads to underground burial and offering chambers  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MASTABA (aka house of eternity or eternal house) a type of Egyptian tomb in the form of flat- roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides A flat top or tapered solid temple. It is a single-story trapezoidal structure, precursor to the pyramids.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PARTS OF MASTABA  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PARTS OF MASTABA SACRIFICIAL CHAPEL SERDAB The above-ground structure had space for A small chamber inside a mastaba a small chapel to which priests and family containing a statue of the deceased. members could bring offerings for the soul of the deceased.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PARTS OF MASTABA SHAFT BURIAL CHAMBER SARCOPHAGUS A deep shaft descended The actual burial chamber was at A chamber containing the to the underground burial the base of a deep vertical shaft “coffin” reached chamber. below a flat-roofed stone structure. by an underground shaft.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PARTS OF A MASTABA  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE FALSE DOOR OF A MASTABA usually oriented to the eastern side of the tomb, facing to Nile, enabling the spirit to travel  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE FALSE DOOR OF MASTABA The ancient Egyptians believed that the false door was a threshold between the worlds of the living and the dead and through which a deity or the spirit of the deceased could enter and exit.... In many mastabas, both husband and wife buried within have their own false door.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE MASTABA 4TH Dynasty, beginning of non- royal mastaba cemeteries in association with royal tombs Occupants are high officials A simple mastaba evolved and for Egyptians, the LIFE AFTER DEATH is a very significant belief (and also for the birth of the PYRAMIDS)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE THE PYRAMIDS Royal Tomb of the Pharaohs  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMIDS The PYRAMIDS (regardless of types) were built as tombs that serves as the final resting place of the Kings and Pharaohs They were built to protect the Pharaoh’s body and inside the massive masonry structure having rectangular pyramids were mazes base and four smooth, steeply sloping sides and dead ends facing the cardinal points meeting at an apex  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMIDS The Egyptian Pyramids are HANDMADE. They are made out of huge blocks from A PRODUCT OF PURE SLAVERY sand, clay, and stone  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMIDS MEYDUM PYRAMID: attributed to Huni (last king of the 3rd Dynasty) and completed by SNEFERU (son of Huni)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMIDS SNEFERU (son of the previous Pharaoh- Huni), grew up in the shadow of the Step Pyramid. Ruled Egypt 35 years after the death of King Djozer.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMIDS MEYDUM PYRAMID was a seven- stepped structure, contrived by building six thick layers of masonry Phase that perfecting engineering to pyramid The upper part has been oddly denuded into a shouldered tower- like structure.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMIDS MEYDUM PYRAMID was a seven- stepped structure, contrived by building six thick layers of masonry Phase that perfecting engineering to pyramid The upper part has been oddly denuded into a shouldered tower- like structure.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMIDS SNEFERU’s Meydum Pyramid was one of the first attempts to perfect “smooth sided true pyramid” but eventually collapsed and only the lower portion still survives. Abandoned by Sneferu on his 2nd decade of ruling and led him to work on another Pyramid,..... BENT PYRAMID  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF PYRAMID  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMIDS The Egyptians built two (2) types of Pyramid; 1 2 STEP PYRAMID TRUE PYRAMID  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF PYRAMID Step Pyramid or Stepped Pyramid is an architectural structure that uses flat platforms, or steps, receding from the ground up, to achieve a completed shape similar to a geometric pyramid  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE EXAMPLE OF STEP PYRAMID started off as a mastaba tomb a flat-roofed structure with sloping sides through a series of expansions, evolved into a 197-foot-high (60 meters) pyramid with six layers, one built on top of the other was constructed using 11.6 million cubic feet (330,400 cubic meters) of stone and clay STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER, Saqarra  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE STEP PYRAMID of DJOZER the first ever pyramid dedicated to King Djozer and was originally built as a nearly quadratic mastaba Designed by IMHOTEP- his right hand and royal architect. Evolved mastaba into step pyramid  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE STEP PYRAMID of DJOZER The Step Pyramid of King Djozer also signals the beginning of STONE ARCHITECTURE not only in Egypt but WORLDWIDE moreover, THE STEP PYRAMID is REMARKABLE AS BEING THE WORLD’S FIRST LARGE- SCALE MONUMENT IN STONE  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE STEP PYRAMID of DJOZER INSIDE THE STEP PYRAMID UNDERGROUND BURIAL APARTMENT (covered with vibrant blue- green faience tiles)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE STEP PYRAMID of DJOZER tunnels beneath the pyramid form a labyrinth about 3.5 miles (5.5 kilometers) long  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE STEP PYRAMID of DJOZER MORTUARY PRECINCT OF KING DJOZER MORTUARY PRECINCT OF KING DJOZER (showing the PAPYRUS STALK as half column support) (fluted masts, stretched matting in a lower section)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE STEP PYRAMID of DJOZER  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX of DJOZER The STEP PYRAMID is just part of a whole COMPLEX  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PARTS OF THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX SOUTH NORTH SECTION SECTION  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PARTS OF THE STEP PYRAMID COMPLEX (9) WESTERN TERRACES (2) SOUTH TOMB (5) GREAT COURT (1) STEP PYRAMID (11) NORTH COURT (4) TEMPLE (8) MORTUARY TEMPLE (15) ALTAR (10) ENTRANCE (3) HEB SEB COURT (6) SOUTH HOUSE (14) SERDAB (7) NORTH HOUSE  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE STEP PYRAMID of DJOZER  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF PYRAMID Bent Pyramid A pyramid-type in which each triangular planar surface changes in direction as it approaches the top.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF PYRAMID BENT PYRAMID of Sneferu It is originally planned to be 150 meters high but the ground was not able to sustain the load. To save the building, Egyptians added a kink or bend to reduce the weight and angle of slope.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF PYRAMID BENT PYRAMID, DASHNUR Aka South Pyramid angle of inclination of the sides changed halfway Another daring attempt by Sneferu and seems to collapse because of errors  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF PYRAMID BENT PYRAMID, Dashnur ADDITIONAL PARTS; king’s chamber queen’s chamber subterranean chamber grand gallery stair shaft  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF PYRAMID True Pyramid A pyramid-type in which four sloping triangular sides with a fixed angle culminate at an apex. It is also called a slope pyramid.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF PYRAMID NORTH PYRAMID of Dahshur The second of Snefru’s pyramids at Dahshūr, the North Pyramid (Red Pyramid) was built at the lower slope angle of 43° and is therefore shorter  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMIDS RED PYRAMID, Dashnur The actual burial place of Sneferu designed and completed as the first true pyramid  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF PYRAMID Pyramids of Giza The three primary pyramids on the Giza plateau were built over the span of three generations by the rulers: Khufu Khafre Menkaure  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GIZA PYRAMID COMPLEX Each pyramid was part of a royal mortuary complex that also included: a temple at its base a long stone causeway (some nearly 1 kilometer in length) leading east from the plateau to a valley temple on the edge of the floodplain  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GIZA PYRAMID COMPLEX The Giza Sphinx most famous sculpture in the world lion's body and a human head (ram or hawk) it represents Ra- Horakhty, a form of the powerful sun god, and is the incarnation of royal power and the protector of the temple doors  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GIZA PYRAMID COMPLEX is an evil and cruel creature that asks riddles and those who cannot answer it have suffered the fate of being killed and eaten by the monster according to mythological stories  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GIZA PYRAMID COMPLEX In 1378 CE, Egyptian peasants made offerings to the Great Sphinx in the hope of controlling the flood cycle, which would result in a successful harvest. Outraged by this blatant show of devotion, Sa'im al- Dahr destroyed the nose and was later executed for vandalism  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GIZA PYRAMID COMPLEX Valley Temple built on the edge of the desert escarpment (cliff) was the place of reception for the royal body The most striking valley temple is that of Khafre, a structure of massive granite blocks with huge alabaster flooring slabs, starkly simple but immensely impressive.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GIZA PYRAMID COMPLEX Causeway A covered ceremonial route or corridor leading from a valley temple to a mortuary temple at the foot of the pyramid.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GIZA PYRAMID COMPLEX Mortuary Temple An ancient Egyptian temple for the worship of a deceased person, usually a deified (sacred) king.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE THE PYRAMID OF GIZA (GIZEH), aka Necropolis of Giza) "city of the dead"  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMID OF GIZA CHEFREN CHEOPS (Khafre) (Khufu) MYKERINUS (Menkaure) largest 2nd tallest smallest 2 1 3  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMID OF GIZA PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU) Pyramid of Khufu The largest of the three and covers thirteen square acres. The base makes a perfect square. Original Height: 147 meters (481.4 ft) Current Height: 138 meters (451.4 ft)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMID OF GIZA PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU) The first successful steep pyramid Created by the great pharaoh Khufu (Cheops in Greek) Assumed to be the burial place of Egyptian Pharaoh- Khufu KHUFU (Sneferu’s Son)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMID OF GIZA PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU) Also known to be the Great Pyramid of Giza among the three pyramids  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR The allocation and design of air shafts are oriented to the heavenly bodies  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR * orion’s belt alpha draco * * sirius kochab The allocation and * design of air shafts are oriented to the heavenly bodies  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR Great Pyramid Interior 1. Descending Passage 2. Well Shaft 3. Subterranean Chamber 4. Grand Gallery 5. Queen's Chamber 6. King's Greek 7. Air Shaft The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid o Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR Great Pyramid Interior The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering present-day Giza in Greater Cairo, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMID OF GIZA PYRAMID OF CHEFREN (KHAFRE) Pyramid of Khafre It appears taller, an illusion, as it was built on higher ground. Original Height: 143.5 meters (471 ft) Current Height: 136.4 meters (447.50 ft)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE PYRAMID OF GIZA PYRAMID OF CHEFREN (KHAFRE) Followed the great pyramid in construction Built by Pharoah Khafre  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR Followed the great pyramid in construction Built by Pharoah Khafre  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR VALLEY TEMPLE OF CHEFREN’S PYRAMID COMPLEX Passage leading from antechamber to T- Shaped hypostyle hall PYRAMID OF CHEFREN (KHAFRE)- the second tallest  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GIZA PYRAMID COMPLEX Pyramid of Menkaure The smallest pyramid of the three main pyramids of Giza. Original Height: 66 meters (218 ft) Current Height: 61 meters (200 ft)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR Built right after Chefren’s pyramid for Pharaoh Menkaure. The third of the major pyramids at Giza Large vertical gash at northern face because of the attempt to demolish PYRAMID OF MYKERINUS (MENKAURE)- the smallest  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR CHAMBER WITH NICHES which is said to be more complex than those of Khafre carved with decorative panels and another chamber with six large niches PYRAMID OF MYKERINUS (MENKAURE)- the smallest  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR CHAM CHAMBERS > BERS > CHAMBER WITH NICHES which is said to be more complex than CHAMBER CH those of Khafre carved S> RS with decorative panels T CHRS> and another chamber > with six large niches CHAMBER CHA MBERS > entry S> PYRAMID OF MYKERINUS (MENKAURE)- the smallest  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR PYRAMID SECTION tunnel remains of outer casing limestone vertical gash (damage) entry descending CHAMBERS > passage PYRAMID OF MYKERINUS (MENKAURE)- the smallest  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE GREAT PYRAMID INTERIOR Parts of the Pyramid Complex ▪ Valley Building/ Temple- Mortuary temple where the process of mummification is being done ▪ Causeway- raised passageway ceremonially connecting the valley temple with the pyramid ▪ Funerary Temple ▪ Sphinx ▪ Pyramid  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE THE TEMPLES The Sanctuaries of the Kings and Priest  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES TEMPLES are sanctuaries that only kings and the priests could enter, penetrate, access 2 TYPES OF 3 DIVISIONS OF TEMPLE TEMPLE CULT MORTUARY offering area TEMPLE (Built in honor (Built for of Pharaohs) house of the priest worship of the gods) holy of the holies  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES THE QUEEN THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL- BAHARI  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES Three level terraces approached by ramps Was built by architect Senmut for Queen Hatshepsut (the first female king and widowed wife of Thotmos II) THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL- BAHARI  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES 3rd 2nd TERRACE FIRST TERRACE three level terraces approached by ramps THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL- BAHARI  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES Hatsheptsut Processional way of Sphinxes Funerary Chapel Her place of burial lay far away in a corridor tomb THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL- BAHARI  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES approach of the first second level terrace second ramp from Level 3 terraces to inner court ramp from first terrace (missing sphinxes) level 2 terrace going in the funerary chapel THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL- BAHARI  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES Entry to Funerary Chapel Entry to Inner Court Avenue of the Osiris Pillars THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL- BAHARI  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES Entry to Funerary Chapel Avenue of the Osiris Pillars THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL- BAHARI  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES FACTS AND RECORDS Archaeologists estimate that it took 15 years to build the temple Decorated with statues of the Queen sculpted to appear as the god Osiris THE TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL- BAHARI  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE: TEMPLES SECTIONAL 3D MODEL THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES The Grandest of all Egyptian Temples commenced by Amenemhati dedicated to the Theban Triad gods- Amun, Mut, Khonsu One of the largest religious sites in the world THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES the GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL COLUMNS supporting enormous roof slabs (134 columns in 16 rows) and is located within the temple complex and one of the most visited monuments of ancient Egypt. THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES the GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL COLUMNS supporting enormous roof slabs (134 columns in 16 rows) and is located within the temple complex and one of the most visited monuments of ancient Egypt. THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES the GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL COLUMNS and is located within the temple complex and one of 134 papyrus columns in 16 rows the most visited monuments of ancient *roof now collapsed Egypt. THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES The 2 middle rows are higher than the others THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES 4 1 3 5 8 7 6 4 2 PLAN OF THE TEMPLE PLAN OF THE TEMPLE THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES COLLONADE GREAT MIDDLE OF TARHARQA HYPOSTYLE PYLON V FESTIVAL KINGDOM HALL TEMPLE COURT TEMPLE OF APARTMENTS OF BARQUE SANTUARY OF THOTMOS 3 RAMESSES III QUEEN HATSHEPSUT PLAN OF THE TEMPLE THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK PLAN OF THE TEMPLE  EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE: TEMPLES SITE PLAN OF THE WHOLE COMPLEX THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES FACTS AND RECORDS As per earlier scholars, the Great Hypostyle Hall had thought but was built entirely by Seti I who engraved the northern wing of the hall with inscriptions while the southern wing was completed by Ramesses II It was initially instituted by Hatshepsut at the Northwest Chapel to Amun THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES THE TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL Rock hewn tomb and Temple formed by a Pylon carved with 4 colossal seated statues of Ramesses I-IV  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES Site of two temples built by Ramesses II Temples were salvaged from the rising waters of the Nile River caused by erection of the Aswan THE TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES Temple Of Ramesses II Temple Of Nefertari THE TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL On the left is the main temple dedicated to sun gods and on the right dedicated to Nefertari for the worship of the goddess Hathor  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES.... looking back on these given examples (e.g. the pyramids, tombs, and temples); their general appearance can be used now to highlights and discuss the characteristics and other features of Egyptian arch,.. 1. MONUMENTALITY THREE (3) MAJOR 2. SOLIDARITY (or massiveness) CHARACTERISTICS OF EGYPTIAN 3. SIMPLICITY ARCHITECTURE other features Planning, Elements, System or Method of Construction  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES MONUMENTALITY- Egyptian structures were built to depict and give importance to its ruler, kings, pharaohs.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES SOLIDARITY/ MASSIVENESS- the scale of the huge buildings and gigantic features.  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES SIMPLICITY- simple features (used of a typical forms, shapes) yet gives impact and grandeur  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION LINTEL POST The use of columnar and trabeated system of construction (post and lintel) with precise stone works COLUMNAR AND TRABEATED SYSTEM  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES Temples and monuments in ancient Egypt are mostly characterized by Post and Lintel features without using arches and vaults. CORBELLED VAULTING was used as technique on the ceiling of the Red Pyramid by Sneferu making it more stable and precise and rendering Egyptian as the first to use this type of Vault construction CORBELLED VAULT  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES The use of AXIS or AXIAL PLANNING of massive masonry tombs and temples (e.g. Temple of Amun Karnak, Temple of Hatshepsut, Pyramid Complex of Djozer)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES BAS-RELIEF: battered walls with pictograph carving in relief with hieroglyphics (also cavo- relievo) HIEROGLYPHIC- system of the writing of the ancient Egypt using pictorial and phonetic symbols to record information  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES LARGE PROPORTION OF COLUMNS that plainly advertise their vegetables origin (e.g. palm, papyrus, lotus capitals)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES COLUMN WITH BELL CAPITAL  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES COLUMN WITH LOTUS BUD CAPITAL  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES COLUMN WITH BUD CAPITAL  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES COLUMN WITH PALM CAPITAL  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES COLUMN WITH HATHOR CAPITAL  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES OSIRIS PILLARS  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES SPHINX (spiritual guardian often included in tomb and temples)  History of Architecture 1 EGYTIAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLES OTHER THEORIES: SPHINX Theories suggest the face of the Sphinx resembles Khufu Celestial purpose to the great Sphinx that is, to resurrect the soul of the pharaoh (Khafre) by channeling the power of the sun and other gods THE TEMPLE OF AMUN KARNAK // EGYPTIAN // MORTUARY & CULT // HIEROGLYPHICS // BAS RELIEF // PALM // HORUS // END OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE TO GREEK // EGYPTIAN // PYRAMID // MASTABA // NILE // MEMPHIS // IMHOTEP // KING DJOZER //