history1.pptx

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY AN INTRODUCTION BY AMIT VARIDHI KILHOR Syllabus Prelim s Main s UNIT 3 - RISING RESENTMENT AGAINST COMPANY RULE Chapter 6 People’s Resistance Against British Before 1857 Chapter 7 The Revolt of 1857 UNIT 4 - REFOR...

MODERN INDIAN HISTORY AN INTRODUCTION BY AMIT VARIDHI KILHOR Syllabus Prelim s Main s UNIT 3 - RISING RESENTMENT AGAINST COMPANY RULE Chapter 6 People’s Resistance Against British Before 1857 Chapter 7 The Revolt of 1857 UNIT 4 - REFORM MOVEMENTS Chapter 8 Socio-Religious Reform Movements: Chapter 9 A General Survey of Socio–Cultural Reform Movements and their Leaders UNIT 5 -THE STRUGGLE BEGINS Chapter 10 Beginning of Modern Nationalism in India Chapter 11 Indian National Congress: Foundation and the Moderate Phase UNIT 6 - NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1905–1918) Chapter 12 - Era of Militant Nationalism (1905–1909) Chapter 13 - First Phase of Revolutionary Activities (1907–1917) Chapter 14 - First World War and Nationalist Response UNIT 7 - ERA OF MASS NATIONALISM BEGINS (1919–1939) Chapter 15 - Emergence of Gandhi Chapter 16 - Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat Aandolan Chapter 17 - Emergence of Swarajists, Socialist Ideas, Revolutionary Activities and Other New Forces Chapter 18 - Simon Commission and the Nehru Report Chapter 19 Civil Disobedience Movement and Round Table Conferences Chapter 20 Debates on the Future Strategy after Civil Disobedience Movement Chapter 21 - Congress Rule in Provinces UNIT 8 - TOWARDS FREEDOM AND PARTITION (1939– 1947) Chapter 22 Nationalist Response in the Wake of World War II Chapter 23 Quit India Movement, Demand for Pakistan, and the INA Chapter 24 Post-War National Scenario Chapter 25 Independence with Partition UNIT 9 - INDIA UNDER BRITISH RULE: GOVERNANCE AND OTHER ASPECTS Chapter 26 - Constitutional, Administrative, and Judicial Developments Chapter 27 - Survey of British Policies in India Chapter 28 - Economic Impact of British Rule in India Chapter 29 - Development of Indian Press Chapter 30 - Development of Education Chapter 31 - Peasant Movements 1857–1947 Chapter 32 - The Movement of the Working Class UNIT 10 - INDEPENDENCE AND AFTER Chapter 33 Challenges before the Newborn Nation Chapter 34 - The Indian States Chapter 35 - Making of the Constitution for India APPENDICES 1. Personalities Associated with Specific Movements Swadeshi Movement Non-cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement Quit India Movement 2. Governors-General and Viceroys of India: Significant Events in their Rule 3. Indian National Congress Annual Sessions 4. Socio-Religious Reform Movements (late 18th to mid-20th century) 5. Famous Trials of the Nationalist Period 6. Caste Movements 7. Peasant Movements 8. Newspapers and Journals  1600: Royal Charter forms the East India Company, setting in motion a process that ultimately results in the subjugation of India under British rule. 1605: Akbar the Great dies at age 63. His son Jahangir succeeds him as fourth Mughal Emperor. 1613-14: British East India Company sets up trading post at Surat. 1615-18: Mughals grant Britain right to trade and establish factories in exchange for English navy's protection of the Mughal Empire, which faces Portuguese sea power. 1647: Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal in Agra beside Yamuna River. Its construction has taken 20,000 laborers 15 years, at a total cost equivalence of US$25 million. 1751: Robert Clive, age 26, seizes Arcot in modern Tamil Nadu as French and British fight for control of South India. 1761: Afghan army of Ahmad Shah Durrani routs Hindu Maratha forces at Panipat, ending Maratha hegemony in North India. 1764: British defeat the weak Mughal Emperor to become rulers of Bengal, richest province of India.  1835: Civil service jobs in India are opened to Indians. 1835: Macaulay's Minute furthers Western education in India. English is made official government and court language. 1857: First Indian Revolution, called the Sepoy Mutiny, ends in a few months with the fall of Delhi and Lucknow. 1876: British Queen Victoria (1819-1901), head of Church of England, is proclaimed Empress of India (1876-1901). 1885: A group of middle-class intellectuals in India, some of them British, found the Indian National Congress to be a voice of Indian opinion to the British government. This was the origin of the later Congress Party. 1896: Nationalist leader, Marathi scholar Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1857-1920) initiates Ganesha Visarjana and Sivaji festivals to fan Indian nationalism. He is first to demand complete independence, Purna Svaraj, from Britain. 1947: India gains independence from Britain August 15. Expansion and Was the British Conquest Consolidation of British Power in India Accidental or Intentional?  year 1740, when the Anglo- When did the British French struggle for Period Begin in India? supremacy in India began 1757, when the British defeated the Nawab of Bengal at Plassey, as the designated date 1761, the year of the Third Battle of Panipat when the Marathas were defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali,  Superior Arms, Military, and Strategy Better Military Discipline and Regular Causes of British Salary Success in India Civil Discipline and Fair Selection System Brilliant Leadership and Support of Second-Line Leaders - Clive, Warren Hastings, Elphinstone, Munro, Marquess of Dalhousie, etc., displayed rare qualities of leadership. The English also had the advantage of a long list of secondary leaders like Sir Eyre Coote, Lord Lake, and Arthur Wellesley, who fought not for the leader but for the cause and the glory of their country Strong Financial Backup Nationalist Pride British Conquest of Bengal Bengal on the Eve of British Conquest Bengal, the richest province of the Mughal Empire included present-day Bangladesh, and its Nawab had authority over the region constituting present-day states of Bihar and Odisha. Exports from Bengal to Europe consisted of raw products such as saltpetre, rice, indigo, pepper, sugar, silk, cotton textiles, handicrafts, etc. The Company paid a sum of Rs 3,000 (£ 350) per annum to the Mughal emperor who allowed them to trade freely in Bengal. In contrast, the Company's exports from Bengal were worth more than £ 50,000 per annum. Between 1757 and 1765, the power gradually got transferred from the Nawabs of Bengal to the British.  British Occupation of Bengal THE beginnings of British political sway over India may be traced to the battle of Plassey in 1757, when the English East India Company ‟s forces defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal. The earlier British struggle with the French in South India had been but a dress rehearsal. The lessons learnt there were profitably applied in Bengal. Bengal was the most fertile and the richest of India‟s provinces. Its industries and commerce were well developed. As has been noted earlier, the East India Company and its servants had highly profitable trading interests in the province. The Company had secured valuable privileges in 1717 under a royal farman by the Mughal Emperor, which had granted the Company the freedom to export and import their goods in Bengal without paying taxes and the right to issue passes or dastaks for the movement of such goods. The Company‟s servants were also permitted to trade but were not covered by this farman. They were required to pay the same taxes as Indian merchants. This farman was a perpetual source of conflict between the Company and the Nawabs of Bengal. For one, it meant loss of revenue to the Bengal Government. Secondly, the power to issue dastaks for the Company‟s goods was misused by the Company ‟s servants to evade taxes on their private trade. All the Nawabs of Bengal, from Murshid Quli Khan to Alivardi Khan, had objected to the English interpretation of the farman of 1717. They had compelled the Company to pay lump sums to their treasury, and firmly suppressed the misuse of dastaks. The. Company had been compelled to accept the authority of the Nawabs in the matter, but its servants had taken every opportunity to evade and defy this authority  Alivardi Khan and the English In 1741, Alivardi Khan, the Deputy Governor of Bihar, killed the Nawab of Bengal Sarfaraz Khan in a battle and certified his position as the new Subahdar of Bengal. He died in April 1756 and was succeeded by his grandson, Siraj-ud-daula. Challenges Before Siraj-ud-daula There was a dominant group in his court comprising Jagat Seth, Omichand, Rai Ballabh, Rai Durlabh and others who were opposed to him. To these internal rivals were added the threat to Siraj's position from the ever- growing commercial activity of the English company. Impulsive by nature and lacking experience, Siraj felt insecure, and this prompted him to act in ways which proved counterproductive. The Battle of Plassey Black Hole Tragedy Siraj-ud-daulah is believed to have imprisoned 146 English persons who were lodged in a very tiny room due to which 123 of them died of suffocation. The Battle, the arrival of a strong force under the command of Robert Clive forged a secret alliance with the traitors of the nawab— Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh, Jagat Seth (an influential banker of Bengal) and Omichand. Under the deal, Mir Jafar was to be made the nawab who in turn would reward the Company for its services. So the English victory in the Battle of Plassey (June 23, 1757) was decided before the battle was even fought. Siraj-ud-daula was captured and murdered by the order of Mir Jafar’s son, Miran. Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal. He gave large sums of money plus the zamindari of 24 Parganas to the English. The Battle of Plassey had political significance for it laid the foundation of the British empire in India, it has been rightly regarded as the starting point of British rule in India. The battle established the military supremacy of the English in Bengal. Mir Kasim and the Treaty of 1760 Mir Kasim, the son-in-law of Mir Jafar, and the Company was signed in 1760 Important features of the treaty were as follows: (i) Mir Kasim agreed to pay off the outstanding dues to the Company. (ii) Mir Kasim promised to pay a sum of rupees five lakh towards financing the Company's war efforts in southern India. (iii) It was agreed that Mir Kasim's enemies were the company's enemies, and his friends, the company’s friends. (iv) It was agreed that tenants of the nawab’s territory would not be allowed to settle in the lands of the Company, and vice-versa. A pension of Rs 1,500 per annum was fixed for Mir Jafar. Mir Kasim shifted the capital from Murshidabad to Munger in Bihar. The move was taken to allow a safe distance from the Company at Calcutta. The Battle of Buxar Prelude to the Battle By an imperial Farman, the English company had obtained the right to trade in Bengal without paying transit dues or tolls. The combined armies of Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Awadh, and Shah Alam II were defeated by the English forces under Major Hector Munro at Buxar on October 22, 1764, in a closely contested battle. The victory made the English a great power in northern India and contenders for supremacy over the whole country. After the battle, Mir Jafar, who was made Nawab in 1763 agreed to hand over the districts of Midnapore, Burdwan, and Chittagong to the English for the maintenance of their army. The Treaty of Allahabad Robert Clive concluded two important treaties at Allahabad in August 1765—one with the Nawab of Awadh and the other with the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II. Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula agreed to: (i) Surrender Allahabad and Kara to Emperor Shah Alam II. (ii) Pay Rs. 50 lakh to the Company as war indemnity and (iii) Give Balwant Singh, Zamindar of Banaras, full possession of his estate. Shah Alam II agreed to: (i) Reside at Allahabad, to be ceded to him by the Nawab of Awadh, under the Company’s protection. (ii) Issue a Farman granting the Diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the East India Company instead of an annual payment of Rs. 26 lakh and (iii) A provision of Rs. 53 lakh to the Company in return for nizamat functions (military defence, police, and administration of justice) of the said provinces. Dual Government in Bengal (1765–72) Dual Government in Bengal (1765-72) Robert Clive introduced the dual system of government, i.e., the rule of the two—the Company and the Nawab—in Bengal in which both the Diwani, i.e., collecting revenues, and Nizamat, i.e., police and judicial functions, came under the control of the company. The Company exercised Diwani rights as the diwan and the Nizamat rights through its right to nominate the deputy subahdar. The Company acquired the Diwani functions from the emperor and Nizamat functions from the subahdar of Bengal. The dual system led to an administrative breakdown and proved disastrous for the people of Bengal.