Extra Credit #4 PDF

1. “Tariff of Abominations” Congress passed a high tariff in 1828 to protect Northern state industries from imports. However, this tariff made foreign products expensive for Southern states, so the Southern states called it an “abomination.” 2. Tariff of 1832 A slightly reduced version of the Tariff...

1. “Tariff of Abominations” Congress passed a high tariff in 1828 to protect Northern state industries from imports. However, this tariff made foreign products expensive for Southern states, so the Southern states called it an “abomination.” 2. Tariff of 1832 A slightly reduced version of the Tariff of Abominations but failed to address Southern states’ grievances. It was still high enough to anger the Southern states. 3. Compromise Tariff of 1833 Crafted by Henry Clay, this compromise wanted to reduce the tariff rate over ten years. This compromise resolved the nullification crisis. 4. Ordinance of Nullification Passed by South Carolina in 1832, this ordinance was declared null and voided within the state borders. South Carolina also threatened to withdraw from the Union if Congress decided to enforce the tariff inside South Carolina. 5. Nullification Proclamation Passed by President Andrew Jackson in 1832, this proclamation rejected South Carolina’s nullification and threatened to use force if South Carolina did not comply with the tariff and federal laws. 6. Specie Circular (1836) An order passed by President Jackson in 1836 required that all land purchases be made in gold or silver rather than paper money. This order caused land prices to fall, banks to fail, infrastructures to close down, and unemployment to spread. 7. Independent Treasury Act (1840) This act created an independent treasury system apart from the private banks for the federal government to store funds. This act was repealed in 1841 but repassed in 1846. 8. Manifest Destiny A belief that Americans believed that the US should spread across the continent and spread democracy and capitalism to the Pacific Ocean. First appeared in a magazine that supported the annexation of Texas. 9. Oregon Trail A two-thousand-mile-long route that begins at Independence, Missouri, and ends in Oregon. Around five thousand Americans migrated using this route by 1845. 10. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) This treaty stated that Mexico recognized Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas and that Mexico also ceded New Mexico and Upper California to the US. This treaty ended the Mexican War. 11. Gadsden Purchase (1853) US minister James Gadsden purchased a strip of land ranging from the southern border of New Mexico and Arizona from Mexico. This purchase cost the US ten million dollars and completed the present boundary between the US and Mexico. 12. South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) Written by John C. Calhoun, it was against the Tariff of Abominations. This text outlined the nullification of the tariff and protested that states could reject federal laws they deemed unconstitutional. 13. Missouri Compromise (1820) This compromise admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. It also prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 degrees 30. This compromise resulted from Missouri's request to become a slave state, while Maine requested to become a free state after splitting from Massachusetts. 14. Compromise of 1850 This compromise provided that California would be a free state, and the Utah and New Mexico territories would decide whether to become an enslaved person or a free state. It also provided that slave trading was prohibited in Washington, DC. Under this compromise, Texas gave up parts of New Mexico for ten million dollars. It also passed a new law to help enslavers retrieve their runaway slaves. 15. Fugitive Slave Law (1850) This law placed fugitive slave cases under the jurisdiction of the federal government and empowered special commissioners to issue warrants against runaway slaves. It authorized the commisioners rights to deputize citizens to assist in the arrest. Lastly, it imposed fines and jail on those who refused the arrest and those who did not assist in the arrest. 16. Dred Scott Decision (1857) Dred Scott, an enslaved person who sued for his freedom after staying in a free state for a few years, was declared an enslaved person and not a citizen. Since enslaved people were properties, then it was the owner’s freedom to enslave people into any territory of the US. This decision made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, as Congress had no right to prohibit slavery in US territories. 17. Fort Sumter On April 12, 1861, the first shot of the Civil War was shot by the Confederacy toward Fort Sumter. This fort was one of the few forts controlled by the Federal government in the South, and the first shot happened when Lincoln sent a ship to deliver supplies to the Fort. 18. John Brown An abolitionist who led a raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. He intends to start a slave rebellion. 19. Robert E. Lee Southern commander of the Confederacy stationed in northern Virginia. 20. Ulysses S. Grant Union general that was brought in from the West Coast to match Robert E. Lee. 21. C.S.S. Virginia A Confederacy ship that threatened the plans of the Union. This ship encountered the USS Monitor in the Battle of Hampton to compete for the advantage in naval forces. 22. U.S.S. Monitor The Union ship that encountered CSS Virginia in the Battle of Hampton. 23. First Battle of Bull Run The first significant battle in the Civil War ended with the Union’s defeat. This defeat led Lincoln to focus on good military leadership and better soldier training. This battle also set the scale of the Civil War. 24. Battle of Vicksburg This battle ended with the Union’s victory. This victory gave the Union control over the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy into two parts. 25. Battle of Gettysburg This battle was a turning point in the war that marked the Confederacy’s last attempt to push the war onto Union soil. This battle happened in Pennsylvania, where Robert E. Lee led the Confederacy.