History HL Unit 1 - Gigi - PDF

PAPER 1 – RWANDA AND AFRICAN COLONIES 1990-1998 Introduction/background Before the genocide, there existed a longstanding ethnic tension between Hutus (85% of the population) and Tutsis (14% of the population). Colonial rule: Original divisions intensified under Belgian colonial rule (1916 - 1962)...

PAPER 1 – RWANDA AND AFRICAN COLONIES 1990-1998 Introduction/background Before the genocide, there existed a longstanding ethnic tension between Hutus (85% of the population) and Tutsis (14% of the population). Colonial rule: Original divisions intensified under Belgian colonial rule (1916 - 1962) when Belgian authorities invested authority and privilege within the Tutsi minority. On gaining independence in 1962, Rwanda was run by a Hutu government that proposed policies disfavouring Tutsis, including periodic pogroms. Brief intro questions: How many people died? 491,000–800,000 Tutsis & 10,000 Twa What percentage of the population were Hutu? 85% Which élite group dominated politics? Hutu (85% of the population) and Tutsi (14%). When did the Hutus overthrow the monarchy? 1959 In the 1980s, what group did Tutsi refugees (and some Hutus) find- initials only?  PAPER 1 – RWANDA AND AFRICAN COLONIES 1990-1998 Complete timeline: 1.​ 1990 Invasion of Rwanda 2.​ 1993(August) Peace Accord 3.​ 1994 (6th April) Assassination of Habyarimana 4.​ 1994 (4th July) RPF takes the capital, Kigali 5.​ 1994 (18th July) RPF announces ceasefire 6.​ What event happened as a consequence? 7.​ Who had headquarters in Rwanda? 8.​ What was sent to NY warning of the genocide? 9.​ Which other 2 countries didn’t get involved? USA 10.​ How many fled to nearby countries? 11.​Who is the current leader? Paul Kagame European Influence in Africa Which European powers had the most influence in Africa?  PAPER 1 – RWANDA AND AFRICAN COLONIES 1990-1998 Reasons for imperialism 1. Economic → greater industrialization =greater need for resources Africa had lots of diamonds, cobalt, steek, slaves To grow the EU economy 2. Social → spread cultural, religious, and racial ideologies ‘White man’s burden’ 3. Military→ point of national pride/competition Bases for trade routes and military bases overseas - power 4. Individuals→african collaborators, personal beliefs, and personal gain (e.g. LEOPOLD of Belgium) / ADVENTURERS and explorers, e.g.Cecil Rhodes → INDOCTRINATION/SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROWTH DOMINO EFFECT PERSPECTIVES ON COLONIALISM 1.​ Tutsi Ethnic minority group Richer, better educated and had Euopean features 2.​ Hutu Majority group Shared sam language and culture as hutu Due to european colonisers favoring tutsi’s they were second-class citizens. 3.​ Germany 19 century 1884 East Africa Brutal repression of opposition Gustan Aldof’s ‘slasht burn’ policy. 4.​ Belgium 19th century Promoted Tutsi in leadership Believed they were improving technology exd. Set up ID card and registration system (drawing divide between tutsis and hutus as savages and educated) 5.​ Parmehutu Smallest group (political group) PAPER 1 – RWANDA AND AFRICAN COLONIES 1990-1998 Hutu nationalists who drove the idea of fighting against Tutsis and assert power over them. 6.​ UNAR 20th century Advocating for Rwandan rights. Committed to persevering Rwandan independence and nationalism. Conservative party Founded by Francois Rubeka on September 3rd 1959. Set up to keep pace in 1993. Impact of colonialism on Rwanda? URUNDI Colonial rule→identity cards with ethnic classification, weakened local leaders, spread of christianity, weakened local leaders, western and higher education rpovided for tutsi people, political power went strictly to tutsis. Colonial economic legacy→ cash economy, new crops, forced labour system, economic migration, economic dependency on coffee crops. Positive and negative views: Positive view: ​ Built infrastructure ​ Education for Tutsis (builds one economy of Rwanda) ​ Spread of tech ​ New crops allows for Rwanda’s economy to grow (end of subsistence farming)  PAPER 1 – RWANDA AND AFRICAN COLONIES 1990-1998 ​ Modernized Rwanda’s economy Negative: ​ Pushes Hutus into poverty due to trade being ended ​ slavery for most people / Hutus The Two Republics 1963-90 Rwanda gained independence in 1960, then, a Tutsi invasion into Rwanda from Burundi caused another anti-Tutsi backlash by the Hutu government (their forces killed around 14,000 people). The First Republic 1963-73 The Second Republic 1973-90 The Civil War 1973-90 The Berlin Conference 1884 ​ Otto Von Bismark created the conference to settle disputes between EU countries that were interested in African colonies. ​ This allowed EU countries to seize African countries' ownership, resources, and people. ​ Saturday, November 15, 1884, an international conference was opened by the chancellor of the newly-created German Empire at his official residence on Wilhelmstrasse, in Berlin. Homework: Summary of pg 13-17: Changes of power in Europe affected the African continent's colonization. In 1880 80% percent of the landmass was colonised, and by 1910, 90% percent was colonised. King Leopold II (Belgium) was the leading force (He created the International African Society in 1978). Stanley was a key influence and explorer, and his expedition to the Congo Riven in  PAPER 1 – RWANDA AND AFRICAN COLONIES 1990-1998 1976-7 was followed by it being taken control of by Belgium.(Stanley met with multiple of the leaders and had them sign treaties that essentially gave the Congo to Leopold II). The Berlin conference (1884-8) was a meeting held by European powers wanting to seize power of powers in Africa. No African representatives were present. In the next two decades, the African continent was divided imensly. French, British and Belgian powers had the most colonies. Due to European control in Africa, it caused political instability (e.g. Rwanda genocide due to Belgium’s seizure of power) and had a large role in causing African countries to be dependant on agricltural and traditional ways of income. Comprehension Evaluation Comparison Synthesising sources Key words: Primary- source produced by someone who was at the historical event. Secondary - a source made after the event by someone who was not there Tertiary- source produced long after the vent, using a variety of primary and secondary sources Provenance Biased Objective Subjective Content Incomplete Value Reliable Purpose Origin Limitations How does government propaganda lead to genocide?  PAPER 1 – RWANDA AND AFRICAN COLONIES 1990-1998 Extremist groups: Created rumours→ “cockroaches” Interahamwe→ CDR→ Parmehutu→ Impuzamugambi→ MDND→From 1978 to 1991, the MRND was the only legal political party in the country. It was dominated by Hutus, particularly from President Habyarimana's home region of Northern Rwanda. The elite group of MRND party members who were known to influence the President and his wife are known as the akazu. RPF→ 1987 led by Paul Kagame Tools of propaganda→ Kangura magazine + RTLM Kangura magazine→ early 90s founded by Ngeze (now a war criminal) Political polemics (gov. Approved 10 commandments) Sponsored by MRND RTLM→ advocated hutu power ideals, advocated active calls for genocide during the genocide, the RTLM acted as a source of propaganda that incited hate, and violence against Tusi, and Hutu people who were for the peace accord. The RTLM advocated for the annihilation of all Tutsi people. ​ RTLM was short-lived (only operated for a year/ July 1993-94) ​ Effective at disseminating Hutu power and its despotic ideology ​ Has been called the “most successful hate radio in history.” ​ It was a very effective tool for news due to the fact that 60% of Rwandans were illiterate ​ In a speech in 1993, propaganda minister Goebbels called the radio “The most influential and important intermediary between spiritual movement and the nation, between the idea and the people.” ​ In Rwanda the RTLM radio station spread hate and propaganda against the Tutsi people, calling for their extermination. ​ broadcasts guided attackers by giving locations of Tutsi people. ​ The radio was a powerful tool that spread fear, encouraged violence against the Tutsi ​ RTLM’s actions were compared to nazi propaganda, with both using media to promote.  PAPER 1 – RWANDA AND AFRICAN COLONIES 1990-1998 ​ After the Rwanda genocide, four people connected to radio were found guilty of genocide and complicity.