UTS: The Material/Economic Self & Filipino Identity PDF

**The Material/Economic Self** - - - - - **Consumption and Production** - - - - **Conscious Consumption** - - - **Psychological/Sociological Consumption** - - - - - - **Identity and Consumer Culture** - - - - - - - - -...

**The Material/Economic Self** - - - - - **Consumption and Production** - - - - **Conscious Consumption** - - - **Psychological/Sociological Consumption** - - - - - - **Identity and Consumer Culture** - - - - - - - - - - - **The Problem with Consumerism** - - - - - **Avoid the Trap of Consumerism** - - 1. - - - - 2. - - - **Me and My Faith; Spiritual Self** Definition - - **Approach to God** - - **Inclusivity** - - **Importance of Spirituality** 1\. Enhances Mental Health: Reduces anxiety and depression by providing meaning and purpose. 2\. Offers Social Support: Spiritual communities improve well-being and life expectancy. 3\. Benefits of Contemplative Practices: - - - - **The Practice of Religion** Global Prevalence: Over 7 billion people follow more than 4,000 religions. Definition: Involves belief in and worship of a superhuman power, alongside a system of faith and worship. Experience: Religion is both a belief system and an experience, often involving anthropomorphism. 4 Dimensions of Religion (Dawson & Thiessen, 2014) 1\. Belief: System of ideas and values shaping understanding of the world (creeds, doctrines, myths). 2\. Ritual: Repeated activities (e.g., prayers, mantras) that reinforce teachings and elicit spiritual feelings. 3\. Spiritual Experience: Personal feelings of connection with a higher power, emphasizing experience over theory. 4\. Unique Social Forms of Community: Religious beliefs unite people in a community, e.g., the Church (Durkheim, 1915-1964). **Social Dimensions of Religion (Dawson & Thiessen, 2014)** Credibility and Belief: Religion gains credibility when endorsed by a respected group. Authority on Social/Moral Issues: Offers guidance on ethics and community norms. Social Control: Promotes self-discipline and social control. Social Hubs: Places of worship act as centers for socialization and support. **Types of Religion** Polytheism: Belief in multiple gods (Hinduism, Ancient Greeks, Romans). Monotheism: Belief in a single god (Judaism, Islam, Christianity). Atheism: Belief in no deities (Buddhism, Taoism). Animism: Belief in spirits inhabiting non-human beings (Indigenous nature worship, Shinto). **Major Religions** 1\. Judaism: Belief in one transcendent God revealed to Abraham, Moses, and Hebrew prophets. Sacred text: Torah. 2\. Christianity: Monotheistic belief focused on the teachings of Jesus Christ. Sacred text: The Bible. 3\. Islam: Monotheistic faith in Allah and Muhammad as his prophet. Sacred text: The Koran. 4\. Hinduism: The world's oldest religion, emphasizing karma, reincarnation, and righteousness. Guided by Vedic scriptures. Belief in Brahman as a supreme god. 5\. Buddhism: Founded by Gautama Buddha, focusing on enlightenment and wisdom, without belief in a divine being. **Spirit and Soul** Babaylan: A pre-colonial Filipino priestess or shaman, acting as a healer and spiritual leader. Animism: Belief that souls inhabit plants, objects, and natural phenomena. Pre-Colonial Beliefs: Filipinos believed in spirit beings, ancestral souls, and natural forces. **Dungan vs. Ginhawa** Dungan: A life force/spirit residing in the body, associated with consciousness and emotions. Harm to the \"dungan\" outside the body can lead to death. Ginhawa: The \"breath of life,\" responsible for vital functions like heartbeat. Departure leads to death. **Soul vs. Spirit** Soul: - - - - **Spirit**: - - - - **Soul Concepts in Philippine Ethnolinguistic Groups** - - - - **Rituals and Ceremonies** Rituals: Customary actions or ceremonies prescribed by traditions, such as worship rites, rites of passage, and purification ceremonies. Ceremonies: Formal acts or rituals performed to mark events or anniversaries (e.g., Japanese tea ceremony). **Origin of Rituals** 1\. Origin Approach: Rituals evolved from early human cultures, aiming to trace their universal nature. 2\. Functional Approach: Rituals fulfill individual and societal needs, based on empirical evidence. 3\. History of Religions Approach: Rituals connect the material world with the transcendent realm. **Classification of Rituals** 1\. Imitative: Based on mythological patterns (e.g., noise-making to ward off evil spirits). 2\. Positive and Negative: Positive rituals offer blessings; negative rituals involve prohibitions and avoidance linked to taboos. 3\. Sacrificial: Involves destruction of offerings (human, animal, or material sacrifices). **Life Crisis Rituals** Definition: Rituals marking transitions between life stages, defining an individual\'s journey. Example: In Filipino tradition, the placenta is buried after birth to ensure sibling love and care. **Political Self: Filipino Identity and Development** **Filipino Identity** - - **Development of Filipino Identity** Key Factors: - - **Filipino Values Identity** - **Cultural History and Influences** - - - **Types of Families in Filipino Culture** 1\. Nuclear Family: Traditional family structure (parents + children). 2\. Single Parent Family: One parent raising children independently. 3\. Extended Family: Includes nuclear family + other relatives (e.g., grandparents, uncles). 4\. Childless Family: Couples who either cannot or choose not to have children. 5\. Step Family: Families formed when one parent has children from a previous relationship. 6\. Grand Family: Similar to step families, but specifically involving non-biological children in a new relationship. **Strengths and Weaknesses of the Filipino Character** - **Strengths** 1\. Pakikipagkapwa-tao: Respect for others and building harmonious relationships. 2\. Family Orientation: High value placed on family. 3\. Joy and Humor: Resilience through joy, even in adversity. 4\. Flexibility, Adaptability, and Creativity: Resourceful in facing challenges. 5\. Hard Work and Industry: Diligent work ethic despite challenges. 6\. Faith and Religiosity: Deep spiritual faith, particularly Catholicism. 7\. Ability to Survive: Resilience in overcoming adversity. **Weaknesses** 1\. Extreme Personalism: Prioritizing personal relationships over societal needs. 2\. Extreme Family-Centeredness: Family obligations taking precedence over broader social issues. 3\. Lack of Discipline: Challenges with maintaining self-discipline. 4\. Passivity and Lack of Initiative: Tendency to avoid taking political or societal action. 5\. Colonial Mentality: Viewing foreign cultures as superior to Filipino culture. 6\. Kanya-Kanya Syndrome: Focusing on individual interests at the expense of the community. 7\. Lack of Self-Analysis and Reflection: Limited critical reflection and self-awareness. **Establishing a Democratic Culture** - - - **THE DIGITAL SELF** **Concept of the Self:** - - - - **Influences on Self in Western societies (e.g., Philippines):** 1. 2. 3. **ONLINE IDENTITY** Digital Self: How individuals present themselves online. Characteristics (Zhao, 2005): - - - - Self-Presentation: The act of presenting oneself as desired to others. - - Types of Online Interactions: 1. 2. 3. **IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT** Self-Presentation Behavior: Behaviors aimed at creating or maintaining a certain impression of oneself. - **Impression Management Strategies:** - - - - - **IMPACT OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS** - - - **ADDICTION TO ONLINE INTERACTIONS** Factors Leading to Addiction: - - - **BOUNDARIES OF THE SELF ONLINE** Private vs. Public Identity: - - - Advantages of Public Online Profiles: - - Risks of Public Profiles: - Private Profile Advantages: - - **INDIVIDUAL vs. SOCIAL IDENTITY** Personal Identity: Evolves through life, shaped by both personal choices and uncontrollable factors like upbringing. Social Identity: Defined by group similarities and distinctions from others. **GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE** Stereotyping: Oversimplified beliefs about a group leading to prejudice (Cardwell, 2014). Factors Influencing Adolescent Sexuality: 1. 2. 3. - **Filipinos' Sense of the Self (Sikolohiyang Pilipino)** **Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology)** Sikolohiyang Pilipino is the scientific study of psychology based on Filipino experiences, thoughts, and culture. It addresses the colonial influence on the psychology taught in the Philippines during the Spanish and American eras, emphasizing the importance of developing a psychology rooted in local experiences. **Background** In the early 1970s, Virgilio G. Enriquez, after returning from Northwestern University with a Ph.D. in Social Psychology, introduced the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino to address the need for a psychology that reflects Filipino experiences. This movement aims to decolonize the Filipino mind and integrate indigenous psychological concepts. **Core Concepts of Sikolohiyang Pilipino:** - - - - - - **Purpose** The purpose of Sikolohiyang Pilipino is to create a psychology that reflects Filipino culture, distinct from the Western psychology that dominated the education system. **Key Themes:** 1\. Identity and national consciousness 2\. Social awareness and involvement 3\. National and ethnic cultures 4\. Application of indigenous psychology in various fields (e.g., health, agriculture, art, media, religion) **Three Areas of Protest in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:** 1\. Sikolohiya ng Pagbabagong-Isip (Psychology of Re-awakening): Opposes colonial mentality and promotes the decolonization of the Filipino mind. 2\. Sikolohiyang Malaya (Liberated Psychology): Rejects imported psychology developed for industrialized countries. 3\. Sikolohiyang Mapagpalaya (Liberating Psychology): Opposes the use of psychology to exploit the masses. **Basis of Indigenous Psychology:** - - - **Approaches to Indigenization:** 1\. Indigenization from Without: Adapting imported psychological concepts to local contexts. 2\. Indigenization from Within: Formalizing Filipino psychological theories, methods, and practices rooted in the culture. **Key Efforts in Sikolohiyang Pilipino:** - - **Re-thinking Filipino Values: A Comparative Analysis** Introduction This section re-examines key Filipino values from both exogenous (Western) and indigenous perspectives to highlight the limitations of Western interpretations and the richness of Filipino cultural understanding. Key Filipino Values: 1\. Bahala Na: - - 2\. Hiya: - - 3\. Utang Na Loob: - - **Pakikisama vs. Pakikipagkapwa** - - **Indigenous Research Methods in Sikolohiyang Pilipino** **Pakikipagkuwentuhan** An approach involving motivating participants to share personal stories or experiences, either individually or in groups. **Ginabayang Talakayan** A method that combines community dialogue, focused group discussion, and group attestation, involving both verbal and non-verbal communication. **Features of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Field Studies:** - - - **Maka-Pilipino Approach** Research should serve the interests of Filipinos, recognizing the uniqueness of Filipino culture. Research Guidance Scales: 1. 2. **Guiding Principles in Sikolohiyang Pilipino Research:** 1\. Equality and Respect: Treat participants as equals, not subjects. 2\. Prioritizing Participants\' Welfare: Ethical responsibility to ensure participant well-being. 3\. Appropriate Research Methods: Use methods suited to the population studied. 4\. Use of Filipino Language: Ensure communication in the language of the participants. **Indirect Communication in Filipino Culture** Filipinos place significant importance on sensitivity to non-verbal cues and emotional concerns, which leads to a preference for indirect communication, balancing truthfulness with concern for others\' feelings. Pakiramdam A Filipino concept for sensing others\' feelings, involving shared emotional understanding, attention to subtle cues, and mental role-playing. **Internality-Externality in Filipino Personality** The Filipino personality often reflects a balance between internal and external sources of validation. Puri refers to external honor, while Dangal represents internal honor, rooted in self-worth and achievements. The Great Cultural Divide Enriquez (1992) proposed a \"great cultural divide\" within Filipino society, emphasizing the contrast between the mass and elite cultures. This divide influences values, practices, and perspectives, extending beyond regionalism to highlight deeper cultural differences. **Development of Indigenous Research Methods in the Philippines** Challenging Western Research Paradigms Filipino researchers have identified limitations in Western research methods, including their lack of relevance to Filipino needs and overemphasis on data collection over processes. **Pakapa-Kapa Perspective** A \"suppositionless\" approach to social scientific research, where researchers explore Filipino cultural data to uncover meaning and order. **Guiding Principles of Indigenous Research:** 1\. Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: Building trust with participants. 2\. Equality and Respect: Treat participants as equals. 3\. Participant Welfare: Prioritize participants\' well-being. 4\. Cultural Appropriateness: Select methods suited to Filipino culture. 5\. Use of Filipino Language: Conduct research in the participants\' language. **Examples of Indigenous Research Methods:** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Managing and Caring for the Self: Learning to Be a Better Student** **Concept Mapping and Visual Study Tools** - - - **How to Use a Concept Map** 1. 2. 3. **Metacognitive Note-Taking Skills** Guidance: Helps students take effective notes during class. **Connections:** - - - - **Reflective Writing** Purpose: Connects class content with personal learning. Key Prompts: - - - - **Managing Your Own Learning: Self-Regulated Learning** Self-Regulated Learning: How students regulate emotions, cognition, behavior, and context during learning. Motivation: General desire or willingness to act; not the same as self-regulation. **Self-Regulated Learners:** - - - **Self-Regulated Learning Process:** Cycle: Planning, strategy use, monitoring, and reflecting. Steps: 1. 2. 3. **Setting Goals for Success** **What is Self-Efficacy?** - **Albert Bandura** - - **4 Sources of Self-Efficacy:** 1\. Enactive Mastery Experiences: Success increases belief in ability. 2\. Vicarious Experiences: Observing others' success boosts confidence. 3\. Verbal Persuasions: Encouragement from others increases belief. 4\. Emotional/Physiological States: Emotional and physical states influence self-efficacy. **What is Self-Concept?** - **What is Self-Esteem?** - - **Locke's Goal-Setting Theory (SMART Goals)** SMART Goals: - - - - - **Key Takeaways for Exam Preparation:** - - - **Managing and Caring for the Self: Taking Charge of One's Health** **What is Stress?** - **Three Types of Stress:** 1\. Eustress: Positive stress that motivates and enhances performance or personal growth. 2\. Neustress: Neutral stress response that neither benefits nor harms, often from events that don't directly affect you. 3\. Distress: Negative stress response causing mental or emotional strain. **Self-care: What Is It and Why Is It Important?** **What is Self-care?** - **What Self-care is Not:** - - **True Self-care:** - **Compassion, Empathy, and Altruism** **Compassion**: - - - - **Dacher Keltner's Compassionate Instinct:** -