History of Archaeology Part 2 PDF

1/21/2025 The Pompeii Premise The champion of New Archaeology Typically, the archaeological record does not congeal culture,...

1/21/2025 The Pompeii Premise The champion of New Archaeology Typically, the archaeological record does not congeal culture, but is affected by natural and formation processes Lewis Binford 1931-2011 Prof., UNM Behavioral Archaeology Behavioral Archaeology Pioneered by Michael Brian Schiffer (U. of Arizona) in the Pioneered by Michael Brian Schiffer (U. of Arizona) in the 1970’s 1970’s A logical approach to artifactual assemblages as reflections of A logical approach to artifactual assemblages as reflections of past human behavior. past human behavior. Development of a contextual terminology Development of a contextual terminology De-facto material De-facto material Primary material Primary material Secondary material Secondary material  1/21/2025 The history of Archaeology, part 3 Ian Hodder and Elizabeth Brumfiel 1948- 1945-2012 The Post-processual critique The Post-processual critique People are active and self-aware – they are agents of change. People are active and self-aware – they are agents of change. Processual archaeology forgot the culture behind the behavior.  1/21/2025 The Post-processual critique The Post-processual critique People are active and self-aware – they are agents of change. People are active and self-aware – they are agents of change. Processual archaeology forgot the culture behind the behavior. Processual archaeology forgot the culture behind the behavior It also lost history : “Social change is always historically situated It also lost history : "Social change is always historically situated and subject to contextual and cultural particularities.” and subject to contextual and cultural particularities.” Human behavior is not always rational and predictable. Gender Archaeology Archaeology at the trowel’s edge and the Feminist Critique Before the 1980s, most archaeological research and interpretation was directed by heteronormative white men. Brought a bias in their research questions, design, and interpretation Importance to not transpose modern concepts of gender onto the past while interpreting. Stanford University Full objectivity is unattainable, but self-reflexivity is.  1/21/2025 Gender Archaeology Gender Archaeology and the Feminist Critique and the Feminist Critique Before the 1980s, most archaeological research and Before the 1980s, most archaeological research and interpretation was directed by heteronormative white men. interpretation was directed by heteronormative white men. Brought a bias in their research questions, design, and Brought a bias in their research questions, design, and interpretation interpretation Importance to not transpose modern concepts of gender onto Importance to not transpose modern concepts of gender onto the past while interpreting. the past while interpreting. Full objectivity is unattainable, but self-reflexivity is. Full objectivity is unattainable, but self-reflexivity is. Gender Archaeology Structuralism and the Feminist Critique In opposition to ecological determinism. Before the 1980s, most archaeological research and interpretation was directed by heteronormative white men. Brought a bias in their research questions, design, and interpretation Importance to not transpose modern concepts of gender onto the past while interpreting. Full objectivity is unattainable, but self-reflexivity is.  1/21/2025 Structuralism Structuralism In opposition to ecological determinism. In opposition to ecological determinism “elements of human culture must be understood in terms of “elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.” their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.” Attention to both agency and structure. Structuralism People are active agents of culture In opposition to ecological determinism Habitus: practices, or regular actions of our lives, which we do without necessarily pondering them. The sum total of practices of all members of a society creates its culture. “elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure.” Attention to both agency and structure. Practice theory Inspired by social theorists: Bourdieu, Giddens  1/21/2025 Archaeology beyond academia and tourism Culture Resource Management Archaeology beyond academia and Beyond Material Cultural Heritage tourism Culture Resource Management How can archaeologists learn from heritage cultural groups? Often hired by government agency, such as the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation.  1/21/2025 Beyond Material Cultural Heritage Beyond Material Cultural Heritage How can archaeologists learn from heritage cultural groups? How can archaeologists learn from heritage cultural groups? Scientific and non-scientific (or traditional) epistemologies can Scientific and non-scientific (or traditional) epistemologies can be used in tandem. be used in tandem. Epistemology: “the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its Epistemology: “the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.” (Oxford dictionary) distinguishes justified belief from opinion.” (Oxford dictionary) Or how one comes to learn facts. Beyond Material Cultural Heritage Beyond Material Cultural Heritage How can archaeologists learn from heritage cultural groups? Community-Based Participatory Research Scientific and non-scientific (or traditional) epistemologies can Indigenous Archaeology be used in tandem. With, For, and By Epistemology: “the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its Anti-racist Archaeology methods, validity, and scope. Epistemology is the investigation of what distinguishes justified belief from opinion.” (Oxford dictionary) Or how one comes to learn facts. Traditional epistemologies, including indigenous ones, can help us not only open our minds to different interpretations, but also solve “mysterious” aspects of the past.  1/21/2025 Beyond Material Cultural Heritage Beyond Material Cultural Heritage Community-Based Participatory Research Community-Based Participatory Research Indigenous Archaeology Indigenous Archaeology With, For, and By With, For, and By Anti-racist Archaeology Anti-racist Archaeology 1990 Community-engaged archaeology in Beyond Material Cultural Heritage Guatemala’s “transversal” caves by Brent Woodfill. Community-Based Participatory Research Archaeology as Anthropology Indigenous Archaeology With, For, and By Anti-racist Archaeology  1/21/2025 Balankanché Cave, Yucatán, Mexico Beyond Material Cultural Heritage Community-Based Participatory Research Indigenous Archaeology With, For, and By Antiracist Archaeology Beyond Material Cultural Heritage Beyond Material Cultural Heritage Community-Based Participatory Research Community-Based Participatory Research Indigenous Archaeology Indigenous Archaeology With, For, and By With, For, and By Antiracist Archaeology Antiracist Archaeology General movement towards decolonizing archaeology.  1/21/2025 Indigenous Archaeology and CBPR Indigenous Archaeology and CBPR Sonya Atalay Sonya Atalay Provost Professor, Dept of Anthropology, Provost Professor, Dept of Anthropology, UMass-Amherst, USA UMass-Amherst, USA As an Indigenous archaeologist, she’s leading As an Indigenous archaeologist, she’s leading the transformation in CBPR pratices. the transformation in CBPR pratices. Indigenous Archaeology and CBPR Indigenous Archaeology and CBPR Sonya Atalay Sonya Atalay Provost Professor, Dept of Anthropology, Provost Professor, Dept of Anthropology, UMass-Amherst, USA UMass-Amherst, USA As an Indigenous archaeologist, she’s leading As an Indigenous archaeologist, she’s leading the transformation in CBPR pratices. the transformation in CBPR pratices. Worked at Catalhoyuk with Ian Hodder. Worked at Catalhoyuk with Ian Hodder. Co-editor of Archaeology of the Heart  1/21/2025 Indigenous Archaeology and CBPR Sonya Atalay Provost Professor, Dept of Anthropology, UMass-Amherst, USA As an Indigenous archaeologist, she’s leading the transformation in CBPR pratices. Worked at Catalhoyuk with Ian Hodder. Co-editor of Archaeology of the Heart Archaeology has changed a lot and is still Slow Archaeology in Dolores, Peten, transforming! Guatemala  1/21/2025 Excavators from Dolores, Petén Petén, Guatemala Dolores, Petén, Guatemala La Corona San Andrés Dolores Map by Hogdon et al. 2013  1/21/2025 Grassroots Archaeologists of Dolores Don Juan Pacay Clearly a central factor for most human societies. … yet a surprisingly rare topic of focused investigation, even among scholars specializing in economy. Grassroots Archaeologists of Dolores The next step: Launch an Archaeological Program at the site of Ixtonton Lic. Mara Reyes in Ixtonton with Don Alexis Estuardo Quixchán Corzo, his son, and our driver Douglas.