history-rev.docx

1\. **Simbahan**: A temporary temple or place of adoration used for festivals. 2\. **Pandot**: Religious festival or worship. 3\. **Sibi**: Temporary sheds constructed to shelter people from the rain during festivals. 4\. **Sorihile**: Small lamps placed on the posts of the house used for festiva...

1\. **Simbahan**: A temporary temple or place of adoration used for festivals. 2\. **Pandot**: Religious festival or worship. 3\. **Sibi**: Temporary sheds constructed to shelter people from the rain during festivals. 4\. **Sorihile**: Small lamps placed on the posts of the house used for festivals. 5\. **Nagaanitos**: The act of worship during the festival period. 6\. **Bathala**: The all-powerful deity, creator of all things. 7\. **Tala**: Morning star. 8\. **Pleiades**: Known as \"seven little goats.\" 9\. **Mapolon**: The change of seasons. 10\. **Balatic**: Greater Bear constellation. 11\. **Lic-ha**: Idols or images with different shapes. 12\. **Dian Masalanta**: Patron of lovers and generation. 13\. **Lakapati** and **Idianale**: Patrons of agriculture and husbandry. 14\. **Buaya**: Water-lizards or crocodiles, revered out of fear. 15\. **Catolonan**: Male or female priest leading the ceremonies. 16\. **Buyos**: Small fruit wrapped in a leaf with lime, commonly offered during sacrifices. **Practices and Rituals** - Festivals were held in the large house of a chief, with the house divided into three compartments. - A large central lamp adorned with white palm leaves was placed in the center of the house. - Many drums were played during the festival, which lasted about four days. - The whole barangay (community) participated in the worship. - Sacrifices were proclaimed as feasts, and food was offered to the idol. - Idols were anointed with perfumes such as musk, civet, storax gum, and other fragrant woods. - Participants sang poetic songs, responded to the songs, and offered repeated healths. - Sacrifices included goats, fowls, swine, and a mass of rice cooked until water evaporated. - The heads of the sacrificed animals were cooked and eaten. - Offered items were consumed by the guests. - The devil could possess the catolonan, causing extreme behavior and arrogance. - Possessed individuals might need to be tied to a tree to prevent harm, which was rare. **Reasons for Sacrifices** - Recovery of a sick person. - Safe voyages for those embarking on the sea. - Good harvests in the sowed lands. - Successful outcomes in wars. - Safe childbirth and successful marriages. - Celebrations for people of rank could last up to thirty days. **Key Terms and Information** 1\. **Languit** -- Great god of the sky. 2\. **Tubigan** -- Great god of the water. 3\. **Dagat** -- Daughter of Languit, represents the sea. 4\. **Paros** -- Son of Tubigan, represents the wind; husband of Dagat. 5\. **Daga** -- Eldest son of Dagat and Paros, possesses a body of rock. 6\. **Aldao** -- Son of Dagat and Paros, possesses a body of gold. 7\. **Bulan** -- Son of Dagat and Paros, possesses a body of copper. 8\. **Bitoon** -- Daughter of Dagat and Paros, possesses a body of silver. 9\. **Creation of the Earth** -- Daga's body fell into the sea and became what is now the earth. 10\. **Bamboo Tree** -- Tubigan planted a seed that grew into a bamboo tree, from which came the first man and woman. 11\. **Maisog** -- Inventor of the fish trap, defied the gods and was struck by lightning. 12\. **Origin of Races:** - **Black people** -- Descendants of Maisog, whose body was blackened by lightning. - **White people** -- Descendants of Maisog's son carried to the north. - **Brown people** -- Descendants of Maisog's children brought to the south. - **Yellow people** -- Descendants of Maisog's children carried to the east who fed on clay due to scarcity of food. **Source: Ethnography of the Bicol People, Vol II** **Spiritual Beliefs of the Early Filipinos** **Definition of Terms** 1. **Barangay** -- Localized settlements; term derived from "balangay," an Austronesian sea-going vessel. 2. **Babaylan (*Visayas*) / Catalonan (*Luzon*)** -- Local spiritual leaders in the barangay, often women but men could also serve if they acted and dressed as females. They led rituals and sacrifices for local deities and spirits. 3. **Doctrina Christiana** -- The first book printed in the Philippines (1953) by Fray Juan de Plasencia, used by Spaniards to aid in Christianization. 4. **Diwata (*Visayan*) / Anito (*Tagalog*)** -- Deities. 5. **Costumbres** -- Plasencia's account of the traditions, society, marriage, laws, dowries, and spiritual beliefs of the Tagalogs. 6. **Bathala (*Bathala* or *Badhalá*)** -- Most powerful deity of the early Tagalog pantheon, considered the supreme being and creator of the universe. The name comes from the Sanskrit term Bhattara, meaning noble lord. 7. **Lakapati** -- Deity of fertility and agriculture among the early Tagalogs, representing life and regeneration through sexual union. 8. **Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas** -- Published in 1609, covers the political, economic, social, and cultural life of Filipinos and Spaniards from 1493 to 1603. 9. **Baybayin** -- Ancient Philippine script used by early Filipinos, documented by friars and used in the Doctrina Christiana. 10. **Laon (*Kanlaon/Manlaon*)** -- Supreme deity among the early Visayans; counterpart to Bathala (Tagalog), Kabunian (Ilocos and Cordillera), and Gugurang (Bicolanos). 11. **Pintados** -- Term used by Spaniards to refer to the tattooed settlers of the Visayan region, with tattoos symbolizing bravery and experience in war. 12. **Pitarillas** -- Earthen jar used to store food and as sacrificial vessels among early Visayans. 13. **Manunggul Jar** -- Neolithic jar from Manunggul Cave, Palawan, with designs symbolizing afterlife beliefs and burial practices. 14. **Gold Death Mask of Oton** -- (1300-1400 CE) A gold mask discovered in Oton, Iloilo, used to repel evil spirits and reflect cultural and economic ties with China. Signifies early Filipinos' burial traditions and goldsmithing. **Key Personalities** 1. **Fray Juan de Plasencia** -- Early Franciscan missionary, founded towns in Luzon, and contributed to the reduction policy in the synod. 2. **Antonio de Morga** -- Spanish high-ranking official (1593-1603), oidor (judge) of the Real Audencia, and author of Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. 3. **Miguel de Loarca** -- Early Spanish conquistador, conducted the colony's earliest census, and was an encomendero. 4. **Pedro Chirino** -- Noted Jesuit missionary of the early colonial period. **Summary** Early Filipinos had rich and complex spiritual traditions before Spanish colonization, with diverse forms of worship across the archipelago. Women held significant, empowered roles, including positions as local priestesses in their communities. 1\. **Title**: Relacion de las Islas Filipinas 2\. **Author**: Miguel de Loarca 3\. **Arrival of Miguel de Loarca in the Philippines**: Early conquistador 4\. **Miguel Lopez de Legazpi**: Granted lands in Panay Island, particularly in Oton, to Loarca 5\. **Observations**: Visayan customs, traditions, and languages 6\. **Request**: Governor-General Ronquillo requested Loarca to write an account for King Philip II 7\. **Year of publication**: 1582 8\. **Significance**: Earliest accounts of the islands; foundation for succeeding accounts 9\. **Perspective**: Non-religious, unlike other contemporary accounts 10\. **Excerpt from the ninth chapter**: Discusses the \'laws of slavery\' in the Visayas 11\. **Three classes of slaves**: *AYUEY, TUMARANPOC,* and *TOMATABANS* 12\. **Ayuey**: Work three days for the master, one day for themselves; most thoroughly enslaved 13\. **Tumaranpoc**: Live in their own houses; work one day out of four for the master 14\. **Tomatabans**: Work in the master\'s house during banquets or revels; five days a month or five chicubites of rice annually 15\. **Value of slaves**: Ayuey and Tumaranpoc worth two gold taes (twelve pesos); Tomatabans worth one tae (six pesos) 16\. **Ayuey women**: Work in the houses of chiefs 17\. **Tumaranpoc women**: Serve half of the month in spinning and weaving cotton supplied by their masters 18\. **Tumataban women**: Spin one hank of cotton each month for their masters 19\. **Food and clothing**: Only Ayuey receive food and clothing from their masters 20\. **Inheritance**: Property of Tomatabans is shared with their children by the master 21\. **Enslavement**: For crimes such as murder, adultery, theft, and insulting a woman of rank 22\. **Punishment for theft**: Thief and relatives fined; if unable to pay, they become slaves 23\. **Chiefs**: Also fined for crimes, but not reduced to slavery 24\. **Famine**: Poor surrender themselves as slaves to rich relatives for sustenance 25\. **Source**: The Philippine Islands, Volume V 1\. **Juan Francisco de San Antonio** -- The author, a Franciscan missionary. 2\. **Cronicas** -- The title of his work, meaning "Chronicles." 3\. **Visayans** -- An ethnic group in the Philippines, the focus of the marriage customs described. 4\. **Dowry (bigaycaya)** -- The marriage dowry given by the man to the bride's family. 5\. **Panhimuyat** -- A payment to the bride's mother for raising and educating her. 6\. **Pasoso**- A payment to the bride's nurse or chichiva. 7\. **Chichiva**- The nurse who reared the bride. 8\. **Pasonor**- Gifts given to the married couple by the bride's parents. 9\. **Catipados** -- Term for those engaged to be married, implying a legitimate concubinage. 10\. **Pamamuhay** -- Furnishing the couple's house, sometimes funded by wedding gifts. 11\. **Catalona or Babaylan** -- Indigenous priestesses who performed wedding rituals. 12\. **Maginoos**- Local chiefs or nobility who attended the dowry ceremony. 13\. **Ogalis**- Customs or practices. 14\. **Palapala**- A bower made for accommodating wedding guests. 1\. **Miguel de Loarca** - The author was a Spanish conquistador and encomendero. 2\. **Relacion de Las Islas Filipinas** - The title of his work, meaning \"Relation of the Philippine Islands.\" 3\. **Visayas** - The region where Loarca observed and documented the customs. 4\. **Encomenderos** - Spanish colonists who were granted land and the labor of indigenous people. 5\. **Ayuey**- The most thoroughly enslaved class of slaves who work three days for their master and one for themselves. 6\. **Tumaranpoc** - Slaves who live in their own houses and work for their master one day out of four. 7\. **Tomataban** - Slaves who work for their master only during banquets or special occasions and give small gifts. 8\. **Chicubites** - A unit of measure for rice, equivalent to one fanega. 9\. **Taes of Labin sian** - A unit of currency or value equivalent to twelve pesos. 10\. **Punishment for crimes** - Includes fines paid in jewels or gold, and if unable to pay, the person becomes a slave. 11\. **Slavery due to debt** - Slavery resulting from an inability to repay borrowed money. 12\. **Three classes of slaves** - Ayuey, Tumaranpoc, and Tomataban. 13\. **Rules for slavery** - Specific laws for enslavement due to crimes like murder, adultery, theft, and insulting women of rank. 14\. **Famine and slavery** - The poor would surrender themselves as slaves to the rich, often their relatives, for sustenance during famine 1\. **Barangay** -- The primary political, economic, and sociocultural institution in the pre-colonial Philippines. 2\. **Maginoo** -- The nobility or ruling class in Tagalog society. 3\. **Kadatoan** -- The nobility or ruling class in Visayan society. 4\. **Maharlika** -- The commoners or freemen in Tagalog society. 5\. **Timawa**- The commoners or freemen in Visayan society. 6\. **Alipin** -- Slaves in Tagalog society. 7\. **Oripuen** -- Slaves in Visayan society. 8\. **Datu** -- The highest official and leader of a barangay. 9\. **Bagani** -- The warriors of the barangay. 10\. **Buhis**- Tributes paid by the people in the barangay. 11\. **Fanega** -- A Spanish unit of measurement used for agricultural products, equivalent to roughly 55.5 liters. 12\. **Boxer Codex** -- A comprehensive account of the Philippines and other parts of Asia-Pacific in the late 16th century. 13\. **Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas** -- A historical account of the Philippines annotated by Dr. Jose Rizal in 1890. 14\. **Tugbuk (Penis Pin) and Sakra (Penis Ring)** -- Body ornaments used simultaneously for sexual pleasure and symbolizing the egalitarianism and autonomy of women. 15\. **Betel Chew (Buyo)** -- A staple of pre-colonial and Spanish-era Filipino households, monopolized by the Spanish for revenue. 16\. **Labor Evangelica** - An attempt to expand Chirino's Relacion, becoming the Jesuits' official account in their mission in the Philippines. 17\. **Cronicas (Philippine Chronicles)** - Comprehensive studies of early Filipinos, as well as Chinese and Japanese in the Philippines during the early colonial period. 18\. **Dowry/Bigaycaya** -- The practice of dowry given by the groom to the bride's parents, varying with socioeconomic status. **THREE SOCIOECONOMIC CLASS** 1. **RULING CLASS OR NOBILITY** -- known as "maginoo" in Tagalog and kadatoan in Visayan 2. **COMMONERS OR FREEMEN** -- formed the majority of the people in the barangay; known as maharlika in Tagalog and timawa in Visayan. 3. **SLAVES** -- a person become one through debt bondage, raids and wars, and punishment for a crime. **DATU** - The highest official of the barangay - Most powerful person in the barangay - Governs the barangay as its primary maker, executor, and adjucator of laws - Responsible in providing protection for the barangay in times of raids and wars as the leader of the bagani, the warriors of community **LABOR EVANGELICA** - Considered as an attempt to expand Chirino's Relacion thereby becoming Jesuit's "official" account in their mission in the Philippines **BUHIS** - Tributes paid by the people in the barangay **THREE KINDS AND CLASSES OF PEOPLE** 1. **CHIEFS** (Dato in Visayans and Maginoo in Tagalogs) 2. **TIMAUAS** (Maharlica among Tagalogs 3. **SLAVES** (Oripuen by the Visayans and Alipin by Tagalogs) **FANEGA** - a unit in Spanish measurement and was used in agricultural products such rice and other grains; roughly equivalent to 55.5 liters **Boxer Codex Excerpt** -- Terms, Dates, and Important Words with Meanings 1\. **Boxer Codex**: A comprehensive account of the Philippines and other parts of the Asia-Pacific region in the late sixteenth century. Noted for its detailed and colored illustrations of early Filipino customs and traditions. 2\. **Charles R. Boxer**: A British scholar who prominently acquired the Boxer Codex in 1947. 3\. **Carlos Quirino**: A National Artist who, along with Ma. Luisa Garcia and Mauro Garcia, translated the Boxer Codex. 4\. **Indiana University** -- **Lilly Library**: The current repository of the original manuscript of the Boxer Codex, known for its large collection of rare books and manuscripts. 5\. **Visayans**: An ethnic group in the Philippines whose customs and traditions are documented in the Boxer Codex. 6\. **Tattoos**: Elaborate body art that Visayan men and women adorned, serving as a form of clothing and expression of elegance. 7\. **Iron or Brass Rods**: Tools used by Visayan artisans to create tattoos by heating the points on a fire. 8\. **Bahaque**: A cotton cloth worn by Visayan men around the waist and between the legs, serving as a primary form of clothing. 9\. **Purones**: Multi-colored headscarfs worn by Visayan men, often resembling Turkish turbans and adorned with strips of gold. 10\. **Blankets**: Cotton or plant-based textiles used by Visayan women to create dresses by sewing them into large sacks with openings for the head and arms. 11\. **Taffeta and Damask**: Types of fabric imported from China, used by Visayan women for their dresses. 12\. **Pezuelo**: A type of chemise with half or full sleeves, close-fitting without collars, worn by Visayan women. 13\. **Principalia**: The local nobility or elite class in the Visayan community, whose women wore crowns and garlands made of tinsel or flowers. 14\. **Tinsel**: Material imported from China, used to make crowns and garlands for women of the principalia. 15\. **Shawl**-**like wrap**: A garment made of white cotton or colored taffeta, worn by Visayan women when going out. **SPANISH COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES: The Philippines Becomes A Spanish Colony** During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Europe saw an age of exploration and expansion brought about by various factors. 1\. There was the economic motive of finding a direct access to the profitable Oriental trade of luxury goods such as silk and spices. 2\. Scientific and technological progress specifically shipbuilding, cartography, and navigational instruments significantly contributed to the success of the exploratory expeditions. 3\. The quest to explore unknown and distant lands also involved the religious mission of spreading the Catholic faith. **Timeline:** **1453** -- Constantinople fell into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, barring the Europeans from the trading routes to the East. **1492** -- Italian voyager Christopher Columbus reached the Americas. He called the native there "Indians" believing that he landed in India. **1498** -- Vasco da Gama, a Portuguese sailor, reached India by sailing through the Cape of Good Hope in the southern tip of Africa. **1511** -- Portuguese forces captured the Muslim port of Malacca in Southeast Asia. **1519** -- The Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan would try to fulfill Columbus' promise of reaching the East by sailing West. He would anchor on the Philippine shores on the other side of the globe two years later, thus marking the beginning of Spanish presence in the archipelago **1543** -- The Villalobos expedition arrived in the archipelago and gave it the name Las Phelipinas in honor of the then crown prince, Philip II. **1565** -- King Philip decided to colonize the country and sent Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. The Legazpi expedition sailed from Mexico and arrived in Cebu. **1571** -- Manila was taken by Spanish and Visayan forces under the leadership of Martin de Goiti. Legazpi transferred from Panay Island and made Manila the capital and base of further expeditions. **THREE MAIN AIMS IN TAKING OVER THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS** 1\. Expansion of trade. 2\. Conversion of the natives to Catholicism. 3\. Extension of territories ruled by the king of Spain. 1\. **Ferdinand Magellan**: Portuguese sailor who defected to Spain after his services to the Portuguese crown were not properly recognized. 2\. **1511**: Magellan participated in the capture of Malacca by the Portuguese forces. 3\. **1519**: Magellan persuaded King Charles V of Spain to sponsor his expedition to find a western route to the East. 4\. **March 16, 1521**: Magellan's expedition first sighted the island of Samar in the Philippines, which they named \"Archipelago de San Lazaro\" due to it being the feast day of Saint Lazarus 5\. **Mar Pacifico**: The name Magellan gave to the Pacific Ocean, meaning \"peaceful sea,\" due to its calmness. 6\. **Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521**: The date of the first recorded mass in the Philippines, held on the island of \"Mazaua,\" which is believed to be Limasawa based on scholarly evidence. 7\. **Raia Colambu and Raia Siaui**: Local kings from Butuan and Calagan who were described by Pigafetta. They were noted for their wealth and elaborate attire. 8\. **April 26, 1521**: The date of the Battle of Mactan, where Magellan was killed while fighting against the local chief Lapu-Lapu 9\. **Sebastian del Cano**: Took over leadership of the expedition after Magellan's death and successfully completed the circumnavigation of the globe. 10\. **1522**: The year when the surviving members of Magellan\'s expedition returned to Seville, completing the first continuous circumnavigation of the Earth. 11\. **Ruy de Villalobos:** Led an expedition that named the Philippines \"Les Phelipinas\" in honor of the Spanish crown prince, Philip II. 1\. **Maynilad**: The port and town located at the mouth of the Pasig River, which was initially in conflict with the Spaniards but later sacked with the help of Visayan allies. 2\. **Raja Soliman**: The Muslim chief of Maynilad who negotiated peace with the Spaniards but later faced hostilities. 3\. **1571**: The year when Miguel López de Legazpi made Maynilad the capital of the new Spanish colony and initiated the pacification of surrounding communities. 4\. **Chinese Traders**: Their presence in the area contributed to the decision to transfer the capital to Manila, which became crucial for the Spanish colony\'s economy. 5\. **Intramuros**: The walled city in Manila where most of the Spanish residents lived. 6\. **Muy Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad**: The title given to Manila by Spain, meaning \"Eminent and Ever Loyal City.\" 7\. **Master-of-Camp**: The leader who set sail for Luzon and described Manila\'s fortifications and the native resistance in his account. 8\. **May 24, 1571**: The date when hostilities broke out as the natives in the fort discharged artillery at two Spanish ships, leading to a battle. 9\. **Miguel López de Legazpi**: The governor who founded Manila in the name of the Spanish crown. 10\. **Juan de Sauzedo**: The captain who arrived in Manila and negotiated with native chiefs Laya and Raja Soliman. 11\. **Laya**: A native chief who was trusted and died a Christian, unlike Raja Soliman, who was suspected of lacking good faith. 12\. **Raja Soliman**: Another native chief who was involved in the peace negotiations but was suspected of bad faith. 13\. **Artillery and Fortifications**: Manila was described as having twelve pieces of small artillery and a fort built on a peninsula at the entrance to the port. 14\. **Battle of Manila**: The conflict where the Spaniards attacked the fort after the natives violated the peace agreement. The Spaniards successfully took the fort and burned the village to prevent plundering and regrouping by their own troops. **7 Merchandise** 1\. Nutmeg 2\. Pepper 3\. Cloves 4\. Cinnamon 5\. Ginger 6\. Mace 7\. Gold **5 Barko** - Trinidad - San Antonio - Conception - Santiago - Victoria