Renaissance to French Revolution Study Guide - Midterm

Study Guide: Renaissance to French Revolution ________________ Renaissance Key Concepts: 1. Humanism: Focused on the study of classical Greek and Roman manuscripts and emphasized individualism. 2. Secularism: "Worldly" (non-religious), a core Renaissance value. 3. Perspective in Art: Allo...

Study Guide: Renaissance to French Revolution ________________ Renaissance Key Concepts: 1. Humanism: Focused on the study of classical Greek and Roman manuscripts and emphasized individualism. 2. Secularism: "Worldly" (non-religious), a core Renaissance value. 3. Perspective in Art: Allowed artists to depict three-dimensional objects on flat surfaces. Key Figures: * Machiavelli: Author of The Prince. Known for "the ends justify the means" and "it is better to be feared than loved." * Johann Gutenberg: Invented the Printing Press. Important Locations: * Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance, ruled by the Medici family. Questions: 1. Explain why Machiavelli believed it was better for a leader to be feared than loved. 2. How did the invention of the printing press influence the spread of Renaissance ideas? 3. What does the term "secular" mean, and how does it relate to the Renaissance? ________________ Reformation Key Events: 1. 95 Theses by Martin Luther: Challenged church practices, sparking the Protestant Reformation. 2. Peace of Augsburg (1555): Allowed princes to choose the religion of their lands. 3. Counter-Reformation: The Catholic Church's response to the Reformation to address corruption. Key Figures: * Martin Luther: Led the Reformation. * John Calvin: Preached predestination. * Henry VIII: Created the Anglican Church. Questions: 4. How did Martin Luther’s 95 Theses challenge the Catholic Church? 5. What role did the Peace of Augsburg play in religious changes during the Reformation? 6. Why did Henry VIII establish the Anglican Church, and what impact did this have on England? ________________ Age of Exploration Key Events: 1. Christopher Columbus: Landed in the Caribbean in 1492. 2. Treaty of Tordesillas: Divided new lands between Spain and Portugal. 3. Hernando Cortes: Conquered the Aztec Empire. Labor Systems: * Encomienda System: A cheap labor source in Spanish colonies. * Africans: Preferred over Native Americans due to disease resistance and lack of local allies. Questions: 7. What was the encomienda system, and how did it benefit the Spanish colonies? 8. Why were Africans chosen as a labor source in the Americas instead of Native Americans? 9. How did the Treaty of Tordesillas resolve disputes between Spain and Portugal? ________________ Scientific Revolution Key Concepts: 1. Scientific Method: Based on observation and experimentation. 2. Galileo Galilei: Supported heliocentrism and used telescopes for astronomical observations. 3. Isaac Newton: Discovered gravity. Questions: 10. How did Galileo’s discoveries challenge the Church's teachings? 11. What is the scientific method, and how did it change the way people conducted research? 12. Explain how Isaac Newton’s discovery of gravity impacted scientific thought. ________________ Enlightenment Key Ideas: * John Locke: Advocated natural rights (life, liberty, property). Questions: 13. What are natural rights according to John Locke, and why are they important? ________________ Monarchs of Europe Key Events: 1. Glorious Revolution: Created a limited monarchy in England. 2. Thirty Years' War: Divided the Holy Roman Empire into 360 separate states. Key Figures: * Peter the Great: Modernized Russia, building a navy and professional army. Questions: 14. What type of government did the Glorious Revolution establish in England, and how did it limit the monarchy? 15. What were Peter the Great’s main accomplishments, and how did they transform Russia? ________________ French Revolution Key Events: 1. Tennis Court Oath: Vowed to create a constitution for France. 2. Storming of the Bastille: Sparked the revolution. Key Figures: * Maximilien Robespierre: Led the Reign of Terror. * Napoleon Bonaparte: Overthrew the Directory and became Emperor. Questions: 16. What was the purpose of the Tennis Court Oath, and why was it significant? 17. How did the Storming of the Bastille symbolize the start of the French Revolution? 18. Explain how Napoleon’s rise to power ended the French Revolution and led to his control of France. 19. What strategy did the Russians use to defeat Napoleon’s army, and why was it effective?