HIV in Pediatrics PDF

‭University of the Immaculate Conception‬ ‭Fr. Selga St., Davao City‬ ‭Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‬ ‭in Pediatrics: A Written Report‬ I‭ n Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in‬ ‭Pharmacotherapy of Pediatric, Pregnant and Geriatric Dis...

‭University of the Immaculate Conception‬ ‭Fr. Selga St., Davao City‬ ‭Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‬ ‭in Pediatrics: A Written Report‬ I‭ n Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in‬ ‭Pharmacotherapy of Pediatric, Pregnant and Geriatric Disorders‬ ‭ ochelle C. Go‬ R ‭Maeton M. Gonzaga‬ ‭Alexandra Keith E. Hapitan‬ ‭Krysshyll Jhynn G. Jemino‬ ‭Nelson O. Jostol‬ ‭October 2024‬  ‭INTRODUCTION‬ ‭A.‬ ‭What is HIV/AIDS‬ ‭ uman‬ ‭immunodeficiency‬‭virus‬‭(HIV)‬‭was‬‭first‬‭identified‬‭in‬‭1983‬‭and‬‭has‬‭since‬ H ‭claimed‬ ‭approximately‬ ‭40‬ ‭million‬ ‭lives‬ ‭worldwide‬ ‭as‬ ‭of‬ ‭2023.‬ ‭The‬ ‭virus‬ ‭destroys‬ ‭or‬ ‭impairs‬‭cells‬‭of‬‭the‬‭immune‬‭system‬‭and‬‭progressively‬‭destroys‬‭the‬‭body's‬‭ability‬‭to‬‭fight‬ ‭infections‬ ‭and‬‭certain‬‭cancers.‬‭In‬‭adults‬‭and‬‭adolescents,‬‭HIV‬‭is‬‭most‬‭commonly‬‭spread‬ ‭by sexual contact with an infected partner.‬ ‭In‬‭the‬‭United‬‭States,‬‭nearly‬‭all‬‭HIV‬‭infections‬‭in‬‭children‬‭under‬‭the‬‭age‬‭of‬‭13‬‭are‬‭from‬ v‭ ertical‬‭transmission,‬‭which‬‭means‬‭the‬‭virus‬‭is‬‭passed‬‭to‬‭the‬‭child‬‭when‬‭they‬‭are‬‭in‬‭their‬ ‭mother's‬‭womb‬‭or‬‭as‬‭they‬‭pass‬‭through‬‭the‬‭birth‬‭canal,‬‭or‬‭through‬‭breastfeeding.‬‭Before‬ ‭1985,‬ ‭a‬ ‭small‬ ‭group‬ ‭of‬ ‭children‬ ‭were‬ ‭infected‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭virus‬ ‭by‬ ‭contaminated‬ ‭blood‬ ‭products. Routine screening of blood products began in 1985.‬ I‭ n today’s time, the number of infants who become HIV positive when born to an‬ ‭infected‬‭mother‬‭has‬‭decreased.‬‭This‬‭reduction‬‭is‬‭due‬‭to‬‭increased‬‭HIV‬‭testing‬‭and‬‭the‬‭use‬ ‭of‬ ‭new‬ ‭antiretroviral‬ ‭medications‬ ‭that‬ ‭are‬ ‭given‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭mother‬ ‭before‬ ‭her‬ ‭baby‬‭is‬‭born,‬ ‭and‬ ‭given‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭baby‬ ‭after‬ ‭birth.‬ ‭Because‬ ‭transmission‬ ‭often‬ ‭occurs‬ ‭during‬ ‭delivery,‬ ‭cesarean section may be indicated for some women.‬ ‭ he‬ ‭scale-up‬ ‭efforts‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭program‬ ‭on‬ ‭prevention‬ ‭of‬ ‭maternal‬ ‭to‬ ‭child‬ T ‭transmission‬ ‭(PMTCT)‬ ‭has‬ ‭contributed‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭global‬ ‭decrease‬ ‭in‬ ‭pediatric‬ ‭HIV,‬ ‭with‬ ‭2‬ ‭million‬‭new‬‭infections‬‭averted‬‭since‬‭the‬‭year‬‭2000.‬‭Although‬‭prevention‬‭of‬‭pediatric‬‭HIV‬ ‭has‬ ‭shown‬ ‭some‬ ‭success,‬ ‭based‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭2017‬ ‭UNAIDS‬ ‭report‬ ‭where‬ ‭a‬ ‭steep‬ ‭decline‬ ‭in‬ ‭pediatric‬ ‭AIDS-related‬ ‭illness‬ ‭to‬ ‭about‬ ‭half‬ ‭from‬ ‭2010‬ ‭to‬ ‭2016‬ ‭(210,000‬ ‭vs‬ ‭120,000‬ ‭cases) was seen, the same report showed a lag in pediatric HIV testing and treatment.‬ ‭ lobal‬ ‭HIV‬ ‭trends‬ ‭have‬ ‭been‬ ‭decreasing,‬ ‭but‬ ‭the‬ ‭Philippines‬‭is‬‭experiencing‬‭an‬ G ‭exponential‬‭increase‬‭of‬‭about‬‭138%‬‭in‬‭cases‬‭since‬‭2013.‬‭Increase‬‭in‬‭pediatric‬‭HIV‬‭can‬‭be‬ ‭attributed‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭following:‬ ‭increasing‬ ‭HIV‬ ‭infection‬ ‭in‬ ‭females‬ ‭of‬ ‭reproductive‬ ‭age‬ ‭leading‬ ‭to‬ ‭vertical‬ ‭transmission,‬ ‭lack‬ ‭of‬ ‭accessible‬ ‭testing‬ ‭facilities‬ ‭for‬ ‭infants‬ ‭