History Exam Review PDF

History Exam Review PART A Archduke / Ferdinand ​ Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the throne of Austro-Hungarian Empire ​ The Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was making a visit to Sarajevo with his wife on June 18 1914. ​ Although him and his wife almost escaped an attack by a...

History Exam Review PART A Archduke / Ferdinand ​ Archduke Franz Ferdinand was the throne of Austro-Hungarian Empire ​ The Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was making a visit to Sarajevo with his wife on June 18 1914. ​ Although him and his wife almost escaped an attack by a Serbian terrorist group called Black Hand they were later assassinated by Gavrilo Princip. ​ Archduke was shot in the neck while his wife was shot in the stomach Winnipeg Winnipeg general strike ​ At 7am on the morning of Thursday, May 15, 1919, 500 telephone operators pinched out at the end of their shifts. ​ Women represented the vast majority of the first group of workers to begin the city wide sympathetic strike ​ At 11am the official starting point of the strike, workers began to pour out from shops, factories, and offices to meet at Portage and Main. ​ More than 25,000 workers had walked away from their positions ​ On May 15, winnipeg was virtually shut down ​ Helen armstrong organized many of the wholesale and retail workers. ​ On May 26, at 5am she began a drive against several smaller stores where women were still working ​ 9am that morning she reported to have been please with success if the drive and stated that many women had been added to the strikers’ role. ​ By May 24 1918, the strike was over Creeping barrage ​ The goal of the creeping barrage was to create a line of shellfire just in front of the Canadian troops and then keep it moving forward like a shield so that the soldiers could move behind it, across the battlefield. ​ Battle of the Sommes created the tactic creeping barrage. 1929 Depression Depression in canada ​ The roaring twenties was a time of wealth.  ​ A speculative boom that had taken hold in the late 1920s, which had led hundreds of thousands to invest heavily in the stock market. A significant number of them were borrowing money to buy stocks. ​ Despite the dangers of speculation, many believed that the stock market would continue to rise indefinitely. ​ The market had been on a 6 year run that saw the new york stock exchange increase fivefold, peaking on September 3 1929. Factors that led to the Depression: ​ By August 1929, brokers were routinely lending small investors more than 2/3s of the face value of the stock they were buying. ​ Over $8.5 billion loaned more than the entire amount of currency circulating at the time. ​ Growth in the population of Canada was coming from a natural increase (births/death) more than immigration despite the fact that the number of men of marriageable age was reduced by the moralities of 1914-1919 ​ Debt was another factor. ​ Families were living in larger and more expensive homes. ​ New technology meant farm families borrowed to mechanize their output. ​ Automobiles were becoming more common, many of which were bought on credit. ​ The inexperience of new stock markets ​ Decentralized control over the global investment economy pulled money in different directions increasing the risks(and exposure to inexperienced brokers) while adding little to the building of a global fiscal safety net. Chamberlain ​ Full Name: Neville Chamberlain ​ British prime minister Neville Chamberlain insisted Czechoslovakia give territorial concessions to Germany of the Sudeten German areas in hopes of avoiding war ​ Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King warmly supported British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasing German leader Adolf Hitler. ​ When Chamberlain postponed war by sacrificing Czechoslovakia in the Munich crisis of September 1938, King thanked him publicly, and Canadians in general certainly agreed. Defenses ​ Alpine Line: intended to defend the country from potential invasions through the Alps, particularly against France to the west and Germany to the north. ​ It incorporated a large number of existing forts and defenses ​ They were concentrated around mountain passes and other potential weak points, enhancing the Alps own ancient and natural defensive line 1939 Poland overload (OCCUPATION OF POLAND?) ​ When the German attack on Poland on 1 September 1939 finally led Britain and France to declare war on Germany. ​ Nazi propagandists accused Poland of persecuting ethnic Germans living in Poland. ​ They also falsely claimed that Poland was planning, with its allies Great Britain and France, to encircle and dismember Germany Canadians Robert Borden ​ Prime minister: Robert Borden ​ Canada's expense: $50 million ​ War measures act - gave the government the right to govern by executive decree in times of “war, invasion, or insurrection” ​ The Canadian patriotic fund collected money to support soldiers' families. ​ In patriotic fervor, Canadians demand that Germans and Austrians be interned, and pressured Berlin Onatio to rename itself to Kitchener. ​ Women's suffrage - allowed women to run for the Parliament of Canada. / right to vote ​ Conscription crisis - believed in the military value, and potential post-war influence, of a strong Canadian contribution to the war. Prairie farmers ​ One of the groups hardest hit were farmers. ​ Farmers purchase seed usually through a loan based on the value of the crop and the value of the land. ​ As long as the value of the crop does not drop or the crop is wiped out by the environment, the farmer lives on the profits of the crop. ​ The mechanization of farming across the prairies had made possible massive increases in productivity. ​ Farm boys and farm girls were increasing surplus to the family farm and as they got older, they looked increasingly to urban or other rural pursuits. ​ In the prairies, high debt, drastically fallen wheat prices and drought forced farmers to abandon their way of line. In saskatchewan in 1937, 125000 people were forced off their farms, never to return. The Rails Nazi Germany Liberate Liberation of netherlands ​ After the Normandy invasion, 175,000 Canadian troops led the liberation of the Netherlands and 7600 Canadians lost their lives. ​ Canada earned the gratitude of the Dutch people - today the Dutch still show their gratitude to returning Canadian veterans. World war 1 Long Term Effects ​ Militarism ​ Alliances ​ Imperialism ​ Nationalism Short Term Effects ​ Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of mastering the assassination of Archduke and immediately declared war on Serbia. How did the following cause WW1? ​ Kaiser wilhelm launched 14 new battleships ​ Czar nicholas pored money into army ​ King george V went to paris cementing the Angle French alliance Conclusion of ww1 ​ Millions of soldiers died, countless civilians were killed by side effects ​ Lives were disrupted ​ Millions of soldiers survived with grave injuries ​ Threw millions of dollars into effort ​ Empires were shattered ​ There were 8,600,000 soldiers, 5 million widowed women, 9 million children, 10 million refugees ​ Germany had gone through mass poverty among working classes which led to inflation. ​ The countries profit went toward paying the reparations to allies. ​ Germany wanted to establish itself as supreme power in Central Europe ​ Austria-Hungary wanted to cement its influence in the Balkans ​ France and Britain wanted to control the power of Germany and ensure their dominance of Europe and distant colonies ​ Russia wanted to secure its influence in the Balkans and keep Germany's power under control. ​ Ottoman Empire wanted to re-establish itself as the dominant power under the Middle East ​ The US had very little loss of life. It avoided financial strains of waging war.  ​ US became the worlds most dominant nation during and after war. ​ US developed an army and navy. It provided money, food, supplies. The US economy boomed. ​ The economic impact of the war is there was extreme loss of lifes. It was proved that nations would use advances in the industrial capacity and technology to sponsor widespread destruction. American influence (in war?) German Blitz ​ The Blitz, (September 7, 1940–May 11, 1941), intense bombing campaign undertaken by Nazi Germany against the United Kingdom during World War II. The Blitz on London ​ In May 1940, the western half of Europe was in Hitlers hand, Hitler was convinced that Britain would seek peace but Winston Churchill wasn't willing to discuss any agreement. ​ Hitler planned to bomb Britain and pave the way for invasion. ​ The Luftwaffe bombarded Britain's airfields, radar installations, and blitzed bomber London. Canadian pilots joined the EAF to gain control of the skies over britain ​ The battle of Britain was Germany's first defeat and had booster the sagging morale of the british people Normandy ​ The most ambitious and largest military assault in history took place in Normandy on June 6, 1944 (also known as D-Day). Wilfrid Laurier ​ Created Alberta and Saskatchewan ​ Removed the rights of status indians to vote Too much credit Desperate men Churchill ​ Winston churchill was British prime minister during ww2 ​ Churchill was serving as first lord of the Admiralty during ww1. He played huge role in nNaval war. ​ However his reputation got bad at Gallipoli Campaign. ​ His political career really suffered after that. However he was still active in government and used strategies from ww1 to guide Britain in ww2 ​ Churchills importance came from leadership in ww2 but his experience in ww1 both in leadership and government shaped his strategies during conflicts ​ Churchill had a very long political career serving many roles ​ Churchill helped the British with speeches. His resolve helped to sustain british during darkest days of ww2. ​ Churchill warned the dangers posed by Nazi Germany before ww2 ​ As prime minister he led britain through war after german invasion of france ​ Churchill played a role in resisting Nazi germany and advocating with Roosevelt helped shape the postwar world order ​ Churchill's leadership during war made him a national hero even though he lost the general election in 1945. ​ (prairies had to leave and go to city) Invasion Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) ​ Nazi Germany launched a surprise attack against the Soviet Union, its ally in the war against Poland. Dieppe ​ In August 1942, the allies landed on the beaches of the French town of Dieppe. ​ The raid was doomed from the start; an encounter with a German convoy alerted the Germans to an impending raid. ​ The landing was delayed until daylight ; they lost the element of surprise and the cover of darkness. ​ Of the 5000 Canadians, 933 died and 1950 were taken as prisoners of the war. ​ The allied commanders learned valuable lessons and decided to push back a full scale invasion to resin control of europe. Winter The Russian winter ​ In June 1941 Hitler invaded the USSR - Hitler wanted to seize control of natural resources. ​ Within 3 months, the germans had the ukraine and occupied leningrad but the Germans had to stop because of the hitler cold that allowed the soviets to counterattack.  ​ Slowly the Soviets forced German troops to retreat Juno ​ Over 15,000 canadians landed at juno beach where they faced heavy machine gun fire ​ 335 Canadian dead; 700 wounded. The canadians secured juno beach (the only allied force to achieve its goal on the first day) ​ There was bitter fighting on the beach, and subsequently as the Canadians moved inland. Netherlands ​ After the Normandy invasion, 175,000 Canadian troops led the liberation of the Netherlands and 7600 Canadians lost their lives. ​ Canada earned the gratitude of the Dutch people - today the Dutch still show their gratitude to returning Canadian veterans. Stock market ​ On October 29, 1929, US stock market crashed and it sent America into a devastating economic meltdown and ushering great depression. ​ As the flow of American money dried up, germany could no longer meet their financial responsibilities, business failed, unemployment rates rose and Germany faced another crisis. Hitler ​ Hitler was dictator of Nazi Germany ​ Born in April 20, 1889 in Austria-Hungary (Austria now) ​ Hitler volunteered for germany army ​ Hitler was at ground troops on western front, he got wounded then after 5 months he was back at western front. ​ When Germany lost war in 1918 he went to military hospital, then went into politics. ​ The Treaty of Versailles (1919) which ended war gave severe penalties on Germany, including territory loss, military restrictions and heavy reparations. ​ In 1919, Hitler joined a group and became charismatic speaker and leader, later it was called Nazi party. ​ Hitlers government focussed on rebuilding the economy through massive work programs. ​ He also remilitarized Rhineland, violating the Treaty of Versailles. ​ He then also annexed austria and then took over the sudetenland of czechoslovakia to protect germans. Hitlers leadership was rapid military conquests across europe. ​ Germany invaded many counties and launched bombs. Hitler also caused the holocaust ​ By 1945, Germany was facing defeat on all fronts. ​ The allies had invaded from the west and the soviet union had advanced from the east. ​ On April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his bunker in Berlin. Environmental Issues ​ Massive economic collapse on the way ​ People gambling on the stock exchange ​ Over-extension of household and industrial credit ​ Heavy capital investment in machinery and buildings ​ Overvalued currencies ​ high debt, drastically fallen wheat prices and drought forced farmers to abandon their way of line. In saskatchewan in 1937, 125000 people were forced off their farms, never to return. ​ Grain, wood products and minerals bottomed out ​ The collapse of the international commodities market impacted the Canadian economy. Canada had been producing unprocessed goods for trade abroad and despite some progress in central canadian manufacturing they were doing much the same in 20th century ​ The culture of prairie farming was effectively vapourized by the crash and the dust bowls. In British Columbia the company towns and logging camps were likewise hit hard. ​ Similar conditions prevailed on the east coast of canada and the old strategy of skiing greener pastures was no longer available. ​ Conventional economic thinking called for a hands off approach to economic downturns and most provincial and federal administrations did little to help Sudetenland ​ The Sudetenland was a province in northern Czechoslovakia, bordering Germany. ​ Hitler was eager of taking over sudetenland where 50% of population was german population Maginot lines ​ It was built between 1930-1940 ​ Frances maginot line was a massive system of defenses that became famous for failing to stop a german invasion. ​ Designed as a defensive fortifications ​ Charles De Gaulle ​ The maginot line was a physical manifestation of French fears ​ The maginot line composed of over 500 separate buildings, each arranged according to a detailed but inconsistent plan ​ Large forts which were located within 9 miles of each other; held over 1000 troops and housed artillery ​ Smaller forts held 500 or 200 men ​ The buildings were capable of withstanding heavy fire ​ They were protected by steel gunners ​ Larger forts were over 6 stories deep, vast underground complexes that included hospitals, trains, and long air-conditioned galleries. ​ Italy, Finland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Belgium an the USSR all built or improved defensive lines.  ​ The german military counteract the Maginot line; they used fortifications as focal points as resistance and counterattack Drought (prairies) ​ The Dust Bowl was the result of a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. Non Aggression Pact ​ Germany signed a pact with the USSR to take no military action against one another for 10 years ​ Hitler needed to take over Western Europe first; the USSR needed time to rebuild the soviet army ​ Hitler launched a swift and devastation blitzkrieg (lightning war) on Poland on September 12st 1939 Air force Daylight D - day ​ By spring of 1944, the allies were ready to launch their long awaited invasion of europe involving more than 1 million british, american and canadian troops streaming across the English channel to storm the beaches of france ​ The allies wanted to convince the germans their intended target was Pas De calais however the real invasion was to take place in normandy. ​ Over 15,000 canadians landed at juno beach where they faced heavy machine gun fire ​ 335 Canadian dead; 700 wounded. The canadians secured juno beach (the only allied force to achieve its goal on the first day) Hiroshima ​ On August 6th 1945, the US dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a city of an important military and industrial centre. Gavrilo Princip ​ The leader of the black hand ​ Trained assassin ​ 19 years old ​ He was sentenced life in prison ​ Battles Battle of Ypres: ​ April 1915 ​ During the first week of April 1915 the Canadian troops were moved to the front line of the city of ypres. Since the Germans had the higher upper ground they fired at the trenches of the Canadian allies. ​ There were 2 British divisions and on their left there was a French division, the 45th (Algerian). ​ On April 22nd the Germans introduced a new weapon, the poison gas because of their removal of Salient. ​ They released 160 tons of chlorine gas into the trenches which began to destroy the france defense and troops. ​ The German troops threatened to sweep the Canadian troops and put at least 50,000 Canadian and British troops in deadly jeopardy. ​ Germans had planned a limited amount of offensive and were unable to use the gap the gas had created. Throughout the night Canadians tried to close this gap. ​ 2 more attacks were made but they were only successful to the casualties of many people. ​ On April 24th the Germans attacked to take control of the salient once for all and this led to another gas attack. This time the target was the Canadian line. Conclusion: Battle of the Sommes ​ July 1 1916 ​ It was a big battle with hundreds of thousands of British and French 57,000 British troops killed. ​ The battle lasted 4.5 months. ​ Summer of 1916 Canadian corp had been naming a section of the western front. ​ After they moved the Canadians, they encountered still action. ​ They suffered 2600 casualties while the Canadians pushed a 2000 metre front. ​ They developed a new tactic called the creeping barrage. ​ The Courcelette battlefield also saw another innovation: the tank. ​ At 8am the germany took the defense position known as Sugar factory. ​ Soldiers of the 1st and 2nd and 3rd finally captured the remains of Regina trench on November 11. Conclusion ​ In conclusion the battle of the Sommes caused heavy casualties on both sides, the battle lasted for four and a half months and no further adventure as the winter weather came staggering the offensive to a halt. ​ The “ Big Push” has resulted in the allied forks being moved forward only some tenn kilometres. Battle of Vimy Ridge ​ April 9th - April 12th 1917 ​ The battle of Vimy ridge took place in the northern part of france. ​ It was the first time all the divisions of the Canadian corps fought together as a nation. ​ The Canadians worked very hard to plan and prepare for the battle, by taking a part in exclusive amounts of training, tunneling and by making a massive and prolonged artillery barrage. ​ Despite all of the heavy casualties, the Canadian hard work paid off and they successfully captured the ridge, leading to a huge allied win. ​ 4 Canadian soldiers earned the victoria cross, which was the highest medal for military valour during that time, as they showed lots of courage during the battle of Vimy ridge. Conclusion ​ The battle of Vimy Ridge was a huge success for canada. ​ It made other countries think of Canada as a threat and a respectable nation. ​ Although this war was won, it resulted in the loss of many Canadian soldiers. ​ The Canadian Corps, through lots of planning and bravery, achieved a major victory. ​ They captured more ground, prisoners and more artillery than in any previous British led offensive in a war. ​ This victory showed great strength and was a very important part of Canada's significance in World War 1. The Battle of Passchendaele ​ October 1917 ​ The Canadians were ordered to Belgium to assist the exhausted ANZAC forces and fight in the last assault on Passchendaele. ​ Although The Canadians on the field appalled the Canadian corps, they were compelled to battle because of a greater power. ​ This battle would be very different from the one they fought at Vimy Ridge because of the mud, the flat ground, and the relative lack of preparation time and artillery assistance. ​ After taking an equal amount to prepare, Arthur Currie launched the Canadian offensive on October 26. ​ Despite all difficulties on October 30 during a driving rainstorm the Canadians managed to reach the outskirts of Passachendaele. ​ The British and Canadian began their attack to seize the destroyed area on November 6th. Conclusion ​ The sacrifices and achievements of those who gave so much will never be forgotten. Canada's Hundred days ​ 8 August - 11 November 1918  ​ Canada's hundred days, spanning from August 8- November 11 1918, marked a significant period in World War 1 because the Canadian Corps was tackled with leading the attack on a vital german salient near amiens. ​ This strategic planning culminated in a rapid advance of 20 kilometres within 3 days, which severely impacted German morale. ​ A well-coordinated attack was launched, characterized by a remarkable plan devised by General Currie. ​ This strategy involved channeling the entire canadian corps through a dry section of the Coral du Nored. Conclusion ​ The battle of canadas was an important part of the hundred days offensive that helped bring world war 1 to close. ​ The success of allies in breaking through German defenses during this period led to the weakening of the german army and ultimately forced them to seek an amirfice. ​ The Battle demonstrated how strategic offenses are. Communist When and why did each nation become communist?​ ​ Albania: a communist government at the end of ww2 (1945) ​ Bulgaria: in 1946 the bulgarian monarchy was abolished and later that year a communist government was elected and gradually eradicated its opponents (1946) ​ East Germany: a part of the Soviet Zone of occupation agreed at the Yalta conference and in 1945 the Soviets set up a communist regime ​ Romania: In the 1945 elections a communist-led coalition (made up of more than 1 particular party) government was elected. The communist gradually removed their coalition partners and abolished the Romanian monarchy (1945) ​ Poland: Fearing that a non communist government would be elected in 1946 Stalin invited 16 non-communist politicians to Moscow, where they were arrested with their political opponents removed, the polish communists won the election. (1947) ​ Hungary: although non communist won 1945 election, a communist politician Rakosi took control of the secret police and used it to arrest and execute his political opponents. By 1948 communist partly was in complete control of the country. (1948) ​ Who put a sphere of influence’ over Eastern Europe? ​ Stalin was offered a “sphere of influence” over eastern europe Canadian affairs Massive unemployment ​ Unemployment in the 1930s meant, for many people, the loss of full time work. ​ Unemployment climbed to 20% in Nova scotia and new brunswick ​ For the indigenous people, the 1920s had witnessed a boom in the fur trade tied to an international luxury market. The possibility of fishing and hunting for food was so reduced that they had no option but to adopt a european diet and fur canadian clothing made available to through trades in fur. ​ Because people had little money, chocolate bars were sold as something to eat at lunch and hot dogs became very popular for dinner. Part B: Crucified Canadian ​ Crucified Canadian was a battlefield rumour of a captured canadian officer that Germans had supposedly crucified to a barn door near Ypres. ​ Canadians were deeply affected by Germany's first use of poison gas, leading them to later use it themselves. ​ A fabricated rumor of a Canadian officer crucified by Germans fueled Canadian revenge. ​ Canadians fought fiercely despite not facing German aggression on their homeland. ​ Canadians, under Currie, fought decisively and without hesitation, aiming to end the war fully. Prohibition in Canada ​ The ontario Temperature Act (1916) prohibited the sale of alcohol in Ontario until 1927; however alcohol could still be manufactured within the province ​ Blind Pig is a speakeasies which sold alcohol everywhere ​ Rocco perri was king of bootleggers ​ When prohibition was repealed in Ontario in 1927 the liquor Control act was passed. (LCBO) ​ Prohibition failed so miserably because support for temperance movement vanished following WW1 Swiss Neutrality ​ Switzerland was prepared for any global catastrophe ​ The Swiss military is highly trained and competent fighting force ​ WW2 was a different beast altogether with Switzerland not banking on Hitler respecting their long held neutral stance in European countries ​ Geography supports swiss neutrality because it hides countless tanks, aircrafts, and hidden artillery guns.  ​ The Swiss Banking act also supports Swiss neutrality by allowing bank accounts to be created anonymously in no small part to allow German Jews to squirrel their liquid as sets away into accounts that the 3rd reich would have difficulty finding out about or getting access to. Canada and the Holocaust ​ The holocaust is the systematic persecution and murder of 6 million Jews and 5 million non-Jews. ​ Jewish canadians were only 1 generations removed from lands under germans occupation from 1933-1945 ​ Anti semitism: they faced a form of open and blatant racisms. Jews faced limits on enrollment in educational situations ​ On August 16 1933 incident of nazi-inspired anti semitic violence happened during baseball game at Christie park ​ In 1945 when discussing how many Jewish refugees should be allowed to enter canada, canadian government bureaucrat gave the now infamous reply reply, “none is too many”. ​ Evian Conference: Mackenzie King did not want Canada to attend. He feared that Canadian participation might be seen as a willingness to accept Jewish refugees. He believed that letting in more Jews might "created a new problem here" and lead to an "intermixture of foreign strains of blood" that would tarnish Canadian society ​ The St. Louis Affair: In 1939, 907 Jewish refugees fled Nazi Germany aboard the MS St. Louis. rederick Blair refused to consider the request on the basis of policy. "No country," he publicly declared, could "open its doors wide enough to take in the hundreds of thousands of Jewish people who want to leave Europe: the line must be drawn somewhere." The St. Louis was forced to return to Europe; 254 of its passengers were murdered in the Holocaust. Russian Revolution ​ The riot in Petrograd was over bread. ​ The russian revolution began in february 1917 ​ The slogan of the Bolsheviks was “Peace, Bread Land” ​ The abdication of Tsar Nicholas ended the 300 years of the Romanov dynasty ​ Lenin was exile in Switzerland Canadian War Profiteering ​ Thousands of companies profit from war and violence by selling weapons and military equipment, offering training and other services to the military, or exploiting resources made accessible through war and conflict. Appeasement ​ An appeasement is the act of giving the opposing sides in an argument of if its war and advantage that they have demanded to prevent further disagreement.  ​ Appeasement diplomacy was encouraging to hitler to do more and go beyond limits, it was actually the appeasement which rose Hitlers prestige in the eyes of public ​ Hitler saw no challenge and no restriction in front of him, he reached out to take huge risks. ​ The Munich Treaty was between Chamberlain and Hitler to resolve differences through consultation to assure peace before leaving Munich. ​ Britain and France agreed to the demands of Hitler in order to avoid the Second World War Oscar Peterson ​ He was one the greatest jazz pianists of all time. ​ He earned the nicknames “the brown bomber of boogie-woogie” and “master of swing” ​ His sister Daisy, gave him piano lessons ​ He had arthritis. Which made him reduce performances ​ He died due to kidney failure Armenian Genocide ​ There was 1.5 million Armenians dead with many forcibly removed from the country ​ The ottoman empire subjected the armenians, christians had to pay higher taxes than Muslims. Armenians also had few political or legal rights ​ The Armenian community's loyalty was questioned, especially as some Armenians supported Russian forces during WWI, leading to increased Turkish suspicion. ​ The armenians were turned out of their homes and sent on death marches without food or water. They were also stripped naked and forced to walk in scorching sun. ​ The turkish government denied the genocide. They said armenians were an enemy force, they argue, and their slaughter was a necessary measure. Weimar Republic ​ The Weimar Republic was Germany's government from 1919 to 1933. ​ A series of mutinies by German sailors and soldiers caused Kaiser Wilhelm II to lose the support of the military and the German people, forcing him to abdicate on November 9, 1918. ​ The following day, a provincial government was announced, made up of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) and the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USDP), shifting power away from the military. ​ In December 1918, elections were held for a national assembly tasked with creating a new parliamentary system. ​ On February 6, 1919, the national assembly met in the town of Weimar, formed a Weimar coalition, and elected SDP leader Friedrich Ebert as president of the Weimar Republic. Nazi Collaborating Companies ​ Fanta: Fanta was created by Coca-Cola's German division during WWII after the U.S. supply was cut off, originally as a drink for Nazi Germany.  ​ Ford: Ford profited from both the Allies and Nazis during WWII, using slave labor and receiving funds from the Nazi government, while founder Henry Ford was admired by Hitler for his anti-Semitic views. ​ Volkswagen: Hitler influenced the design and naming of the Volkswagen Beetle, and during WWII, the company used slave labor, with some workers coming from Auschwitz. ​ BMW: BMW exploited slave labor during WWII, profited from the production of military equipment, and seized Jewish businesses under Nazi anti-Semitic laws. ​ Nestle: Nestlé financed the Nazi Party in Switzerland, provided chocolate to the Wehrmacht, and later paid reparations to Holocaust survivors for their forced labor. Atomic Bombs ​ In 1939, president Roosevelt formed the Manhattan Project, a top secret race to price the world first atomic bomb. ​ On August 6h 1945, the US dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima ​ It was a cultural tradition of Japanese soldiers to never surrender. The direct invasion of Japan would cost the lives of many allied soldiers. ​ On August 6th 1945, the US dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a city of an important military and industrial centre. Japan still refused to surrender, the US dropped a second bomb on Nagasaki 3 days later ​ On August 15 1945 japan surrendered unconditionally Part C: 1.​ Soldiers of the Soil Significance: 2.​ Women in Technology  Significance: 3.​ Great Depression in Canada Significance: 4.​ RB Bennett Failure?? (Bennett Buggy) Significance: Extra Terms Open Door Immigration Policy: ​ In the 19th century, the movement of individuals and groups to Canada was largely unrestricted. ​ This mostly “open door” policy encouraged white immigration to Canada and notably the settlement of Western Canada. Henri Bourassa: ​ Henri Bourassa, politician, journalist (born 1 Sept 1868 in Montreal; died 31 Aug 1952 in Montreal). ​ Henri Bourassa was an important Canadian nationalist leader who supported Canada's increased independence from the British Empire. ​ Bourassa was also an advocate for French Canadian rights within Canada Manitoba Schools Question: ​ Manitoba Act of 1870; the curtailment of public finding for separate schools in the 1905 Act creating the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan; and finally, Ontario’s regulation XVII, which undermined an informal system of bilingual separate schools by outlawing the use of French as a language of instruction until the late 1920s. Discrimination against Chinese Immigrants: Tin Pot Navy: ​ The naval service Bill or also known as the "Tin Pot Navy" is compromise made to help Britain with its war conflicts with South Africa. The French felt that the bill was a waste of money, and time. ​ Also Canada was an Independent state now and felt they did not need to help Britain. Political Issues in Quebec: Political Issues in the West: Triple Entente: ​ The Triple Entente members were Russia, France, and Great Britain. Triple Alliance: ​ The Triple Alliance was between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. ​ These two alliances would fight each other in World War I. Francis Pehamagabow: ​ He was an Ojibwa of the Wasauksing first nation of Parry Island, Ontario. He enlisted with the canadian expeditionary force at valcartier, quebec, on september 15th 1914. ​ He joined the 1st infantry battalion. ​ Pegahmagabow’s exceptional abilities as a scout and sniper were recognized. ​ He was awarded the Military Medal for his actions during the Second Battle of Passchendaele  ​ He became the most highly decorated First Nations soldiers for bravery and the most effective sniper of the first world wa ​ He died in 1952 Trench Warfare: ​ Trench warfare is combat in which opposing armies defend, attack and counter attack from relatively fixed systems of holes dug into ground. ​ Its adopted when superior defensive fire power forces each side to entrench widely trading mobility for protection. ​ It was used during the Boer War (1899-1902) and in the American Civil War. ​ Trenches were needed due to widespread use of machine guns. ​ Trenches had 3 parallel lines at least 1.5km in depth: fire/forward, support/secondary, reserved. They were in zigzag or stepped pattern of alternate fire bats and traverses (to prevent artillery) Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: ​ German submarine warfare would combat the royal navy/ the U-boat campaign sank tons of cargo and killed tens of thousands. ​ It forced the allies to figure out a way to combat this menace. ​ The depth change (underwater bomb) could be lobbed from the deck of a ship. The first German U-boat sunk by depth change was the U-68, destroyed on march 22 1916. Propaganda: ​ Propaganda is the dissemination of information—facts, arguments, rumours, half-truths, or lies to influence public opinion. The Khaki Election: ​ The federal election of 1917, fought over the issue of conscription during the First World War, deeply divided French and English Canada. The Quebec Riot: ​ On this day in 1918, anti-conscription riots break out in Quebec City on the eve of Good Friday. ​ The initial disturbance occurred when Federal officers were assaulted by a crowd after arresting a young man for not possessing his certificate of exemption. Halifax Explosion: ​ SS Mont Blanc and SS Imo collision caused the largest man-made explosion prior to the atomic bomb.  ​ It had profound and long-lasting consequences; national and international outpouring of aid and support followed. Treaty of Versailles: ​ The Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany and the Allied Nations on June 28, 1919, formally ending World War One. ​ The terms of the treaty required that Germany pay financial reparations, disarm, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies Spanish Flu: ​ A series of outbreaks of severe flu virus that happened from 1918 to 1919, near the end of World War I 1918 Influenza Pandemic: ​ The 1918 influenza pandemic was the most severe pandemic in recent history. It was caused by an H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin. Mackenzie King: ​ Introduction of age pensions. ​ He made the Japanese canadian Internment. ​ Japanese Canadians were to be moved east out of the British Columbia Interior. ​ He also steered Canada through industrialization, much of the Great Depression, and the Second World War. ​ He was also the longest prime minister Urbanization: ​ Urbanization is the process by which rural communities grow to form cities, or urban centers, and, by extension, the growth and expansion of those cities. The Chanak Crisis: ​ In September 1922 the Turkish government, in repudiation of a treaty it had signed with the allied powers, threatened to reoccupy the neutral zone of Çanak on the Dardanelles strait (Çanakkale Boğazi). ​ Chanak crisis led to the breakdown of his coalition government and the end of his political career in Britain. J.S.Woodsworth: ​ He was the leader of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Technological Innovations of the 1920s ​ Sanitary Napkins: ○​ The modern napkin as we know it was made possible by the introduction of new cellulose bandage material during the First World War. ○​ It was not long before French nurses figured out that clean, absorbent cellulose bandages were far superior to any predecessors. British and American nurses picked up on this use. ​ Airplanes: ○​ Young men who were able, were attracted to the honor of being a pilot. ○​ Better food, uniforms and pay counter acted against many as suicide mission. ○​ Airplanes had been around for just a decade prior to WW1 they had combat applications using bombs and machine guns. ○​ Frnz schneider panted his “synchronizer,” which allowed a machine gun to fire between the blades of a spinning propeller. ○​ The Germans adopted the invention in May 1915 and the allies soon produced their own versions. ○​ The most famous of all: Red Baron ​ Tanks: ○​ Powered by a small internal combustion engine burning diesel or gas. ○​ It could even advance in the face of overwhelming small arm fires with serious guns and armored threads to handle rough terrain. ​ Poison gas: ○​ The first successful use occurred near Ypres when the Germans sprayed chlorine gas from large cylinders towards trenches held by French. ○​ Before long, the allies were using it and over the war increasingly insidious compounds were used to beat the mask gas (another new invention) thus increasing in misery ​ Zeppelins: ○​ Early offensive operations by army airships (containing hydrogen) revealed that they were extremely vulnerable to ground fire and several were lost. ○​ Early raids dropped artillery shells on the battlefield and in britain. ​ Tracer bullet: ○​ Night combat was made easier by the British invention of tracer bullets - rounds which left a phosphorescent trail emitted a regular bright green white trail. ○​ Its popularity had unexpected side benefits: the flammable agent would ignite hydrogen, which made it perfect for “balloon busting” the German zeppelins terrorizing england. ​ Mobile x-ray machines:  ○​ With soldiers suffering life-threatening injuries, there was obviously a huge need for the new medical diagnostics. ○​ The x-ray. Marrie Currie had come up with the idea. ○​ By October 1914, x-ray machines were in cars and trucks touring smaller surgical stations at the front. By the end of the war there were 18 of these little “curries” in operation. Foreign Investment: ​ Foreign investment is when a domestic investor decides to purchase ownership of an asset in a foreign country. Cultural Changes of the 1920s: (jazz, movie industry??) The Persons Case: ​ The Persons Case was a constitutional ruling that established the right of women to be appointed to the Senate. ​ The case was initiated by the Famous Five. ​ Women in manitoba won the right to vote in January 1916, it was a huge victory for women's rights in Canada. ​ Women weer not considered to be persons Assimilation: ​ Assimilation refers to the process through which individuals and groups of differing heritages acquire the basic habits, attitudes, and mode of life of an embracing culture. Residential Schools: Enfranchisement: ​ The process that resulted in a person no longer being considered an Indian under the federal legislation. ​ Enfranchisement gave citizenship rights but stripped the person of their Indian status. The League of Indians: ​ Onondeyoh (Frederick Ogilvie Loft) founded the League of Indians of Canada, the first pan-Indigenous political organization, which advocated for land rights and improved education for Indigenous peoples, and helped lay the foundations for later Indigenous political activism. R.B.Bennett: (Add failures?) ​ R.B. Bennett is best remembered for his highly criticized response to the Great Depression, as well as the unemployment relief camps and the On to Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot The Dust Bowl: ​ The Dust Bowl was the result of a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. Riding the Rails: ​ Someone who rides the rails travels by train, especially over a long period of time and without buying a ticket. Vagrancy: ​ State or action of one who has no established home and drifts from place to place without visible or lawful means of support. Social Safety Net: ​ A social safety net is a collection of services and programs designed to provide support and assistance to individuals and families in need, ensuring basic needs are met during times of economic hardship. Relief: ​ Relief of the unemployed through wages paid for jobs provided by the government on public works. Relief Camps: ​ During the Great Depression, the federal government sanctioned the creation of a system of unemployment relief camps, where in exchange for room-and-board, single men did physically demanding labour. The New Deal: ​ The New Deal was a set of domestic policies enacted under President Franklin D. Roosevelt that dramatically expanded the federal government’s role in the economy in response to the Great Depression. On-to-Ottawa Trek, Regina Riot: ​ On July 1, 1935, the simmering tensions of the Great Depression boiled over in Canada as police and jobless protesters clashed in the streets of Regina. ​ The Regina Riot was the culmination of months of protests as thousands of unemployed men moved across the country in what became known at the "On To Ottawa Trek." ​ The men wanted to coerce the federal government into finding them jobs. ​ The trek originated on the West Coast as a local demonstration. Padlock Laws: ​ The Padlock Act enabled local sheriffs (under the authority of the Quebec attorney general) to close down the meeting places of those who were suspected of endorsing “communism” or “bolshevism,” terms that the statute did not define. Social Credit Party: ​ Social Credit is the name of a conservative political movement in Canada that was especially successful in British Columbia and Alberta. Canadian Commonwealth Federation: ​ It was a political coalition of progressive, socialist and labour groups. It sought economic reform to help Canadians affected by the Great Depression. Cairine Wilson: ​ Cairine Reay Mackay Wilson was Canada's first woman to become senator. ​ During the Second World War, she distinguished herself as an advocate for human rights, speaking out against Hitler and arranging to bring Jewish orphans to Canada, ​ Canada's first woman delegate to the United Nations League of Nations: ​ The League of Nations (1920 – 1946) was the first intergovernmental organization established “to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security”. the United States, Great Britain, France, Italy and Japan were the permanent ones in League of Nations. Rise of Fascism: ​ The factors that acted as the contributors to the growth of fascism in Germany would be: - The Great Depression. - Impeding Remunerations. - Social Discomfort. Benito Mussolini: ​ Benito Mussolini is an Italian politician who founded Italian facism and served as Italy's prime minister and dictator. ​ He was a nationalist and advocated for Italy to enter war to gain territory. ​ He entered as a soldier in 1915. He served in the italian infantry and was injured. ​ The war intensified Mussolini's transition from socialism to fascism. Italy was on the winning side of the war and gained reward from the treaty of versailles. ​ The war left Italy in social and economic disrupt. Mussolini gained power through democratic means taking advantage to rebuild Italy's economy and approach Hitlers rise in Germany and eventually aligned Italy with Nazi Germany after Hitlers success. ​ Mussolini ordered Italy to involve Greece. ​ As allies advanced through Italy, Mussolini's government crumbled. ​ In 1945 he was captured while attempting to flee to switzerland. ​ He was then executed and his body was hung upside down. Manchuria: ​ Manchuria was a land under Japanese colonial rule from 1932 to 1945. The Munich Agreement: ​ The Munich Treaty was between Chamberlain and Hitler to resolve differences through consultation to assure peace before leaving Munich. Joseph Stalin: ​ Joseph Stalin was the leader of the soviet Union. Stalin was not directly involved in World War 1 but was apart of russian revolutionary.  ​ As World War 1 intensified the instability in Russia led to abdication of Tsar Nicholas 2. ​ Stalin was not key figure at first but gained importance October Revolution in 1917. ​ The failure of Russia in world war 1 and fall of Romanov dynasty created power. ​ Stalin then rose through ranks of Bolshevik party and then taking power after Lenin's death in 1924. ​ He the worked his way up in bolshevik party becoming a general secretary and gained supporters. ​ Stalin defeated Leon Trotsky after Lenin's death and became the leader of Soviet Union. ​ Stalin promoted industrial and agricultural collection. ​ He also started purges, using terror to silence opposition and secure his hold on power. ​ Stalin's actions were focussed on securing soviet union. ​ Then he pursued policy of cooperation with Nazi Germany. ​ After Germany's invasion he became part of the Allied forces. ​ Stalin led USSR during World war 1. Also soviet union played important role in defeat of Nazi Germany. By the end of World war 1 stalin had solidified the Soviet Union. ​ Stalin's influence dominated international politics, leading to cold war. Blitzkrieg: ​ Blitzkrieg, meaning 'Lightning War', was the method of offensive warfare responsible for Nazi Germany's military successes in the early years of the Second World War. Dunkirk: ​ Second World War. Operation Dynamo, the evacuation from Dunkirk, involved the rescue of more than 338,000 British and French soldiers from the French port of Dunkirk between 26 May and 4 June 1940. ​ The evacuation, sometimes referred to as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was a big boost for British morale. Battle of Britain: ​ The Battle of Britain took place between July and October 1940. The Germans began by attacking coastal targets and British shipping operating in the English Channel. ​ They launched their main offensive on 13 August. Attacks moved inland, concentrating on airfields and communications centres. Battle of the Atlantic: ​ The Battle of the Atlantic was a continuous operation beginning in September 1939 until Germany's surrender in May 1945.  ​ Germany's warships and submarines, U-boats, focused on sinking merchant shipping, thereby reducing the amount of supplies reaching the United Kingdom and other European Allies. Convoy System: ​ The convoy system consists of a group of merchant ships sailing together under the protection of larger and/or more heavily armed ships. ​ The system was created to help better protect cargo and passengers on ships that were sailing through treacherous waters. Eastern Front: ​ Eastern Front, (June 22, 1941–May 8, 1945), major theatre of combat during World War II that included operations in the Soviet Union, the Balkans, the Baltic States, and eastern and central Europe. Italian Campaign / Battle of Ortona: ​ The goal was to launch a large-scale ground offensive to knock Italy out of the war, while forcing the Germans to divert some of their troops and equipment from the Eastern Front where they were fighting the Soviet Union. VE Day: ​ On Victory in Europe Day, or V-E Day, Germany unconditionally surrendered its military forces to the Allies, including the United States. On May 8, 1945 - known as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day - celebrations erupted around the world to mark the end of World War II in Europe. Battle of Hong Kong: ​ The Battle of Hong Kong took place from December 8 -25, 1941, during WW2. It involved the Allied forces and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps, defending the colony against the Japanese Imperial Army. ​ The battle began with Japan attacking a few hours later after the bombing of the Pearl Harbor. ​ The battle ended on December 25, 1941, known as “Black Christmas” with Hong Kong falling under the Japanese until 1945. Internment of Japanese Canadians: ​ The internment of Japanese Canadians during World War II occurred after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, when the Canadian government, fearing having been spied on and sabotage, forcibly relocated about 22,000 Japanese Canadians, many of whom were citizens, from their homes in British Columbia to internment camps. Manhattan Project: ​ The Manhattan Project was an unprecedented, top-secret World War II government program in which the United States rushed to develop and deploy the world's first atomic weapons before Nazi Germany. Lend/Lease: ​ In 1941 the lend lease act allowed the USA to manufacture war materials and sell,exchange, lease or lend the to any country it chose ​ This means UK could obtain military supplies from the USA and delay payments, however, if britain bought supplies from USA it would buy less from canada in response the Hyde park agreement ensured the US bought more war supplies from canada and allowed britain to buy Canadian supplies Wartime Economy: ​ The set of preparations undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production. Victory Bonds: ​ To help raise the billions of dollars needed to finance the war, the government issued victory bonds - they were a loan to the government. ​ Canadians who bought them received a written guarantee that the government would repay the money with interest Canada raised $8.8 billion during the war. Rationing: ​ Everyone was issued a ration card to buy gas, sugar, meat, tea and other essentials. ​ The cards limited the amount of goods people could buy and ensured everyone got a fair and equal share. ​ People needed special permits to buy cars, appliances, rubber ties, and more. Producing goods during war was a priority. Elsie McGill: ​ Elsie MacGill was the first woman to earn a master’s degree in aeronautical engineering (1929). She was also the first practising Canadian woman engineer. ​ She headed the Canadian production of Hawker Hurricane fighter planes during the Second World War. The Cold War: ​ The Cold War was an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II. Cuban Missile Crisis: ​ The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict. Louis St. Laurent: ​ St-Laurent was a prime architect of Canada's international policies after WWII and promoted Canadian membership in NATO. P Igor Gouzenko: ​ Igor Sergeievich Gouzenko, fled the Soviet Embassy in Ottawa. ​ He took with him a number of documents, drafted in Russian for the most part, and proving the existence of a Soviet spy ring in Canada Gouzenko Affair: ​ The Gouzenko Affair symbolized the crumbling of the wartime alliance between East and West, and the emergence of a new era of global conflict. The Marshall Plan: ​ The Marshall Plan was a U.S.-sponsored program that was implemented following the end of World War II. It was intended to aid European countries that had been destroyed as a result of the war. The Colombo Plan: ​ Colombo Plan for Co-operative Economic Development in South and Southeast Asia was established following a Jan 1950 meeting of COMMONWEALTH foreign ministers in Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), to attack the poverty upon which communist political movements in Asia were thought to feed. The Commonwealth: ​ The Commonwealth works on behalf of member countries to promote peace and prosperity. This includes helping countries with small business development, legislation, election monitoring, and human rights, particularly promoting the role and rights of young people and of women. Middle Power: ​ The term middle power refers to a state that wields less influence on the world stage than a superpower. As the term suggests, middle powers fall in the middle of the scale measuring a country’s international influence. ​ Where superpowers have great influence over other countries, middle powers have moderate influence over international events. United Nations: ​ The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations and promoting social progress, better living standards and human rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights: ​ The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations on 10 December 1948, sets out the basic rights and freedoms that apply to all people. Refugees: ​ A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee their country because of persecution, war or violence. NORAD, DEW line: ​ The creation of the DEW Line brought Canada and the United States together to defend the North American continent against the Soviet threat, leading to the creation of the North American Air Defense Command, NORAD, in 1958. NATO: ​ The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was created in 1949 by the United States, Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. Inuit of Inukjuak: ​ In 1953 and 1955, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, acting as representatives of the Department of Resources and Development, moved approximately 92 Inuit from Inukjuak, formerly called Port Harrison, in Northern Quebec, and Mittimatalik (Pond Inlet), in what is now Nunavut, to settle two locations on the High Arctic islands. Korean War: ​ The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when the Northern Korean People's Army invaded South Korea in a coordinated general attack Suez Crisis: ​ The 1956 Suez Crisis, when Britain along with France and Israel invaded Egypt to recover control of the Suez Canal. ​ The Egyptian Government seized control of the Suez Canal from the British and French owned company that managed it, Enigma: ​ During World War II, the Germans used the Enigma, a cipher machine, to develop nearly unbreakable codes for sending secret messages. Opportunities for women in workforce: Avro Arrow: ​ The Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow (the Arrow) was a supersonic interceptor jet aircraft designed and built in the 1950s by A.V. Roe Canada (Avro). ​ The Arrow was one of the most advanced aircraft of its era, helping to establish Canada as a world leader in scientific research and development. October Crisis-FLQ: ​ The October Crisis happened in the fall of 1970. It was sparked by the Front de liberation du Québec (FLQ). The FLQ used terrorist tactics to try and make Quebec independent from Canada. Hideki Tojo: Home Front: ​ The home front refers to the civilians, including women, men, children and teenagers, who worked in various ways to help the country cope as tens of thousands of soldiers fought overseas young men normally employed in factories, on farms and in the cities. ​ Conserve Food: the First and Second World Wars, Canadians were asked to make do with less, to allow more resources to be sent to troops overseas. Food was one of the things that people were asked to conserve. Effects of War on Canada ( French-English divide) Paris Peace Conference