History Of Medical Technology Profession PDF

  ⚬ ⚬ WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY? ANNA FAGELSON (1961) “the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease an the maintenance of health.” RUTH HEINEMANN (1963) “the application o...

  ⚬ ⚬ WHAT IS MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY? ANNA FAGELSON (1961) “the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease an the maintenance of health.” RUTH HEINEMANN (1963) “the application of the principles of the natural, physical and biological sciences to the performance of laboratory procedures which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.” WALTERS (1966) “as the health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as in the maintenance of good health.” RA 5527 (“THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ACT OF 1969) Defined Medical Technology as an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine which deals with the examination of tissues, secretion and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated which will aid in the diagnosis study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general. EMERGENCE OF THE PROFESSION Vivian Medical Technology can be traced back in 1550 B.C. Herrick Ebers Papyrus - Intestinal parasitic infection caused by intestinal parasites (Taenia spp. and Ascaris lumbricoides) MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN ITS EARLIEST FORM (Global context)  300 BC to 180 AD ⚬ Hippocrates (“Father of Medicine”) ⚬ Galen ￭ Instigated a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of disorder Urine > One of the body fluids that underwent examination > 50 AD: Rufus Ephesus made the first description of hematuria as the presence of blood in the urine > Medieval period (1098-1438): “water casting”/uroscopy was widely practiced > 900 AD: Isaac Judaeus (“Kitab al Baul”/Book of Urine) described the concepts of urine formation, urinary sediments, and urine characteristics in relation to diseases The high mortality rate caused by plagues and other diseases led to significant advancements in medicine and medical technology. Anton van Leeuwenhoek “Father of Microbiology” ⚬ New, improved compound microscope ⚬ Bacteria (classified according to shape), blood cells, muscle fibers, spermatozoa, protozoa Marcello Malphigi Served as a physician to Pope Innocent XII “Father of Modern Anatomic Pathology” ⚬ Embryology of the chick ⚬ Histology and physiology of the glands and viscera Rudolf Virchow “Father of Microscopic Pathology” First scientist/physician of the time who emphasized the study of the manifestation of dieases and infections 18th Century Mechanical techniques, along with cadaver dissection, were utilized to achieve a more objective and precise diagnosis.  19th Century Physicians began using machines for diagnosis or therapeutics Meanwhile in the United States... Most of the laboratory procedures were performed by the physician with a microscope in his home or office First clinical laboratory setup --> University of Michigan Hospital  Dr. William Welch Opened a teaching laboratory in America at Bellevue Medical College (New York University Medical School) The first physician recruited to be a professor at the John Hopkins University in Baltimore (1886) Appointed as the head of the Department of Pathology Became the first dean of the John Hopkins University School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania’s William Pepper Laboratory of Clinical Medicine (1895) Dr. William Osler 1880: Introduced and used the microscope and a blood counting machine in the hospital based laboratory 1898: established ward laboratories at the John Hopkins Hospital James Campbell Todd 1908: Wrote a book entitled “Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory methods” John Bernard Henry Edited the book, “Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory methods” and was then named “Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods” John Kolmer 1918: Published “The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians” ⚬ Description of the first formal training course in Medical Technology 1915: The state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have a fully-equipped laboratory fit for routine testing and to employ a full time laboratory technician 1920: Administrative units of clinical laboratories in hospitals were directed by a chief physician ⚬ 4-5 divisions: Clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, serology, and radiology  American Society for Clinical Pathology 1922: Founded with the objective of encouraging the cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists as well as maintaining the status of clinical pathologists Established the code of ethics for technicians and technologists University of Minnesota 1923: First to offer a degree program on Medical Technology American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (formerly the American Society for Medical Technologists Originally formed as a subgroup of ASCP Helped in the recognition of nonphysician clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals 1950s: Medical technologists in the US sought professional recognition from the government through licensure exams MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES  HOSPITAL REAL 1565: Moved from Cebu to Manila Cater to military patients San Lazaro Hospital 1578: Built by the Franciscans for the poor and lepers San Juan de Dios Hospital 1596: Founded for the poor Spaniards Hospital de San Jose 1641: Founded in Cavite University of Santo Tomas Founded in 1611 1871: Established the first faculties of pharmacy and medicine  JOURNALS OF SCIENCE AND MEDICINE Boletin de Medicina de Manila (1886) Revisita Farmaceutica de Filipinas (1893) Cronicas de Ciencias Medicas (1895) Central board of vaccination 1806: Production and distribution of vaccine lymph 122 regular vaccinators (vacunadores)  Laboratorio Municipal de Manila 1887: Established to perform laboratory examinations of food, water, and clinical samples General Antonio Luna --> was employed as a chemical expert and pioneered water testing, forensics, and environmental studies Lt. Col. Henry Lipincott Chief surgeon of the Division of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps 1898: Converted the Spanish Military Hospital into the First Reserve Hospital ⚬ Diagnostic laboratory not fully maximized --> following contraction of typhoid by the director  Richard P. Strong Successor to the First Reserve Hospital ⚬ Utilized to perform autopsies, examination of blood, feces, and urine, and other laboratory services Bureau of Government Laboratories 1901: Established by the US Government through the Philippine Commission (Philippine Commission Act No. 156) ⚬ Science library, chemical section, serum laboratory 1905: Bureau of Science was established for medical officers who sought a career in laboratory research ⚬ The Bureau worked with the Army Board --> Study of the Tropical Diseases ⚬ Together with PGH and UP >> active center for scientific research and instruction in the country  From the civilian Board of Health BUREAU OF established by the Americans 1915: Reorganized into the Philippine HEALTH Health Service 1933: Reverted into the Bureau of Health UP College of Public Health June 1927: Opened its Certificate in Public Health Program Aims to provide proper training to the Philippine Health Services Medical Officers December 8, 1941: Japan attacked the whole of Manila Laboratory unit of the US Army provided medical services with the available laboratory supplies, supplementary laboratory examinations, epidemiological and sanitary investigations: ⚬ Routine water analysis ⚬ Examination of food supplies ⚬ Distribution of special reagents and solutions ⚬ Culture media ⚬ Investigation of epidemics and epizootics ⚬ Special serological, bacteriological, pathological and chemical examiantions, post-mortem examinations, preservation of pathological specimens  Medical Units Deployed 1944: Deployed separately as small detachments or mobile laboratory sections to military bases in different islands ⚬ Leyte ￭ 19th Medical General Laboratory ￭ 3rd Medical Laboratory ￭ 363rd Medical Composite Detachment ￭ 27th Medical Laboratory (Tacloban) ⚬ Luzon ￭ 26th Medical Laboratory (Lingayen Gulf) --> the only laboratory for 6 months following the US invasion on January 9, 1945  Manila Public Health Laboratory First clinical laboratory in the Philippines Established during WWII by the 6th Infantry Division of the US Army at Quiricada St., Sta. Cruz, Manila June 1945: Endorsed to the National Department of Health (non- operational until reopened in October 1945 by Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda with the help of Dr. Mariano Icasiano)  Training Program Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda and Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana conducted a training program for aspiring laboratory workers ⚬ Dr. Sta. Ana --> tasked to prepare a 6- month formal syllabus with certificate upon completion ⚬ Dr. Tirso Briones joined later on ⚬ Ended in 1954 --> approval of a 4-year course in BSMT by the Bureau of Private Education Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology Manila Sanitarium and Hospital (MSH) --> opened the first School of Medical Technology in the Philippines ⚬ Mrs. Willa Hilgert Hedrick --> wife of Dr. Elvin Hedrick ⚬ Medical Internship and Residency training program - Loma Linda University (California) Philippine Union College (PUC) --> absorbed MSH’s School of Medical Technology in 1954 ⚬ Dr. Jesse Umali --> the first graduate of the Medical Technology Program // later graduated as a Doctor of Medicine at FEU and a successful OB-gynecologist in the US Bachelor of University of Sto. Tomas --> offered the Medical Technology course as an elective Science in Medical for pharmacy students (1957) Technology ⚬ 1961: Medical Technology was recognized as an official program Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology FEU (1961): Dr. Horacio Ylagan and Dr. Serafin J. Juliano (granted authority by Dr. Lauro H. Panganiban and Dr. Jesus B. Nolasco) ⚬ First graduates (1963) CEU: President Carmen de Luna delegated Purificacion Sunico-Suaco to work on the offering of Medical Technology course Inventions and Innovations in the Field of Medical Technology attribution for handwashing practices is to Ignaz Semmelweis, the "Saviour of Mothers," not Joseph Lister, who was known for his work on antiseptic techniques in surgery. Without laboratories, men of science are soldiers without arms ~ Louis Pasteur REFERENCES: Benitez, Petrona A. , et al. Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1. Quezon City, C & E Publishing, Inc., 2019. Cardona, C. C., Garcia-Meim, R. SP., & Martin I, G. L. (2015). Introduction to Medical Technology Practice in the Philippine Setting. C & E Publishing, Inc. Moore, L. (2017, January 22). Philosophy of science and medicine series — II: Galen vs. Hippocrates - Hektoen International. Hekint.org; Hektoen International. https://hekint.org/2017/01/22/philosophy-of- science-and-medicine-series-ii-galen-vs-hippocrates/ Hajar, R. (2019, March 18). Medicine in the Middle Ages. Brewminate.com. https://brewminate.com/medicine-in-the-middle-ages/ Suba, Sally C, and Jennifer S Florida. Introduction to Medical Technology. Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd, 2014. Tiglao, T. V. (n.d.). PLENARY SESSION I A CENTURY OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN THE PHILIPPINES. Retrieved January 13, 2025, from https://nast.dost.gov.ph/images/pdf%20files/Publications/NAST%20Transactions/NAST%201997%20Tran sactions%20Volume%2019/1%20A%20Century%20of%20Public%20Health%20in%20the%20Philippines% 20Teodoro%20V.%20Tiglao%201997.pdf