History Notes: The Enlightenment, Revolutions, and Monarchs PDF

The Enlightenment Period (1600-1800) ==================================== I. **The Enlightenment Period** is also called The Intellectual Revolution A. Also called the Age of Reason 1. People began to use logic or reasoning to explore and discover new ideas 2. People used this logica...

The Enlightenment Period (1600-1800) ==================================== I. **The Enlightenment Period** is also called The Intellectual Revolution A. Also called the Age of Reason 1. People began to use logic or reasoning to explore and discover new ideas 2. People used this logical reasoning to improve their lives and the lives of others 3. **The Scientific Revolution** took place at the same time a. In the scientific revolution, new inventions and discoveries were made b. Development of new subjects being taught and explored: physics, anatomy, etc. B. Where/ why the Enlightenment Period began 1. Begins in **France** due to absolute monarchs 2. These monarchs such as Louis XIV gave the people very little freedom and taxed them heavily to pay for their lavish lifestyles 3. The French people shared ideas with each other 4. The people collected information or data and printed them in encyclopedias C. The people called themselves philosophes or enlightened philosophers D. The philosophes met in private homes called salons E. New religions were started 1. Deism a. People used logic or critical thinking to prove the existence of God b. They also used logic to explain miracles 2. The Methodist Church was founded a. It was started by John Wesley b. Wesley believed that the people should have moderate and pious views 3. All the religions that were started challenged the Anglicans, Presbyterians, and Church of England F. Examples of philosophes and their beliefs, ideas, and theories 1. **John Locke** was an English philosophe a. He wrote *the Second Treatise on Civil Government* b. He believed the government only existed through a **social contract with the people** c. The people could withdraw consent and establish a new government if the contract was broken 2. **Baron de Montesquieu** wrote *Spirit of Laws* which demonstrates democratic government a. New governments would be run by **a system** **of checks and balances** b. Would prevent one branch from becoming too powerful and allow the people's wishes to be heard 1. Executives enforce 2. Legislative writes 3. Judicial interprets 3. Jean Jacques Rousseau a. He believed in Locke's theory of social contract between the people and the government b. He wrote a book called Emile which said that children should be allowed freedom to develop their natural talents c. He believed people would be happier if they lived closer to nature. d. Rousseau's theories were rejected by the French monarchs 4. Adam Smith a. A Scottish professor in Edinburg b. Wrote **"The wealth of nations"** c. The wealth of a nation could be found in its people and the products it produced. d. Believe government should stay out of industry in the principal **Laisse-faire** e. The government would benefit from taxes and the people would benefit from trade and prices 5. Voltaire a. Believed in freedom of thought and religion b. Lived in France, Russia, and Prussia II. Results of the Enlightenment Period A. Enlightenment period ended with the French Revolution where it transformed into the Romantic Period. B. Some of the monarchs became **enlightened absolute monarchs** and granted more freedom. C. Many countries will start a legislative body in their government. D. The intellectual revolution will start the industrial revolution, the American revolution, the Latin American revolution, and the French revolution. England (Great Britain) ======================= Mary Queen of Scots was Catholic mother to James I who was raised Protestant A. **James I** will start the **Stuart dynasty** in England 1603- 1714 B. Absolute monarch who only called Parliament into session when he needed money C. The King James version of the Protestant Bible is named after James James' son was **King Charles I**, who was more arrogant than his father A. Charles I was also an absolute monarch who only called Parliament into session when he needed money B. The Protestant Puritan leaders rebelled against Charles (Catholic) C. The **second English civil war** will start and last from 1642-1649 1\. Charles' supporters were called **loyalists** or cavaliers 2\. Puritan Opposition led by **Oliver Cromwell** were called **round heads** 3\. Cromwell wins because he has support from the army D. Charles is executed in 1649 by public beheading E. Cromwell takes over and makes himself Lord Protector or Dictator F. His son Richard takes over after his death, but he was weak 1. Charles II put on the throne by Parliament 2. Parliament had control of the government 3. When he died, he had no heir 4. His younger brother **James** **I** became King a. James was an absolute monarch who believed in divine right b. Started having problems after his Protestant first wife died 1. Had 2 daughters: Mary, married to William of Orange, Anne, who was married to an English noble 2. James then married a Catholic princess and converts 3. He had a son with her and James decides to make England Catholic again c. Parliament takes James off the throne in **the glorious revolution of 1688** 1. It was called the glorious revolution because there was no civil war 2. Parliament was influenced by Enlightened writers 3. **William III and Mary II** become the new monarchs 4. They were the only joint rulers of England 5. Parliament passes Act of Succession which forbids any Catholic from becoming monarch 6. Parliament will pass the **English Bill of Rights in 1689** a. It gave people the rights of free speech, religion, press, and assembly b. Most of these rights were given to white male landowners c. It became a model for British colonies especially after they gained their independence 7. The next monarch is **Anne I** a. Anne has little power and Parliament controls the government b. She will be the last Stuart monarch c. When she died, Parliament made **George 1** monarch 1. He was chosen because he was a Protestant German from Hanover 2. He will start **the Hanover dynasty** which rules from 1714 -- 1837 3. He did not have absolute power and Parliament ran the government d\. Anne had 2 advisors named John and Sarah Churchill France ====== 1. All the monarchs were absolute rulers 2. **The Bourbon Dynasty** ruled France from 1589-1789 a. Started by Henry II after a civil war between Protestant and Catholics b. He was Protestant but converted to Catholicism c. Issues Edict of Nantes in 1598 which gives religious freedom to French Protestants called **Huguenots** d. He was murdered in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic 3. **Louis XIV** was the son of Henry II a. He was an absolute monarch and gave the French people very little freedom b. He was famous for saying "I am the state; I am the sun" c. He built the palace of Versailles outside of Paris, taking 42 years d. Louis made **Jean Baptist Colbert minister of finance** because there wasn't enough tax money to pay for everything 1. Colbert starts **mercantilism** to get Louis the money he needs 2. Despite raising taxes and tariffs, Colbert could not keep France out of debt 3. After Colbert died, Louis XIV had to raise taxes even more e. He revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1689 1. This affected the Huguenots, who were the skilled workers, merchants, and craftsmen 2. They went to Prussia**,** which helped their economy 3. This will weaken the French economy f. When Louis XIV died, his son would continue ruining the French economy Russia ====== 1. **Mikhail Romanov** will start the **Romanov Dynasty** which rules Russia from 1613-1917 a. The Russian rulers were emperors called **tzars** or tzarinas b. They were absolute rulers who controlled everything c. The Russian people loved the royal family and supported them 2. **Peter the Great (Peter 1)** was the most successful Romanov emperor (1689-1721) a. He was an **enlightened absolute monarch** because he read the writings of the enlightened philosophes b. He westernized Russia and made them adopt western clothing and made French the official language c. He copied the British navy and the Prussian army d. He allowed Russian women to have the right to choose who to marry e. He modernized the Russian calendar and started the first Russian newspaper f. He made the Russian Orthodox Church the official religion g. He made a brand-new castle in St Petersburg on the Baltic Sea h. He built schools and hospitals and made everyone pay taxes including the church and nobles i. He encouraged developments in agriculture, science, and industry 3. After Peter's death, **Catherine the Great (Catherine 2)** will be the next successful monarch a. She was a German princess who married into the royal Russian family b. In 1762, Catherine led the nobles and overthrew her husband (Peter 3) c. The Russian people loved her because she was an enlightened absolute monarch d. She gives the Russian people more freedom 1. In 1767, she allowed the Russian people to form a convention to write a new constitution 2. She gave religious freedom to everyone, including Protestants and Jews 3. She increased trade with Europe 4. Annexed the Crimea Peninsula near the Black Sea 5. In **1772**, she annexed part of Poland, along with Prussia and Austria 6. She built schools and hospitals e. **Voltaire** became one of her advisors f. Because she was not moving fast enough, the nobles rebelled against her with Catherine killing them and revoking her reforms Austria ======= 4. **Maria Theresa (Catholic)** 1. It was ruled by absolute monarchs in the **Hapsburg** **dynasty** which ruled from 1215-1970 2. Maria Theresa was an **enlightened benevolent monarch** a. She and her husband had 16 children including her daughter Marie Antoinette b. Her son and husband held the title of Holy Roman Emperor, but as Empress, she ruled Austria c. She made Austria a powerful country by copying the government and military of Prussia d. She forced the nobles to pay taxes, which were used to help the people e. In **1772**, she **split Poland** between **Russia and Prussia** f. She lost a war with Prussia and lost the region Silesia (rich in iron ore and coal) g. When she died, the Austrian people mourned her death 3. Her son Joseph II became emperor upon her death a. He also was an enlightened benevolent monarch b. He gave religious freedom and equal rights to everyone c. He freed all the serfs and peasants d. He made the nobles pay taxes to build schools and hospitals e. He ended the death penalties for certain crimes f. He made German the official language of Austria g. He loses a war with Prussia, and the nobles and the church takes over the government 4. All the reforms he and his mother made were undone by the nobles Prussia ======= 1. **Hohenzollern dynasty** (1415-1980) Kaisers A. Prussia became a country when Willhelm united the Southern German states B. His son Frederick 1 will make the Prussian military stronger and more powerful C. Frederick 1 will make their army the best and strongest in all of Europe 1. He will take power away from the nobles 2. He invites the **Huguenots** to live in Prussia after they were forced out of France 3. This will strengthen Prussian agriculture and industry 2. **Frederick II (Frederick the Great)** becomes Kaiser when he dies A. When he was young, Frederick II and his friends ran away to France 1. His father forces them back to Prussia where all of them were executed except Frederick 2. This was a turning point in his life B. Frederick II will become an **enlightened benevolent ruler**, whose accomplishments improve Russian lives 1. He opens elementary schools, trade schools, craft schools 2. He was influenced by the French enlightened philosophe **Voltaire** 3. He will allow freedom of the press 4. He gave religious freedom to everyone except Jews and Polish people (Catholic) 5. He started the **Berlin Academy of Science** 6. He built roads, canals, and started new industries 7. He funded research in **agriculture** C. In 1748, he took Silesia away from Austria, because it was rich in iron ore and coal D. In 1772, he, Austria, and Russia split and annexed Poland E. After Frederick II dies, the Kaisers become absolute, and this will hurt Prussia 1. This gave the people little experience in self- government 2. Because of this, the German people will respect authority, authoritarian rulers, and the military 3. The German people will not accept democracy until after WWII Spain ===== 1. Until 1710, Louis 14 ruled both France and Spain 2. His grandson became king and began the Bourbon dynasty in Spain Netherlands =========== 1. The **Netherlands became independent from Spain** in **1689** 2. The Netherlands becomes the second strongest Protestant nation in Europe A. They had the second strongest navy in Europe B. Shipbuilding was also one of their main industries 3. They had two big industrial cities, Amsterdam and Rotterdam 4. Their legislative body controlled the government 5. Their monarchs were only figureheads and belonged to the **House of Orange (William 3 of England)** Legislative Bodies in Europe 1. Great Britain A. **Act of Union (**Wales, England, and Scotland**) 1707** B. They kept the legislative body of England called **Parliament** 1. **Parliament** is divided into two houses a. House of Lords 1. Its members inherited their seats 2. In the beginning it had more power and made all the decisions b. House of Commons- Its members were middle class and were elected to their seats 2. **Parliament was created in 1215 when King John signed the Magna Carta** a. The Magna Carta was created because King John heavily taxed the people b. Parliament controlled all the finances of the monarchs and England c. The monarchs could not pass taxes unless they had permission from Parliament d. The monarchs had power over Parliament because they called it in to session and they could dissolve it at any time e. The Magna Carta also forced the monarch and royal officials to obey laws and be accountable to the people C. Great Britain is a **constitutional monarchy** 1. The monarch is a figurehead with little power 2. The real head of the government is the prime minister who is elected from the House of Commons D. Parliament became a role model for the new colonies E. The only people allowed to vote were white males owning land 2\. **France** A. In 1302 the **Estate- Generals** were formed 1. First Estate a. Made up of clergy b. Owned 10% of the land c. Paid no taxes 2. Second Estate a. Made up of royalty and nobles b. Owned 20% of the land c. Paid no taxes 3. Third Estate (97%) a. Largest estate b. Owned only 1-3% of the land c. It was divided into three groups 1. Bourgeoisie -- doctors, lawyers, middle class, educated 2. Culottes -- servants, city workers, skilled workers, serfs 3. Sans -- poor. Peasants were the largest group of the third estate, uneducated and poor. Paid all the taxes and were always outvoted by the higher estates d. By 1789 the Estates only met twice e. If the third estate protested for more rights, the monarch would dismiss the estates general B. France had an absolute monarch who gave the people very few privileges C. By 1789, the third estate will start the French revolution 3. **Spain** A. The Spanish legislative body was called the **Cortez** 1. It was only an advisory council to the monarch 2. The monarch was an absolute ruler who gave the people very little freedom B. The **royal advisory council** was set up to govern and control Spanish colonies 1. It appointed governors called **viceroys** who were wealthy nobles 2. Only wealthy male landowners could vote in elections for local leaders a. Its monarch was chosen by the nobles b. The middle class and everyone else had few rights c. In 1772 a religious body called the **Diet** was created d. The Diet had little power because they had to have unanimous votes to make decisions e. In 1772 Poland was invaded by Prussia, Russia, and Austria How the monarchs were alike 1. **Theory of divine right.** a. In divine right, the monarchs believed that God gave them power through their birthright b. Became absolute rulers who the people had to obey 2. They were jealous of each other and always at war 3. They all practiced the right of mercantilism a. **Mercantilism** was an economic system in which colonies existed for the good of the mother country b. The monarchs needed money, so they exploited their colonies natural resources as markets for trade and their people c. Monarchs would begin the slave trade in all the colonies d. The European nations started tariffs which forced colonies to only trade with their mother country 4. **Slave trade** a. First began in North, Central, and South America, and Caribbean 1. Many native people were made slaves 2. Spanish, British, and French intermarried with the natives b. Because many of the native people died from diseases such as smallpox, so the European nation began the **Trans-Atlantic trade slave to Africa** 1. **Slave trade in Africa started in 1200-1300 by Portugal** 2. In 1300, British took over the slave trade. 3. Slaves were seldom freed, and their children also became slaves How the monarchs were different 1. Religion a. Catholics (Italian kingdoms- France, Spain, Portugal, Austria) b. Protestants (Prussia, England) 2. Economics a. Rural and urban areas. 1. Eastern Europe was mostly rural and depended on farming 2. Most of Western Europe was urban 3. The **industrial revolution** does not start in eastern Europe until the late 1800s 4. Eastern European monarchs also used serfs and peasants for labor, and they were bound to the nobles 5. Examples of Eastern European countries- Russia, Poland, Hungary, and Austria 3. Military a. All the absolute monarchs used the military to stay in power b. The Eastern European monarchs used the military more often c. The military was divided into the army and the navy d. The strongest Catholic nation was France and the strongest Protestant nation was Great Britain Strongest navy- Great Britain, The Netherlands, Sweden Strongest army- Prussia, France The Years of Revolution (1600-1800) =================================== Revolution is a change or progression to improve society. 1. The Intellectual Revolution A. Influenced changes that affected The Scientific Revolution, The Age of Reason, The Enlightenment period B. The philososphes would help nations form legislative bodies of government C. Philosophes also influenced the monarchs 2. The Industrial Revolution (Phase 1) A. When, Who, How 1. It started in **Great Britain in 1769** when **James Watt** made the first functioning **steam** **engine** 2. Great Britain had large amounts of coal and water resources to produce steam 3. Great Britian also had large sources of iron ore which they converted into steel B. Why it Started 1. The British had the largest empire in the world and exploited their natural resources 2. It had political stability, which created a democratic government a. The people had the freedom to develop new ideas and inventions b. The people were able to create more goods 3. Great Britain had the strongest navy and merchant marine 4. It had a mild climate 5. They had a good transportation system of roads, railroads, harbors, and canals 6. They have made new agricultural improvements a. They had many skilled workers willing to work in factories b. This produced enough food for everyone who moved to the cities 7. They had a good banking system and people willing to make investments 8. They had colonies to use as a market for their goods 9. They refused to share their ideas with anyone else 10. The people willingly moved from a rural to an urban area C. Results of the Industrial Revolution 1. Great Britain became the first industrial giant of the world 2. Society changed in the upper and middle classes, creating millionaires 3. More books, newspapers, and magazines will be published 4. The new technology will increase the labor supply and make it more mobile 5. Capitalism became popular, started by Adam Smith in his book *the Wealth of Nations* D. Monarchy and Parliament changed in the Industrial Revolution 1. The **Hanove**r dynasty rules Great Britain a. **George 1** had very little power and was only a **figurehead** b. **George II** was also just a figurehead 2. During this time, Parliament gains more power a. The monarchs had a group of advisors called the **Privy Council** who would make suggestions to Parliament b. Its members were made up of Parliament members in the House of Commons c. There were **two political parties** in the House of Commons 1. **Whigs supported a strong Parliament, commercial interests, and rights for the people** 2. **Tories supported a strong monarchy, the nobles, and large landowners** d. The position of prime minister was created to run the government 1. **Robert Walpole** was **Britain's first prime minister** elected in 1721 2. He was prime minister for 21 years e. The **Whig** party became powerful because it had the support of the middle class American Revolution =================== A. Reasons why 1. The Americans complained of **taxation without representation** 2. The American colonies wanted to **end mercantilism** a. The Americans wanted to trade with other European nations b. Most of the colonies the British started were from two wars 1. **Thirty Years' War** 1618-1648 a. It was fought over religious differences between Protestants and Catholics b. Britain was the strongest European nation and had the best navy c. When Americans tried to trade with other countries, the British placed heavy **taxes or tariffs** on them d. **The Hundred Years' War** - Britain gained colonies in America 2. The Americans read the works of **the philosophes and enlightened writers** B. Historical Events 1. In the **Seven Years War**, Britian defeated France and their Native American allies a. The war ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 with the British taking over almost all the French territory in North America b. The British promised there would be no settlements west of the Appalachian Mountains c. The American colonies broke the treaty, and the Native Americans attacked them 2. The British send troops to protect their colonies 3. The British made the Americans pay for the costs of the war and to protect the colonies 4. The British increased the tariff especially on imported goods such as tea, sugar, and paper a. Prime minister William Pitt (the Elder) gained support from Parliament for these taxes b. He also increased the tariffs on British citizens 5. The Americans protested but they could do nothing to stop the British 6. A new monarch named George III wanted to become an absolute monarch a. Prime minister Lord Frederick North increased tariffs again b. On July 2, 1776, America gained independence with the **Declaration of Independence** written by **Thomas Jefferson** c. The Declaration becomes a model for modern democracy, liberty, and freedom d. After 8 years the war ended In the **Treaty of Paris in 1783** 1. Americans won because France gave them money and assistance 2. Americans received all the territory north to Canada, east to the Atlantic Ocean, south to Florida, and west to the Mississippi River 3. Created the colonies as The United States of America C. Governed by the **Articles of Confederation** from 1781-1787 1. The Articles were weak because there was no centralized government to enforce them 2. The Articles also weakened the economy and put the states in debt 3. The states decided to meet and form a new government D. States met in **Philadelphia.** 1. Wrote a constitution that formed a **constitutional republic** where officials are elected to run the government 2. The constitution formed three branches of government with a system of checks and balances (Baron de Montesquieu) 3. The constitution also contained the **Bill of Rights** which contained the first ten amendments to protect the rights of the people E. Effects of the American Revolution 1. **George III lost his power** as an absolute monarch a. He and his wife had 14 children b. He studied **agriculture** and was nicknamed" **Farmer George"** c. He developed a disease called **Porphyria** which caused **dementia or madness** d. He died in 1820, and his son became George IV 2. The American Revolution spread ideas of liberty, equality, and freedom 3. It **influenced** and caused the **Latin American Revolution** to begin 4. It **influenced** and caused the **French Revolution** a. It caused France to increase its **debt** b. It gave the French people **hope for freedom** esp. the **Third Estate** Latin American Revolution (1799-1800) ===================================== A. Reasons why it starts 1. Political a. **Spain and Portugal**, who controlled most of the colonies there, were absolute rulers b. The people in the colonies had **no freedom** 2. Economical a. The colonies were forced to practice **mercantilism** b. The people in the Spanish colonies could not trade with other countries, and were dependent on Spain 3. Religious a. The **Spanish were Catholics** who were **intolerant** of other religions b. The **Inquisition** was started to keep the church in power 4. Social a. The Spanish colonies were settled by **wealthy plantation owners** called **Creoles** b. The Creoles sent their children to Europe where they were educated in the **enlightened writers** 5. In 1808, **Napoleon Bonaparte** of France took over Spain and Portugal a. The colonies were cut off and became **independent** b. The colonies did not want to give up their self-government 6. The Creoles wanted to help the poor 7. The **American Revolution gave them hope** B. Latin American wars for independence 1. Mexico a. In 1821, Mexico became independent from Spain b. They formed a republic, but it was overthrown 2. **General Santa Anna** was the most famous **Mexican dictator** a. In 1836, he lost Texas in the Battle of the Alamo b. In 1848, he lost the Mexican American war and all the southwest territory 3. Today Mexico is a **republic** whose **president is Claudia Sheinbaum Pardoe**