History 1812F Exam Review PDF

History 1812F Exam Review The Renaissance 1300 to 1550/1600 Rise of Italian culture Importance of the classics Italian city-states as the main center of the cultural growth Florence: - Wide belief next powerful civilization would hail from Italy - Draw s...

History 1812F Exam Review The Renaissance 1300 to 1550/1600 Rise of Italian culture Importance of the classics Italian city-states as the main center of the cultural growth Florence: - Wide belief next powerful civilization would hail from Italy - Draw scholars from all over Renaissance Art - Naturalism - Depth and perspective - Religious and classical subject matter - Growth of portraits - Nudity and art Humanism: Humanism centered in Northern Italy to start Started to dabble in religious politics - Growing calls to go back to the texts and in turn, questioning Church teachings Northern Humanism: sought to reform society by applying humanist ideals to religious contexts, advocating for moral improvement and spiritual renewal. Printing Press: a device that allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter. - Growth throughout Europe - Now more could read classics and other works - Church monopoly on knowledge challenged Martin Luther October 31, 1517, he displayed his “Ninety-Five Theses or Disputations on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences” Sacramental confession not enough He is not looking to split the church! He wanted to raise questions and start a discussion with Pope. Response; 95 Theses reprinted throughout Germanic lands, and he starts to gain a large audience. o Edict of Worms: Charles condemns Luther, banning him from preaching, protestants vs Catholics.  The Protestant Reformation - Martin Luther - Edict of Worms/Charles V John Calvin/Calvinism: - He taught that God determined before all-time who would be eternally saved and who would be condemned to hell. - Wins many over and is similar in some terms to Lutheranism. Catholic Counter Reformation: Council of Trent - Charles V urges for a reforming council of the Church - Goals: Define church dogma & reform Catholic Church - Results; Standardized requirements for clergy, Clarified Church positions and centralized papal authority, ends indulgences, Growing focus on morality, Increased role of women. The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Medieval ideas: Aristotle argued that items needed an “active mover” to move, God was the active mover of the universe, and Four elements: earth, water, fire and air. Nicolas Copernicus - Noticed different moving speeds and non-spherical movement of celestial bodies. - Finds that Earth revolves around the sun, roughly once every 365 days. Tyco Branch and Johannes Kepler - Brahe charts positions of stars and planets, and Kepler takes over his work after Brahe’s death. - Kepler develops laws of planetary motion, which Removes God as “first mover”. Galileo Galilei: He was the first to report telescopic observations of the mountains on the moon, - Argued Copernican heliocentrism ran counter to Biblical passages. - It was banned by some Roman inquisitions. Summary  Scientists were starting to challenge long-held beliefs, And many ideas were not accepted till a century later. Rene Descartes - Rationalism - I think therefore i am - Mathematics as rules of the Universe Isaac Newton More focus on empiricism Develops classical mechanics in physics o Laws of motion Protestant regions tended to lead in the Scientific Revolution. The Enlightenment: Was an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith. - Role of Hobbes and Locke - Concept of “enlightened absolutism” o Focus on reforming society to better their citizens o Developing the rule of law The Glorius Revolution Charles II - Allowed parliament to operate freely - Focused on Religious tolerance - Deal with Louis XIV, promised to convert to Catholicism at later date Concerns over his Heir - James II, Charles’ brother - But concerns of male heir with Mary of Modena - Charles II dies in February 1685, Converts to Catholicism on his deathbed - James II rises to throne James II - Willing to be an absolute monarch now in power - Placed Catholics in his military and high roles. - Used legal system to support his efforts, William of Orange  Group of Tories and Whigs invite William of Orange and Mary, James’ daughter, to take over Britain 400 ships, 20 000 men cross English Channel in early November 1688 James tries to flee. William III and Mary II – The revolutionary Settlement - William III and Mary II both named King. - Bill of Rights, 1689 - Freedom of speech in parliament - Parliamentary regularly called. - Toleration act John Locke: as an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers - Social contract theory; everyone has the right to defend their life, property, etc... - Took issue with the divine right of kings - Influenced Britain and American politics. American Revolution Seven years' war - 10 000 regular British troops stationed to protect territory, and they typically looked down on colonists. Continuing fallout; Sugar Act 1764 − Tariffs on sugar and molasses − Some things had to go through Britain for trade. − Increased paperwork. Stamp Act 1765 - Sought to raise money to pay for this army through a tax on all legal and official papers and publications circulating in the colonies. Developing American Philosophy - John Locke - Growing thoughts of British leaders as corrupt. Boston Massacre of 1770  - On March 5, 1770, seven British soldiers fired into a crowd of volatile Bostonians, killing five, wounding another six, and angering an entire colony. Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773) - 340 chests of tea were destroyed in Boston Harbour, an event that has gone down in history as the Boston Tea Party. This political and mercantile protest was one of the key events in the lead up to the American Revolutionary War and, ultimately, American independence. - Coercive acts; were a series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party. The continental Congress Delegates from twelve colonies meet in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774 In 1776: o Massachusetts already in revolt o Rhode Island declared independence May 1776 o Fear of major cities as battlegrounds in NY or Pennsylvania o North Carolina and Virginia support independence July 2, 1776 – United States of America formed by Continental Congressional approval The U.S Constitution: Constitution signed on September 17, 1787 - Three branches of government, checks and balances, amendment system. The French Revolution Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette Estates General - Not called since 1614 Storming of Bastille Revolution Louis XVI agrees to National Assembly reluctantly Revolutionaries replace office-holders and end privileges The Great Fear – July 20 to August 6 - Violence against royalists and nobles  Tricolour – symbol of the revolution The October days (the women's march on Versailles) - October Days lead to Louis XVI and royal family to live in the Tuileries Palace The Montagnards - Led by Maximillien Robespierre - Supported lower classes. Reign of Terror Starting Autumn 1793, some 16 000 killed by guillotine Why? o war, betrayal and fear of counter-revolution Robespierre’s Ascendant Robespierre attacks first o March 1794 – Hebert and supporters arrested, accused of being a “foreign faction” ▪ Executed 24 March 1794 o Late March – Danton and supporters, arrested for embezzlement ▪ Show trial, Danton not allowed to speak at his defense o Committee of Public Safety under Robespierre develops into a dictatorship The Consulate Consulate o Napoleon named First Consul o 15 December 1799 – new constitution, largely drawn up by Napoleon o Tribunate and Legislative Assembly – neither directly elected; later loses legislative power o Constitutional Plebiscite on 7 February 1800 ▪ Wins 3 million to 1 562 o 1802 – Napoleon named consul for life and could name successor Dictatorship with Napoleon at head The Haitian revolution Context - French colony since 1659  - Role of slavery - People of color mostly enslaved - Growing desire to gain equal rights to white population. - White population responds with fear and attack the black population while using them. Toussaint Louverture - Joined black effort, and abolition gaining steam in France. - was a leader in the Haitian independence movement during the French rev. - He worked to improve the economy and security of Saint Domingue. Revolution 29 August 1793 – Sonthonax and Polverel abolish slavery February 1794 – French National Convention agrees to end slavery in its empire All Black men were now citizens - Louveture becomes leader of Black movement. The Louverturian State Still a colony with Toussaint Louverture in charge, at least at first White population remained involved in government; free people of colour in military Rebuilding economy; building schools and courts tended to be authoritarian o Believes colony needs to be rebuilt and economically viable to maintain new system Toussaint’s Clause Napoleonic Invasion of Haiti o French send 80 000 troops between February 1802 and November 1803 o Louverture tricked into surrendering ▪ Arrested and dies in jail in 1803 End of 1803, Rochambeau surrenders 50 000 French soldiers died; Haitian casualties unknown Independence Haiti officially forms to start 1804 Haitian Constitution of 1805 o All Haitians defined as “Black” o Ends slavery permanently o Some limitations on white population Industrial Revolution - Starts in England - Due to the English agricultural revolution, and an increase in population. The Agriculture Revolution Charles Townshend – Norfolk four course system (more money to put into manufacturing). - European population grows from 120 million to 190 million Industrial Revolution - Development of smelting iron ore into cast iron - Spinning Jenny - Spinning Frame Rise in Factories - growth or ironworks and textile mills - More buildings/many homes built. Rise of the Railway - 1830-1850 British railway boom - Changes in eating habits (food travels farther) - More investment - The Steamship Consequences - London and many other cities (e.g, NY doubles) grow by millions. - People moved to cities looking for food and opportunities - Lack of running water - Sanitation issues - Crime occurs - Creates Opportunities; although this leads to; - Sex work - Child labor - Dangerous and poor conditions - Standards dropped for skilled work The Russian Revolutions (1905, 1917): 1905 - Russian Revolution of 1905, uprising that was instrumental in convincing Tsar Nicholas II to attempt the transformation of the Russian government from an autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. Tsar Alexander II - In 1861 Alexander II freed all serfs (over 23 million people) in a major agrarian reform - He is then assassinated 1905; o Soldiers open fire, killing 200, wounding 800 ▪ Leads to workers no longer being loyal to Tsar After 1905; - Nicolas affirms autocratic rule, becomes Tsar. - Some possible problems include; o Any losses could be directly pinned on the tsar o Nicholas is away from Petrograd (the capital) and communication was inconsistent o Empress Alexandra Feodorovna in charge 1917 February revolution - 200 000 strikers take control of Petrograd, joined by students; - Soldiers called in; they join the strikes by March 1 - Nicholas II forced to abdicate on March 2, 1917 - Provisional Government formed Continued - Provisional government continues Russian war effort - Although there's a Growing anti-war sentiment in Russia The Bolsheviks Lenin returns to Russia in April 1917 They try to take advantage of the current situation in Russias government - Use slogans to portray to the audience The Bolshevik Revolution - October 24-25, 1917 (O.S.) o Loyal Bolshevik soldiers takes key parts of Petrograd o Uprising against Provisional Government o Lenin returns to Smolny Institute to guide revolution o “Storming of the Winter Palace” Russian Civil War - Red Army vs. White Army o White Army ▪ Variety of interests ▪ Pro-Tsardom, Pro-Republic, Anti-Bolsheviks ▪ Backed by the Entente Forces (Allied Intervention) Turn to Terror 4.7 million people killed, from war or disease Bolsheviks win o Whites poorly organized; Bolsheviks control rail lines and communications First Communist state Lenin’s Health - Assassination attempted on Lenin - Suffers from headaches - Has a stroke - Dies on January 21, 1924. Stalin - Feud with Trotsky - Named general Secretary in 1922 and strategically puts people in place who will support his actions. - Declares himself successor and becomes leader - New Economic policy – He then Moves away from this and incorporates harsh measures The First 5-year plan - Collectivization and Industrialization - Collectivize countryside to feed workers and fund industrialization - Goal: “revolutionize” countryside; also easier to collect grain from collective farms - Use of Gulag o Use forced labour to work for the state The great terror - Initial reaction to Kirov assassination – round up any remaining White Army affiliates and focus on ousted party members - Focus on “social health” o Targeting homelessness, alcoholism, theft, hooliganism o “clean up” the Soviet Union  - Stalin plays leading role, as he wants to gain confidence back. - Creates chaos Chinese Revolution - May Fourth Movement - Anti-imperialist, calls for Chinese strength - Part of New Culture Movement - End of traditional family, Western culture - Many future communist members turn to Bolshevik Revolution as solution (such as Mao Zedong). - Student Protests – May 4,1919 Mao Zedong - October 1, 1949 (CCP takes Power). They won the civil war. - Taking inspiration from 1920s Soviet economy. Base future of China of the Soviets/Bolsheviks. Chinese Collectivization Starts in 1954 Resistance in 1955 – CCP pull back Mao, however, demands quicker pace By 1957, most of country is collectivized Hundred Flowers Movement (Mao announces this) Mao allows open criticism of the revolution thus far in early 1957 Intellectual leaders feel they are hindered, attack regime and its oppression Mao responds with Anti-Rightist Campaign  Cut out “poisonous weeds”  500 000 identified as “rightists” and exiled or sent for manual labour Debate over whether repression was planned ahead of time or response to harsh criticism Maoism as “anti-intellectual” Ninth Party Congress  Mao Zedong Thought affirmed  Lin Biao named successor  Mao supporters gain  Zhou Enlai told to fix matters “ten years of catastrophe” Decolonization as Revolution Decolonization “withdrawal of colonial rule” Algeria Decolonization in North Africa French-controlled 1.2 million French citizens in Algeria; 300 000 in Morocco; 200 000 in Tunisia Algeria the only colony of the three Importance of exploitation of colonized Significant use of violence by national movement and French 1957 – French employ particularly brutal methods against Algerians Charles de Gaulle Charles de Gaulle named premier on May 29, 1958  Demanded emergency powers for six months and then a new constitution De Gaulle took advantage of his military past while trying to wind down war in Algeria March 1962 – Evian accords end Algeria war with independence on 5 July 1962 The Iranian Revolution British influence following collapse of Ottoman Empire Growing coalition of secular, leftist, and religious forces around Khomeini Begins in January 1978  Students and young people protest newspaper attack of Khomeini Cycle of violence Martial law – September 8 Continued protests for remainder of year Religious leaders remove other ideologies from leadership Move to Islamic law The Civil Rights Movements of the 1950s-1970s Segregation and Jim Crow  - Jim Crow laws become entrenched in the United States - Segregated Black Americans from White Americans Changes in the Fight for Black Rights in the United States Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court rules segregation of public schools “inherently unequal” Violence used by whites to enforce segregation Rosa Parks- Montgomery Bus Boycott Violence and Black Civil Rights - Use of television to expose violence against Black Americans Civil Rights Movement in the 1960’s - Martin Luther King John F. Kennedy assassinated on November 22, 1963 o Civil Rights Act, 1964 All private businesses had to serve all peoples End of segregation Malcom X Black Panther Movement - Nation of Islam Malcolm X  Believed Black people should defend themselves by any means necessary. Civil Rights Act of 1968 Following Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination, riots spread  Black community angry at his death  100 cities  Civil Rights Act of 1968 passed in this context  Hate crimes  Fair Housing Act  Anti-Riot Act