History Of Medicine PDF

HSITORY OF MEDICINE BALARABE ADAMU ISAH  WHAT IS MEDICINE The art or science of restoring or preserving health or due physical condition, as by means of drugs, surgical operations or appliances, or manipulations: often divided into medicine proper,...

HSITORY OF MEDICINE BALARABE ADAMU ISAH  WHAT IS MEDICINE The art or science of restoring or preserving health or due physical condition, as by means of drugs, surgical operations or appliances, or manipulations: often divided into medicine proper, surgery, and obstetrics. It’s is the science and practice of establishing the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of disease. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness.  INTRODUCTION The history of medicine shows how societies have changed in their approach to illness and disease from ancient times to the present. Early medical traditions include those of Babylon, China, Egypt and India. The Indians introduced the concepts of medical diagnosis, prognosis, and advanced medical ethics. The Hippocratic Oath was written in ancient Greece in the 5th century BCE, and is a direct inspiration for oaths of office that physicians swear upon entry into the profession today.  EARLY BEGINNERS Primitive human beings were superstitious and believed that illness and disease were caused by supernatural spirits. In an attempt to heal, tribal doctors performed ceremonies to exercise evil spirits. They also used herbs and plants as medicines. SKULL DRILLING IN PERU PSYCHOSPRITUAL TREATMENT AMONG NATIVE AMERICANS  EARLIEST RECORDS The Egyptians were the earliest people to keep accurate health records. They were superstitious and called upon the gods to heal them. Priests acted as physicians. The ancient Chinese were first to use primitive acupuncture therapies. The ancient Greeks considered medicine to be an art, not just a profession. They began researching and eliminating superstition.  ANCIENT GREEKS The Ancient Greeks believed that there were four humors making up the body, and an imbalance in these would lead to both mental and physical illnesses and ailments. The balance of these humors would be affected by diet, location, age, climate and a range of other factors, and Ancient Greek medicine was based upon restoring the balance. The Four Humors were: Sanguine: The blood, related to the element of air and the liver, dictated courage, hope and love. Choleric: Yellow bile, related to the element of fire and the Gall Bladder, could lead to bad temper and anger, if in excess.  ANCIENT GREEKS Melancholic: Black bile, associated with the element of earth and the spleen, would lead to sleeplessness and irritation if it dominated the body. Phlegmatic: Phlegm, associated with the element of water and the brain, was responsible for rationality, but would dull the emotions if allowed to become dominant. MADIEVAL TREATMENT PRACTICES  THE ROMANS The Romans understood the role of dirt and poor hygiene in spreading disease and created aqueducts to ensure that the inhabitants of a city received clean water.. The Romans may not have understood the exact mechanisms behind disease but their superb level of personal hygiene and obsession with cleanliness certainly acted to reduce the number of epidemics in the major cities. When mentioning the Roman influence on the history of medicine, the physician Galen. In AD161, Galen moved to Rome, where he acted as physician to the gladiators, which allowed him to study physiology and the human body. THE DARK AGES (A.D. 400-800)& M IDDLE AGES (A.D. 800-1400) The Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns and the study of medicine was stopped. For 1000 years, medicine was only practiced in convents and monasteries. The primary treatment was prayer. Terrible epidemics caused millions of deaths – bubonic plague = 60 million! Smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis were common. THE RENAISSANCE A.D. 1 350-1650 Universities and medical schools were used for research. Search for new ideas about disease rather than believing it is the will of God. Acceptance of dissection of the body for study. Development of printing press and publishing of books. These changes influenced the future of medical science. DRAWINGS FROM PRIVATE DISECTION OF VASELIUS WILLIAM HARVEY DISCOVERED AND DESCRIBES CIRCULATION SIXTEENTH AND SEVENT EENTH CENTURIES Apothecaries (early pharmacies) started. In medieval England, they traded drugs and spices from the East. The desire to learn continued, but quackery (pretending to cure diseases) was common. The causes of infection and disease were still not understood. Childbed fever and death from infection were common. THE EIGHTEENTH CENTU RY Students went outside of the classroom to observe patients at the bedside. When a patient died, they dissected the body to understand the disease process. In 1849, Elizabeth Blackwell (1821- 1910) became the first female physician in the United States. THE NINETEENTH AND T WENTIETH CENTURIES Physicians used herbs, hashish, and alcohol to help relieve pain before anesthesia was invented. – Many patients died from shock and pain. Nitrous Oxide (for dental care) and chloroform (for a deep sleep) were discovered. Immunizations, holistic health, patient education, telemedicine, noninvasive procedures, geriatrics  Hippocrates (460-377 BC)B.C.) On Airs, Waters, and Places  Idea that disease might be associated with physical environment  SOME NOTABLE CNTRIBUTORS TO DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE ABUBAKR AR-RAZI  Al-Razi, known to the Europeans as Rhazes (may be spelt Rhases, Rasis, Rasi or ar-Razi) (850 - 923), was at the forefront of Islamic research into medicine. A prolific writer, he produced over 200 books about medicine and philosophy, including an unfinished book of medicine that gathered most of the medical knowledge known to  IBN SINA( the Great Polymath) The Islamic scholar Ibn Sina, Avicenne. From a young age, he gained renown as a physician and teacher, writing many detailed treatises about medicine. His publication, 'The Canon,' became a core text for physicians across the Islamic world and Europe, laying out a detailed guide for diagnosing and treating ailments. Ibn-Sina believed that many diagnoses could be made by simply checking the pulse and the urine, and a large part of the Canon is given over to making diagnoses from the color, turbidity, and odor of urine.. His other breakthroughs were some suggestions for infant care and, based upon his belief that bad water was responsible for many ailments, he  Thomas Sydenham (624-1689) Recognized as a founder of clinical medicine and epidemiology Emphasized detailed observations of patients & accurate recordkeeping  James Lind 1700’s)  Designed first experiments to use a concurrently treated control group  Edward Jenner (1749-1823)  Pioneered clinical trials for vaccination to control spread of smallpox  Jenner's work influenced many others, including Louis Pasteur who developed vaccines against rabies and other infectious diseases  IGNAS SEMMELWEIS (1840’s)  Pioneered hand washing to help prevent the spread of septic infections in mothers following birth  John Snow (1813-1858)  Father of epidemiology  Careful mapping of cholera cases in East London during cholera epidemic of 1854  Traced source to a single well on Broad Street that had been contaminated by sewage  OTHERS Occupational medicine & Industrial Hygiene – Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) Role of carriers in transmission – Typhoid Mary & George Soper Typhoid Mary Typhoid Mary & George Soper  Mary Mallon, a cook responsible for most famous outbreaks of carrier-borne disease in medical history  Recognized as carrier during 1904 N.Y. typhoid fever epidemic  When source of disease was traced, Mary had disappeared only to resurface in 1907 when more cases occurred  Again Mary fled, but authorities led by George Soper, caught her and had her quarantined on an Island  Typhoid Mary & George Soper  In 1910 the health department released her on condition that she never accept employment involving the handling of food  Four years later, Soper began looking for Mary again when two new epidemics broke out; Mary had worked as a cook at both places  She was found and returned to North Brother Island, where she remained the rest of her life until a paralytic stroke in 1932 led to her slow death, six years later