History of Medicine Overview

• Ancient medicine existed as early as 4000 BC
• Morphine and Digitalis, two medicines from ancient times, are still in use today.
• Trepanation was a treatment for epilepsy and headaches that involved boring a hole in the head

Ancient Egyptian Medicine

• Egyptians were some of the earliest people to keep accurate medical records around 3000 BC.
• Physicians were priests who studied in temple schools.
• Diseases were thought to be caused by gods and could be healed by appealing to them.
• Magic, medicinal plants, and treatments were used by Egyptian physicians.
• The heart symbolized the soul, and blood vessels were thought to carry it throughout the body.
• Personal hygiene was considered important.
• Imhotep, considered the first physician, was revered as the god of medicine and healing.
• During the time of Pharaoh Djoser, Imhotep was known as the "Master physician".

Nile Theory

• The body had channels, and diseases stemmed from a clogging of these channels.
• Leeches were employed to open channels when clogged.
• The Egyptians used tools and medical kits for various treatments
• Pharmacology and Cosmetology, surgery, surgical treatment for wounds, and anatomy were all used
• The Smith Papyrus details surgical treatments for wounds and insights into anatomy
• The Ebers Papyrus details treatments for diseases using herbal remedies.
• The Kahun Papyri discusses gynecology and maternal care.
• Egyptians believed in the afterlife.
• Elaborate death rituals were developed with sophisticated techniques and tools.
• Mummification was practiced with priests in charge bearing "Anubis" masks

Ancient Chinese Medicine

• Ancient Chinese medicine emerged around 1700 BC
• The Huang Di Nei Jing, or Yellow Emperor's Classic of Medicine, is considered one of the earliest books on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).
• TCM emphasizes living in harmony with "Tao," the way.
• The "Bagua" concept in TCM represents fundamental principles of reality, including the Eight Trigrams, Yin and Yang, and the Five Elements
• TCM treatment methods include Acupuncture, Moxibustion, Tui Na (massage), Cupping, and Herbs.
• Zheng Ti Cuan Nian’s "Theory of Holism" is central to TCM.
• TCM consists of:
  • The human body as an integrated unit.
  • The interaction between humans and the environment
  • The idea that changes in nature influence the human body, an example being seasonal variations

Vital Energy

• "Qi" is vital energy that flows through meridians or channels.
• Diseases occur due to excess or deficit of "Qi" in the meridians.
• Acupuncture involves inserting nine needles at specific points to regulate "Qi" flow.
• There are twelve meridians in the body
• Herbs were used to stimulate bodies' natural healing processes
• Herbs were not seen as addictive
• Combinations of 2-18 herbs were used.

Tui Na

• Combines massage therapy and chiropractic principles to stimulate natural healing of body.
• The 3 techniques used in TCM include Massage, Acupressure, and Adjustment.
• Bian Zheng used in differential diagnosis helps guide therapeutic programs
• Yin and Yang are two contrasting aspects of everything in the universe.
• The Five Elements in Wu Xing theory are Water, Wood, Fire, Earth, and Metal, never absolute.
• Xiang Ke relates to Inter-inhibition, and Xiang Shen relates to Inter-generation.
• Jing-mai represents channels, and Luo-mai represents collateral channels.
• Zhang Fu refers to internal organs and their functions.
• Wu Zang includes five parenchymatous organs, including the Heart, Liver, Kidney, Spleen, and Lungs.
• Liu Fu entails six hollow organs: Gallbladder, Stomach, Large intestine, Urinary bladder, Triple heater, and Small intestine.
• Ba gang and Si zhen constitute a method of diagnosis.

Ancient Greek

• Some Key Figures:
  • Aristotle - "Father of Comparative anatomy" who dissected animals.
  • Alcmaeon – Biochemist, identified brain as the physiological site of senses
  • Hippocrates – "Father of Medicine", developed method of observing human body
• Recorded symptoms of many diseases and created the "Oath of Hippocrates"

The Four Humors

• Eucrasia suggests the body is in balance
• Dyscrasia suggests the body is out of balance
• The four humors are:
  • Blood is associated with Air and Sanguine
  • Phlegm is associated with Water and a Phlegmatic constitution
  • Yellow Bile is associated with Fire and Choleric Traits
  • Black Bile is associated with Earth and Melancholic Traits
• Ancient Romans (753-410 AD) treated soldiers in battle and established army hospitals.
• Patients were treated in doctors' homes
• Public health care and sanitation systems were developed.
• Remedies were herbal, used in monasteries and convents
• Claudius Galen (132-201 AD) 1-2nd century was considered best physician
• Influential works on medical subjects led to errors
• Galen dissected animal bodies and incorrectly wrote that they contained blood
• Writings were not questioned until 15th century.
• Writings studied kidneys

The Dark Ages

• The Dark Ages lasted from 400-800 AD.
• Study of medicine was prohibited during this time.
• Emphasis was placed on saving the soul, and illnesses were treated by prayer
• In the Middle Ages (800-1400 AD), there was stagnation in anatomy following the Roman Empire's decline.
• A transition to Islamic world occurred
• Hunayn Ibn Ishaq Translated 129 Galenic works into Arabic
• He wrote the Canon of Medicine, most authoritative book on Anatomy to date
• Physicians in medical universities advanced in pharmacology especially in Persia
• Rhazes invented suturing

Black Death

• The Black Death was a pandemic in Europe.
• The pathogen "Yersinia pestis" caused the Venging Plague
• Rat Fleas acted as vectors called "Xenopsylla cheopisy"
• Victim death occurred 4-7 days later
• Known now as "Bubonic plague" involved swelling of lymph nodes
• The Pneumonic plague, transmitted person to person, was more virulent

Cadwalader’s Plague

• Occurred around 664 CE in Britain
• The plague began by rats and marmots then spread to Europe by hunters and explorers
• Led to Byzantine and Cantacuzenus emperor deaths
• Resulted in significant drop in population
• It was an epidemic effect resulting to loss of manpower and peasant revolts
• Some positive effects were increased value of workers and the organization of workers
• Negative effects: Deurbanization
• Triumph of Death, Grim Reaper, Dance of death and, Horsemen of apocalypse
• It birthed modern medicine and both kinds were outlawed by church
• weird behavior by society.

Renaissance Medicine

• More understanding of the human body with physics
• Chemical processes were used
• Paracelsus questioned medical ideas

Key People of the Time

• Isaac Judaeus
• Flemish physician
• Author of book on dietetics
• Andreas Versalius's
• Contained human drewings
• Challenged Galenic Ideas
• Galen was proven wrong
• Surgeon were not trained
• Sungrgy of Physic
• Ambulosie Paré's
• Gunshot wombs
• Vascular
• General surgry

Key People in Advancing Medicine

• 15th to 16th Century:
  • William Harvey.
  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who invented the microscope (1666)
• 18th, 19th century:
  • James Lind: Used Lime to treat scurvy
  • Edward Jenner: Vaccine for smallpox.
• 19th
  • James Blundell. Blood transfunsiosn [1818]
  • Rene Laennec, 1819 invented stethoscope.

Those who led to modern medicine

• Florence Nightingale (1820-1910): Created method for nurses, in 1860
• Elizabeth Blackwell: 1st famale physician
• Joseph Lister: Antiseptics
• Clara Bouton: American Red Cross.
• Lois pasteur: Discovered Pasteurized mik
• Dimitri Ivanosky: discovered viruses .
• Gregory mendal: Heredity
• Wilhelm Rotentgen: X-Rays
• Marie Curic: Only women to obtain Nobel pirze twice
• Sigmung Freud: psychology and psychiatry
• Frederick Banting and charles Best: insulin
• Alexander Flaming: penicillin
• Francis corde& James watson: ONA sturcutre explained
• Jona Salk: vaccine polios
• First transplant: Joseph muray1, Heart transplant by Christian Banard
• Rudolf Virchow: cellular pathology
• Johannes mliler: Physiology
• Robert Korch : Bacteriology

Explore the history of medicine, from ancient practices like trepanation and the detailed medical records of ancient cultures to the contributions of figures like Galen and Pare. Understand meridians, Wu Xing, and the evolution of medical knowledge.