HOA 3rd EXAM REVIEWER.docx

**ROMAN ARCHITECTURE** **AMPHITHEATER *(Colosseum, Rome)*** - A classical arena for gladiatorial contests and spectacle consisting of an oval or round shape surrounded by tiered seating for spectators. - **PARTS:** 1. **Doric Order**, 1^st^ storey 2. **Ionic Order**, 2^nd^ storey...

**ROMAN ARCHITECTURE** **AMPHITHEATER *(Colosseum, Rome)*** - A classical arena for gladiatorial contests and spectacle consisting of an oval or round shape surrounded by tiered seating for spectators. - **PARTS:** 1. **Doric Order**, 1^st^ storey 2. **Ionic Order**, 2^nd^ storey 3. **Corinthian Order**, 3^rd^ storey 4. **Composite order**, 4^th^ storey 5. **Balteus, corona podii** -- parapet 6. **Podium** -- diginitaries', enclosure, ringside 7. **Maenianum primum, ima cavea** -- first tier 8. **Maenianum media, media cavea** -- second tier 9. **Maenianum summum, summa cavea** -- upper tier 10. **Maenianum summum in lignis** -- upper wooden tier, peanut gallery 11. **Gradus** -- row of seats 12. **Praecinctio**, **precinctio**, **balteus** -- horizontal gangway 13. **Aditus** -- entrance to cavea 14. **Vomitorium** (pl. **vomitoria**) -- exit, escape route 15. **Pulvinar** -- box, loge; [(a)] emperor's, [(b)] consuls' and Vestal virgins **THEATRUM *(Pompeii, Italy)*** - A roman theatre building pr structure; a building or arena with a stage and auditorium for the production and performance of theatrical works. - **PARTS:** 1. **Logeion, pulpitum -** platform 2. **Proskenion, okribas, proscaenium --** front stage 3. **Hyposkenion --** lower stage 4. **Episkenion --** upper stage 5. **Skenotheka, scaena frons --** stage wall 6. **Aulaeum --** curtain 7. **Parapetasma, siparium --** secondary curtain 8. **Orkhestra, orchestra --** choir 9. **Thymele --** altar 10. **Paraskenion, versurae --** secondary stage 11. **Parados, itinera versurarum --** side entrance 12. **Thyroma --** stage door **CURIA *(Curia Julia)*** - Senate House; Greek prytaneion. **TRIUMPHAL ARCH *(The Arch of Constantine, Rome)*** - A large arch monument constructed in a public urban place to commemorate a great event, usually a victory in war. **CIRCUS *(Circus Maximus)*** - In roman architecture, a long U-shaped or enclosed arena for chariot and horse racing; Greek Hippodrome - PARTS: - **Balbides, carceres --** starting gate - **Porta Triumphant** - **Spina --** driving wall - **Meta prima** - **Meta secunda** - **Quadriga --** 4-horsed chariot **AQUEDUCT *(Pont du Gard)*** - A bridge or other structure designed to convey fresh water, usually a canal or river supported by piers and arches or a tunnel; from latin "aquae ductus", means conveyance of water. **DRAINAGE (Cloaca Maxima).** - Main storm drainage system; one of the world's earliest sewage systems. **PALACE (*Palace of Diocletian, Split, Croatia)*** - Diocletian's palace is part of a fortified camp, party city, and part villa. It is in the form of a slightly irregular rectangle (175 by 216 m) protected by walls and gates, with towers projecting from the western, northern, and eastern facades. - **DECUMANUS --** the principal axis or street of a Roman town, encampment etc., generally running east-west and crossed towards one end by the cardo. - **CARDO --** shorter main axis or street in atypical Roman city, town or military encampment (castrum), running to north to south and crossing the decumanus. **TEMPLE *(Pantheon, Rome, Italy)*** - The world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. It served as a temple, church, and tomb for the past centuries. The building was sited in an area north of the old city center known as Campus Martius. - **Occulus** -- pantheon's tapered roof; **Soffit** -- hollowed pattern inside the occulus. **DOMUS** - The patrician townhouse: has party walls on its flanks and an enclosed back area, its principal opening to the exterior is located on the street front. - **PARTS:** - **VESTIBULUM (entrance)** - **TABERNAE (shop)** - **CUBICULUM (bedroom)** - **IMPLUVIUM** - **OECUS (reception room)** - **TRICLINIUM (dining room)** - **CUCINA (kitchen)** - **GARDEN DING ROOM** - **PERISTYLIUM** **INSULA *(Casa di Diana, Italy)*** - A roman masonry and concrete tenement block for the labouring classes, often a multistorey structure with commercial premises and workshops (tabernae) at street level, originally the plot of land bounded by urban streets, on which one was built. **PARTS: tabernae; courtyard, light well** **VILLA *(Villa dei Misteri)*** - A large classical rroman country house with an estate; originally divided into two parts, the pars urbana, or living area, and pars rustica or working area. - **PARTS**: - **ATRIUM --** court - **IMPLUVIUM --** pool - **TABLINUM --** reception room and archive - **FAUCES --** entrance passage - **CULINA --** kitchen - **LAVATRINA --** washroom - **PERISTYLIUM --** colonnaded court - **TRICLINIUM AESTIVUM --** outdoor dining area **ATRIUM HOUSE *(Casa di Trebius Valens)*** - A roman dwelling type in which the building mass surrounds a main central space, the atrium, open to the sky. - **PARTS:** - **VESTIBULUM --** entrance hall - **ATRIUM --** court - **IMPLUVIUM --** pool - **LARARIUM --** altar - **COMPLUVIUM --** opening - **CUBICULUM --** bed chamber - **TRICLINIUM** -- dining room - **ALA** -- alcove - **OECUS, OIKOS** -- dining room - **TABLINUM** -- reception room and archive - **FAUCES** -- entrance passage - **CULINA** -- kitchen - **LAVATRINA** -- washroom - **BALNEUM, BALINEUM** -- bathroom - **PORTICUS** -- veranda - **EXEDRA, EXHEDRA** -- reception room - **PERISTYLIUM** -- colonnaded court - **PISCINA, FONS** -- pool - **TRICLINIUM AESTIVUM** -- outdoor dining area - **COENATIO, CENATIO** -- dining room **VITRUVIUS** - **Marcus Vitruvius Pollio.** - Wrote *De architecture* (On architecture), known today as the "Ten Books on Architecture" - *firmitas, utilitas, venustas* (durability, usefulness, and beauty). **FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE** **PREFACE** **THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE (WESTERN)** - **"Fall of Rome"** - Loss of central political control in its western roman empire provinces. - **Factors**: army, health and no. of the roman population, strength of the economy, competence of the emperors, internal struggles for power, religious changes, pressure from invading barbarians outside roman culture. Frequency of Viking activity, the **"Iconoclastic Controversy"** (Emperor Leo III), and birth and rapid expansion of Islam in Northern and Southern Africa and Spain. - **"Iconoclastic Controversy" --** a dispute over the use of religious images (icons) in the Byzantine Empire in the 8^th^ and 9^th^ centuries. - **ICONOCLASTS** (those who rejected images) objected to icon veneration for several reasons, including the Old Testament prohibition against images in the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:4) and the possibility of idolatry. - **LIMES GERMANICUS:** constructed by a travelling troop of Roman soldiers every evening to protect their camp from attacks. - **Could not prevent attacks but could control traffic;** knowledge of ingress/egress at these points was vital to Roman Empire. - **Open to public passage for trade and livelihood** - **Nobles and warriors fled from the fall;** established homes in the lands (roman provinces) assigned to them by the yield kings. - **Roman officials exercised authority** in the name of the Roman state. - **Decline of royal power, ascendance of aristocrats to greater autonomy** - Bulk of the military power: nobles and armed vassals. **ANCIENT ROMAN EMPIRE (ROMAN TOWNS)** - After the fall of Rome, **these outposts all over Europe became the nuclei of new societies**. **[Feudalism]** affected the urban design of most towns. - Towns were fine and intimate with winding roads and sequenced **views of cathedrals or military fortifications.** **5^TH^ CENTURY AD -- 15^TH^ CENTURY AD: MEDIEVAL AGES** **PREFACE** - **"Middle Ages"** - **"Dark Ages"** - **Roman troops, officials and the nobles** that fled **took charge of minding the lands** assigned to them. - **Roman territories became European states:** e.g. duchies, counties, and etc. - **Kings claimed political supremacy** but could not exercise control outside their domains - Economic power: concentrated among feudal lords. - Some advances in science and art occurred. - Kingdoms at war, ignorance, famine, pandemics (e.g. 'The Black Death') - Winding roads - View of cathedrals or military fortifications - **Feudalism --** affected Urban Design - **Rise of the Church** -- main urban design component - **Constantinople (TURKEY)** - Limited expansion - Increase in number of towns - Small population per town - Coastal Port towns - **Mercantilist cities --** increased; decline of feudal lords - **Nobles & Clergy** -- 2 privileged classes; wealth merchants & church - World travel Florence, Paris, Venice Congestion & slums **FLORENCE ITALY --** 10,000 people; **VENICE, ITALY --** became trading center of byzantine empire; **PARIS, FRANCE -** emerged as trading **EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE (200-1025)** **INFLUENCES:** - **GEOGRAPHICAL** \- Position of Rome as the center of the world-wide empire \- "All roads lead to Rome" \- Growth of Christianity at the capital to become universal - **GEOLOGICAL** - Quarry of the ruins of Roman buildings influenced the architectural treatment of the style (construction and decoration, as columns and other architectural features) marbles from the older buildings were worked into the design of the new basilican churches of the Christians. - **CLIMATE** - Similar to the characteristics in Roman architecture. - **RELIGION** - Rise of Christianity which spread so rapidly that in a very short period it was diffused throughout the whole civilized world. - Constantine issued his celebrated decree from Milan, according to Christianity equal rights with all other religions, and he himself professed Christianity which then became the established religion of the Roman Empire. - **SOCIAL AND POLITICAL** - On changing the capital of the empire from Rome to Byzantium - Constantine reigned as an absolute monarch till his death in the old Roman political system coming to an end. - **HISTORICAL** - Early Christian period is lasting from Constantine to Gregory the Great, or from AD 300-604. - The latest phase of Roman art, ceased to exist. - Next two centuries architecture was practically at a standstill in Europe. - Old Roman traditions were to a great extent thrown aside, and Romanesque architecture was gradually evolved. **EXAMPLES:** Basilican Churches; Baptisteries; Tombs - The final phase of the Roman architecture - Christianity became the state religion - House-churches -- early venue for religious practices - Roman Basilica form was adopted as the ground plan for most churches: rectangular plan and a nave with 2 side aisles. - Basilican churches were constructed over the burial place of a saint. - Facades faced east. **BASILICA (San Clemente, Rome)** - An early Christian church, characterized by a long, rectangular plan, a high colonnaded nave lit by a clerestory and covered by a timbered gable roof. - **PARTS:** - **NAVE --** central aisle; the principal or central part of a church, extending from narthex to the choir or chancel and usually flanked by aisles. - **AISLE --** any of the longitudinal divisions of a church, separated from the nave by a colonnade or piers. - **APSE --** sanctuary; a semi-circular projection of a building, usually vaulted and used esp. at the sanctuary or east end of a church. Also called **apsis**. - **TRIBUNE --** the bishop's throne, occupying a recess or apse. - **BEMA --** stage for clergy; a transverse open space separating the nave and the apse, developing into the transept of later cruciform churches. - **SANCTUARY --** a sacred holy place as that part of the church in which the principal altar is placed. - **ALTAR --** under the baldacchino; the table in a Christian church upon which the Eucharist, the sacrament celebrating Christ's last supper, is celebrated. Also called, **communion table.** - **CANTHARUS --** a basin for ritual and cleansing with water in the atrium of an early Christian basilica. - **AMBULATORY -** the covered walk of an atrium or cloister. - **ATRIUM --** forecourt; flanked or surrounded by porticoes. - **NARTHEX --** for the penitents; a portico or vestibule before the nave of an early Christian or byzantine church. - **CHOIR --** enclosed by a cancelli - **AMBO --** pulpit - **FLOOR PLAN:** - **1 Apse** - **2 Cathedra, Bishop's Throne** - **3 Synthronos, Synthronon (**Podium/Benches**)** - **6 Solea (**raised floor, used by clergy**)** - **5 bema, altar platform** - **7 choir screen** - **8 apsidiole (**secondary apse**)** - **10 choir, schola cantorum** - **11 cancelli** - **12 gospel ambo** - **13 epistle ambo** - **14 nave** - **15 northern aisle, gospel side, women's side** - **16 southern aisle, espistle side, men's side** - **17 side chapel** - **18 sacristry, vestry, revestry, vestiary** - **20 exonarthex** - **21 belltower** - **22 cloister** - **23 atrium, atrium paradisus, paradise** - **24 prothyron (**space in front of the entrance**)** **OLD ST. PETER'S, ROME, ITALY (PLAN)** - **APSE** - **TRANSEPT** - **NAVE** - **4 AISLES** - **NARTHEX** - **ATRIUM** - **TOMBS OF HONORIUS** - **CHURCH OF ST. ANDREW** **BAPTISTERY (RAVENNA)** - A space, area or separate building of a church or cathedral, containing a front where baptism takes place. - Octagonal structure having fine mosaics representing the baptism of Christ. **ON A CANONICAL SENSE...** - A basilica is the name given to certain churches granted special privileges by the pope or the Vatican. - Major basilicas: Papal basilicas - Minor basilicas: the criteria are based on special, spiritual, historical, and architectural significance. - This is the highest permanent designation for a church building. **MAJOR BASILICA** - Highest ranking roman catholic churches; papal basilicas - Archbasilica Of St. John In the Lateran - St. Peter's Basilica - The Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls - Basilica Di Santa Maria Maggiore **MINOR BASILICA** - 13 in the Philippines as of 2015 - Basilica Minore Del Santo Nino, Cebu - Basilica Of the Black Nazarene, Quiapo - Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica of The Immaculate Conception, Manila - Basilica Of Sann Sebastian, Manila - Basilica Of Our Lady of Manaoag, Pangasinan **BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE (CONSTATINOPLE)** **BYZANTINE (300-1450)** - Circular or polygonal plans for churches, tombs, and baptisteries. - Characterized by masonry construction, round arches, shallow domes carried on pendentives, and the extensive use of rich frescoes, and colored glass mosaics to cover whole interiors. - Facades faced west. **CAPITALS** - **BASKET CAPITAL** - **DOSSERET AND BASKET CAPITAL** - **DOSSERET AND TRAPEZOIDAL CAPITAL** - **DOSSERET:** a thickened abacus or supplementary capital at above column capital to receive the thrust of an arch; also called a pulvin, impost block or supercapital. **BASILICA DI SAN VITALE (Ravenna, Italy)** - A byzantine centralized church, prime example of Byzantine architecture in the West. - **PARTS:** - **Apse** - **Synthronos, altar platform** - **Prothesis, pastophorium** (niche reserved for objects used in worship) - **Diaconicon, pastophorium** (for the keeping of garments and vessels) - **Ambulatory** (ground floor) - **Gallery** (upper level) - **Narthex** **ST. MARK'S BASILICA (Venice, Italy)** - Greek cross plan - Golde mosaics (Church of God) **HAGIA SOPHIA (Istanbul, Turkey 532-537 AD)** - Architect Anthemios of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus - Sacred wisdom in Greek - Constructed by Emperor Justinian - The interiors were beautiful by richly colored marble pavements in opus sectile or opus alexandrium - Used as a church, mosque, and presently a museum. - To symbolize Justinian's imperial power and still show his Christian beliefs. - An unprecedented feat, he wanted to merge two architectural structures -- the rectangular basilica and the dome -- into a mammoth, hybrid space. - **PARTS:** - Arcade, cloister - Atrium paradisus; forecourt - Cantharus, piscina; fountain, font - Exonarthex; outer vestibule - Esonarthex; inner vestibule - Navis media; nave - Bema; altar platform - High altar - Apse - Parecclesion; side chapel - Pastophorium; clerical - Prothesis, table/niche - Diaconicon; garments and vessels - Aisle - Campanile; belltower - Baptistery - **ISLAMIC FEATURES** (converted to mosque and added these): - 4 minarets - Mimbar (pulpit) - Mihrab (where the quibla or nich was set and oriented towards Mecca) - Calligraphic disks (isalmic/Arabic text) - Plastering over the mosaic images **PENDENTIVES** - A spherical triangle which acts as a transition between a circular dome and a square base on which the dome is set. - In hagia Sophia, domes are suspended from heaven; surrounding arcade of 40 windows. **ST. BASIL'S CATHEDRAL (Moscow, Russia)** - Designed by Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Barma - Bulbous-shaped domes and unusual details - A central church surrounded by eight side churches. - Nothing similar can be found in the entire millenium of the Byzantine period. **ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE (WEST OF ROME)** **PILGRIMAGE** - People believed that the world was ending in year 1000. - Main objective: salvation of their souls. - One of the most famous was the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in Spain, where the bones of St. James were kept. **SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA (Spain)** - UNESCO World Heritage Site - Romanesque and Baroque - Portico de la Gloria **ROMANESQUE (800-1180)** - "ROMAN-LIKE", based on Roman art and architecture (round arch); used ruins of old Roman buildings. - Heavy articulated masonry - Vaulted masonry ceiling - Thick load-bearing walls (resulting to very few and narrow windows, hence, little light) - Use of buttress piers - Latin cross plan, bema evolved into the transepts - Barrel and cross/groin vault - Towers, at the east or west ends, or at the crossing of the transept and nave - Sparse ornamentation (limited) - Façade faced west (altar was oriented to east) **PIAZZA DEL DUOMO (PRESENT PIAZZA DEI MIRACOLI) Pisa; Tuscany, Italy** - The Pisa Cathedral Complex: the cathedral, baptistery, bell tower, and caposanto (cemetery) **CENTRAL EUROPE** - **WORMS CATHEDRAL (1110-1200 AD):** castle-like, claimed to be the representative cathedral of the period. An example with eastern & western apses both being flanked by major towers, octagonal lanterns at east and west ends. **DURHAM CATHEDRAL (ENGLAND)** - The largest and finest example of Norman architecture. - UNESCO **WORCESTER CATHEDRAL (ENGLAND)** - Has two transepts crossing the nave (as with Salisbury and Lincoln) **CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL (ENGLAND)** - Romanesque & perpendicular gothic elements combined. - UNESCO **GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE (1050-1530)** **GOTHIC** - *"Style Ogivale"* - Progressive lightening and heightening of structure - 3 most important innovations of the period: pointed arch, flying buttress, and ribbed vaulting - Richly decorated fenestrations (use of stained glass) - Decorations depicting stories from the bible - Latin cross plan - Façade faced west - LANCET -- pointed arch from a round arch slowly tapered at top **CATHEDRAL** - Chief building type of the period. - A large and principal church of diocese (district under the pastoral care of a bishop) - CATHEDRA -- the seat pf a bishop -