HLTH 101 Week 2 Part 1: Current Health Challenges Fall 2024 PDF

https://www.who.int/news-room/photo-story/photo-story-detail/urgent-health-challenges-for-the-next-d ecade HLTH 101 Week 2 – Part 1 Current Health Challenges In Canada and the World. Diane Williams* niversity of Water...

https://www.who.int/news-room/photo-story/photo-story-detail/urgent-health-challenges-for-the-next-d ecade HLTH 101 Week 2 – Part 1 Current Health Challenges In Canada and the World. Diane Williams* niversity of Waterloo hool of Public Health and Health Systems 1 ou may NOT repost these slides to another website Ten Leading Causes of Death in Canada, 2020 Rank Cause of Death Number of Deaths Percentage of Total Deaths Lifestyle Factors All causes 307 205 100.0 Total, ten leading causes of 215 166 70.0 death 1 Cancer 80 973 26.4 DISAO 2 Heart disease 53 704 17.5 DISAO 3 COVID-19 16 151 5.3 Unintentional injuries 4 15 508 5.0 ISA (accidents) Cerebrovascular 5 13 695 4.5 DISAO diseases (stroke) Chronic lower respiratory 6 11 722 3.6 SO diseases 7 Diabetes mellitus 7 566 2.5 DISO 8 Influenza and pneumonia 5 931 1.9 DISA 9 Alzheimer’s disease 5 743 1.9 Chronic liver disease and 10 4 173 1.6 DSAO cirrhosis Notes: D Diet plays a part; I Inactive lifestyle plays a part; S Smoking plays a part; A Excessive alcohol use plays a part; O Obesity plays a part. © 2023 McGraw Hill Ltd. 2 Table 1.3 from Core Concepts in Health, 4th1 Chapter  Five Leading Causes of Death among Canadians Aged 15 -24, 2019 Percentage of Rank Cause of Death Number of Deaths Total Deaths All causes 2023 Accidents 1 (unintentional 629 31.1 injuries) Intentional self-harm 2 506 25.0 (death by suicide) 3 Cancer 147 7.3 4 Assault (homicide) 89 4.4 5 Heart disease 47 2.3 Table 1.3 from Core Concepts in Health, 4th 3 Canadian Edition © 2023 McGraw Hill Ltd. Chapter 1 10 Leading Causes of Death Worldwide: 2021 Top 10 Global Causes of Death, 2021 - accounting for 39 million deaths, or 57% of the total 68 million deaths worldwide. Source: World Health Organization. (2024, Aug 7). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/f act-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of -death 4 Leading causes of death: High Income Countries Top 10 Global Causes of Death, 2021 Source: World Health Organization. (2024, Aug 7). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/f act-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of -death 5 Leading causes of death: Low Income Countries Top 10 Global Causes of Death, 2021 Source: World Health Organization. (2024, Aug 7). The top 10 causes of death. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/f act-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of -death 6  Differences between high- and low- income countries High Income Low Income Deaths mostly due to Deaths mostly due to noncommunicable communicable chronic diseases: (infectious diseases): cancers, cardiovascular diseases, chronic lower respiratory, obstructive lung disease, diarrhoeal diseases, dementia, & kidney HIV/AIDs, malaria, & diseases TB Only leading Also many deaths communicable diseases from complications in are COVID-19 & lower child birth respiratory infections https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-cause 7 s-of-death  WHO 13 Urgent Health Challenges for Next Decade 1. Climate crisis 2. Delivering health in conflict & crisis 3. Expanding access to medicines. 4. Stopping infectious diseases 5. Preparing for epidemics/pandemics 6. Lack of food, unsafe food, unhealthy diets & dangerous products (tobacco, vaping) 7. Under-investment in health care workers https://www.who.int/news-room/photo-story/photo-story-detail/urgent-heal th-challenges-for-the-next-decade 8  Environmental Health  Environmental health grew out of efforts to control communicable diseases.  Clean water  Sanitary waste disposal  Safe food  Insect and rodent control  Responding to natural or human-made disasters  Over the last few decades, the focus of environmental health has expanded and become more complex. ats from Core Concepts in Health, 2nd Canadian Edition Chapter 21  Environment – Planet in Peril Rapid population and industrial growth contribute to pollution and contamination of air, water, food-chain, and soil. Burning of fossil fuels which releases gases that create a “greenhouse” effect. These human activities are contributing to global warming. Consequences? – More severe weather events leading to higher mortality, melting ice caps and rising sea levels, increased flooding in some places & drought in others, movement of insect vectors into new regions  WHO 13 Urgent Health Challenges for Next Decade 8. Keeping adolescents safe from road injury, HIV, suicide, lower respiratory infections, and violence 9. Earning public trust  misinformation and anti- vaccine movement 10. Ethical & Social implications of new technologies like genome editing, synthetic biology, and digital health technologies & artificial intelligence 11. Anti-microbial resistance  Tuberculosis, STIs 12. Lack of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene in health facilities 13. Health inequities https://www.who.int/news-room/photo-story/photo-story-detail/urgent-heal th-challenges-for-the-next-decade 11 Health Issues for Diverse Populations Some health differences amongst individuals have important implications. Example: Familial hypercholesterolemia Some people are genetically predisposed to certain health problems, or have made lifestyle choices which affect their health. – But relegating the ”causes” to lifestyle is far too simplistic and doesn’t take higher-level structural and social determinants into account Many health conditions are a result of complex interactions between biology, culture, and higher- level determinants that create structural disadvantages for certain groups of people. 12  The Potential Dangers of Talking About Health Issues in Diverse Populations Do not stereotype – Talking about people as groups does not consider each person as an individual with unique experiences Do not overgeneralize – Ignoring the extensive biological and cultural diversity that exists among peoples who are grouped together is unfair We will sometimes make mistakes  This is a safe environment & Students feel free to correct me, the TAs, and each other in an open and respectful way! 13  Definitions of terms to describe health differences among populations Health inequality: Systematic difference in health between groups of people due to – Biological differences AND/OR – Lifestyle, socio-economic status, differential access to health care Health disparity: Systematic inequalities due mainly to social disadvantages Health inequity: A healthy disparity that is deemed unfair  moral imperative to try to correct – Systematic Definitions health from glossary disparities of online for Indigenous primer on population health: http://phprimer.afmc.ca/Glossary?l=h#term1393 Canadians 14  Health Issues for Diverse Populations Sex and gender Income, Education, & Social Status Disability Geographic Location Sexual Orientation Ethnicity 15 LO 3  Sex and Gender Definitions Sex is defined as “the different biological and physiological characteristics of females, males and intersex persons, such as chromosomes, hormones and reproductive organs.” Gender is defined as “the characteristics of women, men, girls and boys that are socially constructed. This includes norms, behaviours and roles associated with being a woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with each other. As a social construct, gender varies from society to society and can change over time.” Gender identity refers to “a person’s deeply felt, internal and individual experience of gender, which may or may not correspond to the person’s physiology or designated sex at birth.” 16 : WHO (n.d.). Gender and Health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/gender#tab  Sex and Gender differences Smoking Life expectancy Men: Chest pain is a Heart attacks major Immune response symptom Women: Alcohol Symptoms more subtle Stress – fatigue, Depression general 84 80 malaise From the ”Gender Matters” box in Chapter 1 of Core Concepts in Health, 3rd Canadian Edition 17  Health disparities due to differences in socio-economic status Steady rise in longevity across income levels  “social gradient in health” Gradients exist in rates of disability & ill-health Gradients in health between certain racial or Figure 2.1: Remaining life expectancy ethnic groups at age 25 in Canada by sex and income quintile, non-institutionalized population, 1991 to 2001 Figure 2.1 from the AFMC Online Primer on Population. https://phprimer.afmc.ca/en/part-i/chapter-2/ 18 Copyright ® 2007 The Association of Faculties of Medicine of Canada. All Rights Reserved. Health Inequities Among Racialized Groups Health inequities can be caused by a variety of determinants or factors… Income & education Access to appropriate health care Culture & lifestyle Discrimination & Racism 19  Health Inequities & Different Levels of Racism Institutionalized (Structural) Racism – Material conditions – Access to power Personally-mediated Racism – Prejudice – Discrimination Internalized Racism – “acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth” Jones, C. P. (2000). Levels of racism: a theoretic framework and a 20 gardener's tale. American journal of public health, 90(8), 1212. Higher COVID-19 Mortality Rates in Racialized populations in Canada 21  COVID-19 Cumulative Crude Death Rates in the U.S. by race and ethnicity Source: APM Research Lab. (2021, March 5). The Color of Coronavirus: Covid-19 Deaths 22 by Race and Ethnicity in the U.S. https://www.apmresearchlab.org/covid/deaths-by-race Health inequities among Indigenous Peoples of Canada In comparison to non-Indigenous populations, Indigenous peoples face the following health challenges: – Higher infant mortality rate – Shorter life expectancy – 1.5 times the rate of heart disease – 3 to 5 times rate of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – 40 times the rate of infection from tuberculosis – Higher food insecurity (next slide) – Factors such as diet, physical activity, substance use – Effects of trauma and factors related to colonization 4x more likely to be unemployed, and people living on reserves earn half the income 23  Moderate or severe household food insecurity in Indigenous Populations Inadequate nutritional intake caused by having less access to both quality and quantity of food with high nutritional value, such as fresh fruits and vegetables. Source: Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007–2010. Reproduced and distributed on an "as is" basis with the permission of Statistics Canada. 24 https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-624-x/2013001/article/chart/11763-04-eng.gif