History of Medicine PDF

Here is the image converted into a markdown format: ### History of medicine **A. Ancient Times [4000 BC]** * For pain two medicines which are still used today: Morphine and Digitalis for heart. * Trepanation treatment for epilepsy & headache. Boring a hole. **B. Ancient Egyptian [3000 BC]** *...

Here is the image converted into a markdown format: ### History of medicine **A. Ancient Times [4000 BC]** * For pain two medicines which are still used today: Morphine and Digitalis for heart. * Trepanation treatment for epilepsy & headache. Boring a hole. **B. Ancient Egyptian [3000 BC]** * Earliest people to keep accurate medical records. * Physicians were Priests (studied in temple schools) * Gods used to cure and heal diseases. * Kings: 32 * Used magic & medicinal plants for Treatment. * Heart symbolized soul * Blood vessels hypothesized * Religion: Priests [Temples] * Personal hygiene important * Imhotep * God of medicine & healing for Greek * Believed to be the 1st physician * "Master physician" affordable by rich * Pharaoh Djoser's Physician * Nile Theory: * Believed body was a system of channels. * Disease caused by "clogging" of channels: Leeches were used as treatment to "open them." * Used medical kit tools * **Papyrus** * Pharmacology & Cosmetology & Surgery * Smith Papyrus Surgical treatment for wounds & Anatomy * Ebers Papyrus Treatment for diseases herbal remedies * Kahun Papyrus Gynecology & Paediatrics & Brugesh Maternal care * Believed in "Afterlife" * Hieroglyphics developed into writing. * Elaborate death rituals * Sophisticated techniques & tools * Pictographs * **Mummification** * Person in change were "Anubis" mash. **C. Ancient Chinese [1700 BC]** * Huang Di Nei Jing Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine * 1st/ earliest books on foundation of TCM. * Traditional Chinese Medicine [TCM] * Derived from Taoist philosophy: emphasized living in harmony with Tao. * "The way." * Bagua * Concept representing fundamental principles of reality. * Eight trigrams & Yin and Yang & 5 elements * International level TCM used: Asia (most), Europe (regularly), US. **Methods of TCM treatment.** 1. Acupuncture 2. Moxibustion 3. Tui Na (massage) 4. Cupping 5. Herbs * Zheng Ti Cuan Nian "Theory of Holism" * It is the central idea of TCM. * 2 main components: * Human body integrated unit (single] * Human & environment interaction. * Change in nature influence human body. * Seasonal Variation of Pulse. * **Qi** Vital energy * flows through meridians (channels) * Disease occurs by excess /deficit of Qi in meridians. * 12 meridians \*Acupunctual * 9 needles are inserted at points (act as gateways for Qi's regulation.) * Herbs are Not addictive * Combination of 2-18 herbs & Stimulated bodies natural healing processes * Massage therapy. * Tui Na-Chiropractition Stimulated natural healing of body * 3 techniques Massage, Acupressure & Adjustment * **Bian Zheng** Differential diagnosis * **Lun Zhi** Therapeutic program * **Yin & Yang** * Everything in the universe contains 2 aspects: positive and negative. * Never absolute * Wu Xing [5 elements] * Fire * Water * Metal * Earth * Wood * Xiang Ke Inter-inhibition * Xiang Shen Inter-generation * Jing-mai (channels) * lo-mai (collateral channels) * Zhang Fu [Internal organs & functions] * Wu Zang-5 parenchymatous heart and liver and kidney and spleen & lungs. * Lin Fu - 6 hollow organs * Gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, urinary & triple heater, small intestine. * Ba Gang & Si zhen method of diagnosis **D. Ancient Greece [1200 BC]** 1. Aristotle: * Father of Comparative anatomy" * Dissected animals 2. Alcmaeon BioHemist: Identified brain as physiological site of senses. 3. Hippocrates "Father of Medicine" * Developed organized method of observing human body & symptoms of many diseases. * Recorded signs & symptoms of many diseases. * Created the "Oath of Hippocrates * Humoral Theory:. * **The Four Humors** * Blood Air Sanguine [joy] * Phlegm Water Phlegmatic [calm 8 cool] * Yellow Bile Fire Cholevic (Energetic and Action) * Black Bile Earth Melancholic [sad & lazy] **E. Ancient Romans [753 - 410 AD]** * Treated ancient Roman soldiers in battle * Established early hospitals * Patients doctors homes * End of 19th century *First to develop public health care & sanitation systems * From 4-14th century No Study of medicine * Used Herbal remedies monasteries & converts **F. Claudius Galen (132-201 AD) [Ist-2nd century]** * Best physician after Hippocratus * "Prince of Physicians" Theorized on a multitude of medical subjects (Most Influential writer) Identified veins & arteries containing blood * Dissected animal bodies. *Writing not questioned uptill [15th century] Studied on Sc la Kidneys **G. Dark Age [400-800 AD]** *Study of medicine prohibited HlasEmphasis was on saving soul & descare treated by prayer **H. Middle Ages [Medieval Period] [800-1400 AD]** *After Roman expire fell Anatomy Stagnant *Transition Islamic world. Hunayn i'm Ishag * Translated 129 galenic words into arabic. * Wrote Book of Medicine [Most authorative book] * Physician Medical universities [9th century] * Major diseases Small Pox, diptheria, TB, typhoid, plaque & malaria * Arab physicians advances in pharmacology * Persian * Phazes invented Suturing [By animal gut] ##Famins in Europe **Black Death** * Pathogen: Yersinia pestis [Venging plague] * Vector: Rat flea [Xenopsylla cheopsis] * Plague very virulent in humans a little to no resistance? Victim death 4-7 days. *Stroke in Greek *Also known as "Bubonic plaque" Buboes-swelling of lymph nodes. *Pneumonic plague *most virulent When spread from human to another human. *Began wide before Black death **Great Plague or Cadwalader's plague 664 CE [Britain]** * Began with Rats marcott Spread to Europe through hunters *Byzantine emperor Cantacuzenus sen died * Result of Black Death: Significant & in population and 20 million deaths in 5 years *Negative effects * DeUrbanization * Death from Book of hours * Triumph of Death Grim Reaper] * Dance of death * 4 horsemen of apocalypse * Death at baption *Positive effects value of manpower * Worker organization/Pesant revolts/Industrial growth/End of Humoral theory) *birth of mordern both outlawed *Mird behaviour of society Flagellants whip themsely to wid sine & pseudoflagellants performed sexual acts *Religion Loss of esteem of church No effort to stup plague *Theory of Colin McEvely Less virulent parasite will replace a more virulent parasite. *Loss for 3 centuries. * [1350-1650 AD] **H. Renaissance** * 16th century Anatomical Revolution * Paracelsus attack on medical ideas * Michelangelo & Leonardo da Vinci Uged dissection to draw human bodies * 17th Century Scientific Revolution/Development of printing press * Scientific Revolution of latromechanical & latrochemical medicines Spread of knowledge * latromechanical→undustanding body using physics & mechanics * latrochemical understanding using chemical proces. * Renaissance Rebrith' knowledge of Greek & Roman Civilization. Reformation **15th century** *Paracelsus 15th Century * Onestioned medical ideas Rejecteed Galenic humoral theory Reliead on his experience & practice * Issac Judacus * Remarkable work advances in chemistry & medicine * Some doearls had external dietetics" development of wrigine way of practise "love * Flemish physician **Andreas Vesaling 15th century** Books Contained 4 & Human body drawings Big Impact on Anatomy. * Dissected Human bodies. * Challenged galens ideas Heart septum * Proved Galen some ideas wrong. *A Published " *The Fabric of Human Body" 1st anatomy book Invented water pump Heart septum *Surgeons were not trained. *Early surgeons were barbers, artisans, pastors & apothecaries *Sungary & Physics were merged Snong licensing & training for years Started. *From 14th 15th century *Transition from medical application to medical techniques **15th century onwards** *Ambroise Pare Surgical French anomy Surgeon. *Ambroise Pare 15th century * Wrote on treatment of gunshot wounds * On vascular ligatures Eliminated use of hot oil in for cautenze. * Wrote book on general surgery **Active Surgery** *Military Revolution Demanded Surgeon **2. major discoveries** * Created cold comment: Ingature for sealing wounds after limb amputation was not practised till torniguct was invented 2' century later) * Discovered Heart work working & blood circulation valves to precvent blackflow) recalculation hot replacement of blood * Method: Dissection, experiments & recordings * Only men became physicians castly. * Trained under experienced surgeons licensed from church. * Eventually Hospitals & private schools developed Bausii education * Arcicella: Articles, Commentaries Lectures, Consilia : case studies *Anten van Leeuwenhock : invented microscope (1666) **18'h century** * Gabriel Farhenheit mercury thermometer * John Hunter Scientific surgery procedure + * Berjamin Franklin Bifocals for glosses * James Lind Prescribed Lime juice for sunny) * Edward Jenner Vaccine fow smallpox **19th century** * James Blundell Blood transfusion [1818] * Rene Laennec invented stethoscope [1819) *The Heart: Founded of mordern nursing * Opened Nightingale School Began profesional education of nurses *Elizabeth Blackwell 1st female physician (1849) *Joseph Lister Disinfectant & Antiseptics. *Clara Bouton Founded American Red Cross *Louis Pasteur Proved micoorganisms caused diseases- Pasteurized milk to kill bacteria -created vaccine for Robies- *Dimitri Naghete Discovered livres. (1892) Gregory mendel Principles of Heredity. *Wilhelm Rotentgen Discovered X-rays (1895) Marie Curre Isolater radium (Only women to win nobel prize twice in a row) - Discovered matiation *Sigmund Freud basics of psychology & psychiatry *Frederick Banting & Charles Best Discovered & used insulin *Sir Alexander Fleming Discovered Pencillin (1928) *Frances Cribh & James Watson described structure of DNA & how it carries genetic information *Jonas Salk vaccine for polio. *Joseph Murray 1st surcesful kidny transplant. *Christian Barnard successful Heart transplant *Rudolf Virchow Cellular pathology. *Johannes Muller Physiology. *Lannec Auscultation. *Robert Koch Bacteriology : discovered bakteriacausing tuberculosis.