History Review PDF

Chana Bryski BS”D History Review ❖ Woodrow Wilson President during WW1 Started the 14 points. The war made him very old, had slurred speech + sick. ❖ Warren Harding Very hand...

Chana Bryski BS”D History Review ❖ Woodrow Wilson President during WW1 Started the 14 points. The war made him very old, had slurred speech + sick. ❖ Warren Harding Very handsome – was popular with the ladies – caused him to come into office even though he wasn’t the greatest choice of a president. Very corrupt His wife groomed him to become president because she wanted a part of the political world but couldn't because she was a woman. Teapot Dome Scandal – secretary of the Interior (Albert Falls) accepts a bribe – allows oil companies to drill in public land – he was arrested – Harding is in trouble – this happened in Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Washington Naval Conference – All navies agreed not to start a war – peace. Died in office. ❖ Calvin Coolidge Vice president of Harding took over after he died. They respected lawyers, were honest, and restored dignity to the white house. “Nothing is achieved without effort.” “The business of America is business”. – he concentrated on business = money. Immigration act Revenue Act – cut taxes for the wealthy. Farm Relief bill – he vetoed it. Indian Citizenship of 1924 ❖ Herbert Hoover Promised to end poverty. Humanitarian – saved orphans by Boxer rebellion Individualism He was an engineer, self-made billionaire. President during the start of the great depression ❖ Franklin Roosevelt “A new deal for America”. “The only thing to fear is fear itself”. Gave out government jobs to help with the depression – Relief + Recovery + Reform. He was a great communicator – they started the Fire Side Chats on the radio – talking to people about the country – and was very involved – everyone listened to him. Democrat, wealthy, part of the navy, and governor of NY. Chana Bryski BS”D He got polio at age 39 when swimming, in a wheelchair for the rest of his life. He married his cousin Eleanor – well-liked – she was the hands and feet of the president – a public figure and part of the UN. Unhappy childhood Strong belief in national service ❖ Harry Truman Came from a poor society, was a farmer. If he wanted something, he would figure out a way to get it – he wanted to be a pilot but had bad eye vision and, with connections, still gets in. He was in love with a girl; she didn’t want to marry him because he was a farmer, so he tried to get into the political world and became a judge. She marries him. He was an “accidental person” and didn’t really belong there; people made fun of him because he came from a different society. Truman was FDR’s Vice President and became President when he died. He ended WW2 by dropping nuclear bombs on Japan – leads him into leadership. ❖ Prohibition (Amendment 18 + 21) Amendment 18 ▪ Prohibition of alcohol – caused a lot of violence. Amendment 21 ▪ Repealed the 18th Amendment because of the violence it caused. Also, to be able to tax alcohol so the government can get extra money during the great depression. ❖ Suffrage (Amendment 19) Granted women's suffrage. ❖ Amendment 20 It established that the president's term ends after 4 years on January 20th at 12 pm. ❖ Imperialism and Colonialism during WW1 and WW2 WW1 ▪ European powers used colonies for resources, troops, and strategic purposes. Post-war, German and Ottoman territories were redistributed under mandates. WW2 ▪ Imperial ambitions (like Japan and Germany) drove conflict. Colonies supported war efforts, but the war weakened colonial powers, leading to post-war decolonization. ❖ Democracy: Direct and Representative Direct Democracy ▪ Directly from the people Representative Democracy ▪ a government where citizens elect officials to make decisions and laws on their behalf. ❖ Communism Chana Bryski BS”D A system where all property is shared, and people work together to meet everyone's needs equally, without classes or private ownership. The U.S. is extremely opposed to this idea – they tried containing it during the 1940s- 1960s when the USSR was in power. ❖ Nativism Ideology that prioritizes your native culture over others. Like immigrants. U.S. Nativism is the belief that people from foreign countries aren’t loyal to the U.S. ❖ Father Coughlin He was a demagogue – a person who plays on your fears – half true – scammers. He got fired because he said he hated FDR. ❖ Louis Brandeis He was a U.S. Supreme Court judge from 1916 to 1939 and the first Jewish person on the Court. He worked to protect people's rights, supported free speech, and fought against big businesses controlling too much. ❖ What is a Modern Society New normalcies and fun things to do led to differences between traditional and modern societies. Strong belief in absolute value. Progressivism – the troubled world can be improved through science, technology, and laws. ❖ Jazz Age Jazz represented freedom and social age. It was a time of booming nightlife, flapper culture, and artistic expression, reflecting the energy and change of the post-World War I period and economic prosperity. The Harlem Renaissance was a literary/musical/artistic movement which expressed the New Negro. Jazz was heavily incorporated into their society. The Lost Generation ▪ After WW1, soldiers came back wounded, limbs missing, face burnt, etc. – there were no jobs for them. ▪ Everyone was pretty much down in spirits. ▪ People questioned authority. ❖ Red Scare 1 When the U.S. blamed things on communism. Palmer Raids ▪ Bombs went off on Wall Street by Anarchists, and they shot into the crowd. ▪ Bombs were sent in the mail to lawmakers. ▪ Attorney General Palmer went on raids, arresting these radicals because he thought the communists would attack. ▪ He arrested 10 – 20,000 people (mostly immigrants) and deported 500 people. Nativism Chana Bryski BS”D ▪ The U.S. favored protecting the interests of Native-born Americans over immigrants due to fears of communism. ▪ This led to the Immigration Act of 1924. Strikes ▪ Many strikes during this time were blamed on Communism because communism advocated for workers to overthrow owners with violence. Red Summer ▪ In Chicago, by a segregated beach, a black kid by mistake went on the white's side, and they beat him to death. ▪ This causes Race Riots by white supremacists – widespread attacks on blacks leading to deaths and destruction = the KKK. Immigration ▪ The Johnson-Reed Act – only a certain amount of people can enter the country. ▪ Mostly wanted people from Western Europe (Like France, England, Germany, etc.) and didn’t want people from Central and Eastern Europe (Like Russia, Greece, Poland, etc.) due to the fear of communism. ▪ They also allowed Africa because they were under imperialism. ▪ No one from Asia was allowed. ▪ They also allowed Mexico and Latin America ▪ Due to this, most of the population was white and protestant. Sacco and Vanzetti ▪ Someone murdered a wage master in a factory – which resulted in the arrest of 2 Italian immigrants without proper proof that they did it. ▪ The trial was fake, and the world was outraged. ▪ They were executed. ❖ Red Scare 2 Went on for 50 years. During the Cold War. Iron Curtain ▪ USSR blocked itself with countries to protect itself from the U.S. ▪ It was the separation between Democracy and communism – the world was divided. Russian Spies ▪ Alger Hiss – worked for the Times Magazine – found out he was a spy and caught him – only in prison for 4 years. ▪ Ethel and Julius Rosenberg – they were spies, passed on very important information, and were executed. ▪ Joseph McCarthy—a senator from Wisconsin, not so well known, was a public speaker. He told a gathering of senator's wives that there were probably 200 spies in the U.S., and they all freaked out and went to ask their husbands if they were spies. Chana Bryski BS”D ▪ Led to the McCarthy Trials – televised trials where they searched for Russian spies. They blamed everyone, even those who were innocent. Hollywood 10 ▪ A group of producers who were blacklisted and believed to be communist. Loyalty Act ▪ Truman created a program to ensure U.S. government workers were loyal to the U.S. ▪ They had background checks on all government officials. McCarthyism ▪ When Joseph McCarthy led a campaign to root out alleged communists in the U.S. Government. Anti-Russian Sentiment ▪ Refers to hostility, distrust, or prejudice toward Russia, its people, or its policies. In the United States, it was especially strong during the Cold War due to ideological conflicts between capitalism and communism. ❖ Communism in the U.S. Cold War tensions drove intense fear of Communism - Red Scare There were widespread accusations of communist infiltrations in government, entertainment, and other sectors, often without solid evidence. ❖ Agriculture and Food: Farmers, how did food change Many new technologies were formed to help agriculture be more efficient. Processed foods and refrigerators revolutionized food distribution and consumption, making a wider variety of foods available year-round. After WW1, farmers invested and took out loans for agricultural tools + Hybrid seeds made growing easier, and there was too much crop, so the farmers were not making any money and couldn't repay their loans - many lost their farms - (the 1910s- 1920s). ▪ Coolidge and Hoover were very into business, so they did not aid the farmers. ❖ How did money change from the 1920s to the 1950s? In the 1920s, there was economic prosperity and a consumer society. People could afford cars, electricity, and all the new technologies. There was also a major wealth gap during this time, which kept growing. This led to the Great Depression. In the 1930s was The Great Depression, which led to lots of poverty, the abandonment of the gold standard, increased government aid programs like the FDIC (bank insures your money up to a certain amount - makes people start using banks), and SEC (fair play on the stock market) to help stabilize the economy. In the 1940s, WW2 was when the government issued War Bonds and controlled inflation through rationing. In the 1950s, there was post-war prosperity, rise of consumerism, and economic growth. ❖ Shifting role of the U.S. from WW1 to WW2 and Cold War Chana Bryski BS”D Between WW1 and WW2, the U.S. shifted from isolationism to a global superpower. After WW1, the U.S. focused mainly on issues in their own country and nothing international. During WW2, the U.S. emerged as a leader in the Allied victory. After WW2, during the Cold War, it adopted a policy of containment against communism, leading to NATO, the Marshall Plan, etc. ❖ Eleanor Roosevelt Married to FDR Hands and feet of the president Public figure and served in the UN. Very well-liked. ❖ Marc Chagall An artist known for art that had a dreamlike style to it with surrealism and modernism. He was Jewish, fled WW2, and came to America, where he continued to be an artist. ❖ Isolationism A foreign policy where a country avoids any international conflict and alliances, only focuses on themselves. After WW1, the U.S. adopted this policy until they joined the Allied Powers in WW2. ❖ Two and Multi-party System Two Party System ▪ By majority, there is a clear winner: either you lose or you win. Multi-party System ▪ Coalition Consensus - A compromise - Doesn't go according to the majority; the loser still has a minor say. ❖ Authoritarian Government No constitutional rights, no freedom of speech, authority over your life. No responsibility to the Constitution. Putin has this type of government. ❖ Totalitarian Government Extreme control, but it doesn't take over everything, just specific aspects. Example: the one-child policy in China. ❖ Dictatorship Where one person has absolute control over the country Examples: Hitler and Stalin. ❖ Fascism Extreme nationalism The state is more important than individuals. Hitler and Mussolini adopted this idea. ❖ Consumer and Manufacturing Economies Consumer Economy Chana Bryski BS”D ▪ Everyone has a lot of money and can spend it on whatever they want. Manufacturing Economy ▪ Processing raw materials ▪ Lots of factories ▪ Indirect demand ❖ Traditional Economy Lacked electricity, running water, phones. Very religious lifestyles In rural areas, farms ❖ Command Economy The government controls the economy; they determine what to produce, how to produce it, and prices. Most countries during WW2 ran like this, including the U.S. ❖ Market Economy Capitalism - individuals control the economy, and you can own your own business - more variety. ❖ Mixed Economy Individuals and the government have control of the economy - this is what we have now. ❖ Welfare Capitalism When your job provides food, health insurance, cars, electronics, etc. Henry Ford adopted this for his workers and provided housing, education, and car discounts. ❖ John Steinbeck He wrote a novel called “The Grapes of Wrath,” which addressed The Dust Bowl migration - because of dust storms, many people had to migrate to safer areas. ❖ Media: Impact of Media in Society 1920s-1950s In the 1920s, the rise of the radio brought entertainment and news to homes. The media helped promote consumerism, advertisements, jazz, and the “Flapper” lifestyle. In the 1930s, during The Great Depression, radio became a vital source of information with FDR’s Fireside Chats. Newspapers also helped spread stories of hardships, which led to the government's response and aid. In the 1940s, during WW2, radio and newspapers played a big role in spreading wartime propaganda, boosting morale, and promoting nationalism. Also helped keep people in the loop with everything going on in the war. In the 1950s was the rise of television, which brought mass entertainment into homes, influencing everything. Like the televised McCarthy communist investigations - used to shape public opinion. ❖ Technologies Automobiles Chana Bryski BS”D ▪ Henry Ford invented cars and made them affordable for everyone - ankle to pay in installments. ▪ This created a use for gas stations, fast food, billboards, big highways, etc. ▪ Made it easier to live in suburban areas. Electricity ▪ Electricity becomes available in the 1900s. ▪ This allows for urbanization, technological advancements, industrial growth, and communication. Telephone ▪ Became widely used in the 1920s-1930s especially in urban areas. ▪ It improved communication and globalization. Radio ▪ Radio created a common culture and allowed for news, entertainment (especially during the Jazz Age), fireside chats, and advertisements. WW2 Technologies ▪ Developed many things for war and then found new uses for commercial products. ▪ The Radar - used for planes to bomb, now used for cell phones, microwaves, and GPS. ▪ Computers - transistors used for war, now used for phones and laptops. ▪ Medicine - transfusions, skin tissue removal, skin grafts, vaccines, antibiotics, transport. ▪ Insect and vermin control, lice and mice. ▪ Agriculture and food preservation, canned food, and processed foods. ▪ Lightweight metals were used for airplanes. ❖ How did the changing society and social norms impact blacks from WW1 to WW2? Scottsboro Boys ▪ In 1931, the police arrested 9 black teens because 2 white women claimed they sexually harassed them – which wasn't true. ▪ They were all imprisoned except for the 13-year-old. Over time, four of them were released, and the last boy was only released in 1976. ▪ The world was outraged. ▪ They were pardoned in 2013, but they were all already dead. ▪ Shoes major racial tensions during this time. New Deal ▪ There were fewer New Deal jobs for blacks since most New Deal offices were in white neighborhoods, and it was extremely hard to access them and to get jobs. WW2 ▪ Many Blacks were able to serve in the army during WW2. ▪ The Black Eagles – they were a prestigious Air Force unit, very successful. ▪ Many Black women also served in the army. Chana Bryski BS”D Red Summer ▪ When a black kid went on the wrong side of the beach, the whites beat him to death. ▪ This caused major riots and white supremacist groups to go after the blacks, like the KKK. ▪ This made the black's lives extremely difficult. The Great Migration ▪ More than 6 million blacks move from rural areas to urban areas to get jobs at factories and earn more money. ▪ They also moved to the north to escape segregation, which was still harsh in the South. ▪ It was also during WW1, so there was an increase in the need for workers, so many jobs were available for the blacks. The Korean War ▪ There was advanced racial integration in the U.S. military, as Black and white soldiers served together under Truman's desegregation order. ▪ Truman issued this because it was much easier and affordable for all races and ethnicities to be together. So that they wouldn’t have to make separate bathrooms, buses, troops, etc., and everyone could just be together. It made more sense. ❖ How did the shift of women change in the 1920s, 30s, and 40s? The Roaring Twenties brought greater freedom and visibility for women. After gaining the right to vote in 1920 (19th Amendment), women embraced new roles as workers, flappers, and consumers. Social norms relaxed, and more women entered the workforce, though in limited roles. During the Great Depression, women faced job competition and societal pressure to prioritize men's employment. Many worked in low-paying jobs to support families, but traditional gender roles remained dominant. World War II created opportunities as women filled industrial and military roles while men served abroad. They became "Rosie the Riveters," working in factories and other non-traditional jobs. After the war, many women were encouraged to return to domestic roles, but their contributions advanced women's rights and reshaped societal expectations. ❖ What was the role of Mexicans from the early 1900s to 1945? What legislation impacted them? From the early 1900s to 1945, Mexicans played key roles as agricultural and industrial workers in the U.S., especially in the Southwest. They were vital during labor shortages, including during World War II, through programs like the Bracero Program, which brought Mexican laborers to the U.S. temporarily. Immigration Act of 1924 – restricted immigration but didn’t apply to the Mexicans, leading to increased migration. Chana Bryski BS”D Mexican Repatriation – thousands of Mexicans were deported during The Dust Bowl because many Americans had to migrate to California since they lost their homes and came looking for jobs. But the Mexicans were occupying all the agricultural jobs, so the U.S. deported them to give the jobs to the Americans – Nativism. ❖ Asians Executive Order 9066 ▪ The U.S. moves all Japanese to internment camps due to fear of Japanese spies after the events in Pearl Harbor. Nisei Soldiers ▪ The Japanese were able to leave the internment camps of they became soldiers for the U.S. army – kind of contradictory since they thought they were spies but then were putting them in the army. Fred Korematsu ▪ He sued the U.S. government for breaking his civil rights. ▪ The court agreed with him, but they said this was war, and there was nothing they could do—it was necessary to prevent spying and sabotage. ▪ Reagan apologized in 1988 and gave all former incarcerated Japanese $20,000. ❖ Native Americans: which legislation impacted them? The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 Indian Reorganization Act – gave Indian reservations tribal self-rule and restored tribal lands – abolished the Dawes Act. ❖ The New Deal Banking Reform ▪ Emergency Banking Act—FDR closed banks to inspect them so people wouldn’t feel anxious about using them after the Great Depression. ▪ FDIC—Federal Deposit Insurance Corp—the bank insures your money up until a certain amount. This makes people put their money back into banks, which helps the economy. CCC ▪ Civilian Conservation Corps: Men between 18 and 30 got jobs to help clean up parks, beaches, and forests and build bridges and roads to make them look prettier. ▪ Got paid $1 a day. ▪ Eleanor Roosevelt established a similar program for women. WPA ▪ Hired craftsmen to work on their crafts and creative work to get money after The Great Depression. TVA ▪ Tennessee Valley Authority - Tennessee would always get flooded, so they created hydroelectric power to save homes. It was much cheaper and prevented flooding. Chana Bryski BS”D Social Security ▪ Gave payments to people who couldn’t support themselves, like people with old age, widows, the unemployed, disabled, etc. Fireside Chats ▪ FDR would get on the radio every day for his Fireside chats to talk to the country and explain to them how he was fixing the economy in 100 days and promised to get them out of the Depression. ▪ Gave people a lot of hope during this time. The Impacts Today ▪ The New Deal still impacts the U.S. today through programs like Social Security, labor protections, and financial regulations (FDIC, SEC). It also left lasting infrastructure and expanded the government’s role in supporting the economy and people during tough times. ❖ Preparing For WW2 Neutrality Acts ▪ There were a bunch of acts passed stating that the U.S. was neutral and wouldn’t go to war. ▪ Battle for the Atlantic: The U.S. transported things through the Atlantic to give to the Allied Powers—very dangerous. ▪ Cash and Carry – The U.S. sold goods to only the Allied Powers. ▪ Selective Service Draft Arsenal of Democracy ▪ The U.S. becomes an Arsenal of Democracy. ▪ The War Production Board stopped producing civilian goods for war goods, and the economy went to the war effort. ▪ The government encouraged the recycling of metals, grease, and other products to help the war effort. ▪ The government discouraged labor strikes because of the war – because they needed workers to produce things for the board. Office of Price Administration ▪ Kept the prices stable. War Bonds ▪ The government borrows money and pays you back with interest – people do this to support the war effort. Taxes ▪ 90% of Americans pay taxes to support the war effort. Lend Lease ▪ Lend Lease – gives goods to the Allied Powers and lets them pay later. ❖ WW2: Ideology of Both Sides, why did the Allied Powers win? Allied Powers - Promoted democracy and freedom and stopped fascism and aggression. Key members: U.S., Britain, Soviet Union. Chana Bryski BS”D Axis Powers - Embraced fascism, totalitarianism, and expansionism. Key members: Germany (Nazi ideology), Italy, Japan. The Allies won because they had a lot of supplies, the U.S. provided fresh soldiers, the U.S. and the UK had access to the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the Allies were able to fight on the West and East side, they had a common language (English), and the Allies have support within the Axis controlled territories. Fighting in Europe ▪ The UK passes through Egypt, and the Americans pass through Morocco and Algeria, and they both meet in Tunisia. ▪ More than 240,000 Axis troops surrender. ▪ Allies move into Italy and win in Anzio and Rome, and Italy surrenders. Nuremberg Laws ▪ Stripped Jews of their citizenship because they were “corrupting” the Aryan race. Propaganda ▪ Propaganda during WWII was used heavily by both the Allies and Axis powers to influence public opinion, boost morale, and encourage participation in the war effort. ▪ For example: "Rosie the Riveter" posters encouraged women to join the workforce. Stalingrad ▪ The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the war. Scorched Earth Welfare ▪ The Russians used this—as Germany started invading Russia, the Russians burned the earth so that the Germans could not benefit from any of the fields, crops, etc. ▪ Because of the freezing cold and the Russian method of welfare, many Germans surrendered. Chemical Weapons ▪ Hitler used Zyklon B for the Gas chambers to kill the Jews as part of The Final Solution. Fighting in Asia ▪ The Japanese were extremely devotional to their emperor, even giving up their lives for him. This made it very hard for the U.S. to conquer them and end the war. ▪ The U.S. tries island hopping to take them over. ▪ The Philippines are U.S. territory, and Japan invades and takes them over. They took all the U.S. servicemen on the Bataan Death March, where 10,000 of them died. ▪ U.S. takes back the Philippines in 1945. Chana Bryski BS”D ▪ The U.S. fought on the island of Okinawa, and there were 50,000 casualties in 86 days. They also fought on Iwo Jima, where there were 24,000 casualties in 36 days. ▪ Battle of Midway – fought on land and sea. Nuclear Weapons ▪ The U.S. drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and Japan surrenders. ❖ What Legislation impacted the Spread of Communism and Post WW2? The Marshall Plan – The U.S. funds Western European countries to rebuild themselves after WW2. The U.S. did this to prevent the spread of Communism so these countries wouldn’t turn to Communism for help instead. United Nations – Regional conflicts can be solved diplomatically – prevents war. IMF – International Monetary Fund – regulates world currency and economy. World Bank – provides loans for developing countries. NATO – and alliance – Collective security – “An attack is an attack on all.” ❖ Iron Curtain The USSR blocked itself with countries to protect itself from the U.S. The separation between Democracy and Communism. Starts the Cold War – U.S. vs. Russia – the world is divided for 45 years. ❖ Cold War It was a period of political and ideological tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. It involved proxy wars, an arms race, the space race, and intense rivalry but stopped short of direct military conflict between the superpowers. ❖ Berlin Blockade On West Berlin which had a population of 2.5 million people. The U.S. and UK sent the Berlin Airlift with food and supplies every day for 15 months. ❖ China and Taiwan China turns to Communism, but Taiwan, right nearby, is a democracy. Taiwan was called “Free China”. ❖ Proxy Wars A war between 2 nations on a third nation's territory (like the Ukrainian War now). This was instead of having the U.S. and Russia fight because then it would be a nuclear war. The Korean War ▪ Small war right after the Cold War started. ▪ Korea was divided into North and South. Chana Bryski BS”D ▪ North Korea and China (which were communists) wanted to take over South Korea (which was a democracy). This starts the war. ▪ The U.S. sends General MacArthur to liberate South Korea from North Korea. ▪ General McArthur wants to bomb China, but Truman says no. McArthur is pissed and tells everyone bad things about Truman, so Truman fires him. ❖ Containment: Truman and Eisenhower Doctrines Truman Doctrine ▪ To contain Communism. ▪ We give financial aid to countries, so they don’t become Communists. ▪ Truman wanted Greece and Turkey to stay on their side, so he gave them a lot of money. Eisenhower wanted the Middle Eastern countries to stay on their side, so he gave them tons of money. ❖ Technologies and Innovations of WW2 Had a big impact on the world. Developed things for war and then found new uses for them with commercial products. For example, radar, computers, medicine, insect and vermin control, agriculture and food preservation, and lightweight metals.