Post-WW2 Canada and the Cold War (PDF)

POST WW2 What happens after WW2? -Germany gets split, lots of things happen socially and economically -Europe gets divided -women go back to traditional roles (to a lesser extent than in WW1) -the formation of the United Nations (UN) -the US becomes one of the wealthiest nations and prosper -Canada...

POST WW2 What happens after WW2? -Germany gets split, lots of things happen socially and economically -Europe gets divided -women go back to traditional roles (to a lesser extent than in WW1) -the formation of the United Nations (UN) -the US becomes one of the wealthiest nations and prosper -Canada becomes prosperous also -baby boom -nuclear era begins 1945 -Japan surrenders, effectively ending the war -Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin meet at Yalta (located in Crimea) -Germany forced to disarm and is divided into 4 zones, Berlin also divided -reparations were demanded -countries occupied by Germany were released -all territory governed by Germany and its allies were to be given their own elected govts -plan began to form about creating a United Nations Paris Peace Conference -21 countries attended -of these countries, only allied forces had a say -stipulated the details for the various treaties -this is where one of the first real frictions between US and USSR can be noted -because Stalin wanted to keep control of Eastern Europe, viewed Capitalists as bad Two Superpowers -Superpower: a state with leading world position with respect to the international system, the ability to hold major influence on the world events and to project power on a world scale in order to protect their own interests -two superpowers created: US (Democratic) and Soviet Union (Communist) -fought this war through espionage, political pressures, propaganda -they never went to war but involved in supporting opposing conflicts around the world Origins of the Cold War -fear of US/Soviet invasion -relations between the two countries began to collapse -Germany was divided into 4 zones -the arms/space race Canada’s Foreign Policy -between 1945 and 1969 focused on many areas promoting world peace/human rights -NATO/NORAD co-operating with US -global economic agreements -working with underdeveloped nations -US relations Textbook Qs (pg. 196) 1.​ What was the Cold War? The Cold War was an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after WW2. 2.​ Why was communism considered a threat to democracy? Communism represented a threat to free trade, free elections, and individual freedoms. This threat was heightened by the increased number of nuclear weapons. 3.​ NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization NORAD: North American Aerospace Defense Command DEW Line: Distance Early Warning Line 4.​ Why was Canada willing to enter an air defence agreement with the US? To ensure continental protection COLD WAR End of WW2 (1945) -during WW2, the US and USSR were allies against German/Japan -with Axis powers defeated. 2 countries started to think of themselves as enemies -US/USSR were world’s 2 economic/military superpowers were threatened by each other for a number of reasons -American fears: USSR’s Communist Ideology (govt controlled industry/trade, no political opposition, domino effect) -Soviet fears: invasion, nuclear war (spy ring discovered by Canadians) EFFECTS OF THE ATOMIC BOMB Canada and The Cold War -Canada thrusted into Cold War quickly and unexpectedly -Sep 1945, young Russian Igor Guozenko walked into the newsroom of the Ottawa Citizen newspaper, announced he had proof of widespread Soviet spy ring in Canada -Gouzenko’s allegations were a wake up call for Canada and the world -would cause chain reaction of anti-communist sentiments throughout the war Canada and NATO -1949, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was created as a military alliance to prevent Soviet expansion -members: USA, Canada, Britain, etc. NATO Agreement -any attack on one NATO member was considered to be an attack on all -Tactical nuclear weapons can be used if conventional weapons failed -as a last resort, total nuclear war would be waged -USSR created the Warsaw Pact in 1955, an alliance of E. European Communist countries designed to rival NATO Canada’s Commitment to NATO -keep Canadian troops based in Europe -Canadians ships and planes tracked Soviet subs -Canadian forces participated in regular military exercises with NATO allies -Canada adapted its defence policy to those of its allies -to some extent, it meant that Canada lost some of its autonomy Civil Defence -Canadians prepared for nuclear war by: building bomb shelters, learn “duck and cover”, formulating Tocsin B evacuation plan, building Diefenbunker -best deterrent against nuclear attack was the threat of all-out nuclear war -later, both USA and USSR would follow a policy of MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) Creation of the United Nations -the UN was created in 1945 in response to WW2 and the League of Nations’ inability to maintain collective security and secure world peace COLD WAR CONFRONTATION Korean War (1950-1953) -Between North Korea (aided by USSR/China) and South Korea (aided by US/UN) -USA considered use of atomic bomb -Canadian troops served in UN force -Canada’s role: 25000 Canadians fought before 1953 truce, Canada asked to keep troops in Korea until 1955 to help maintain an uneasy truce The Suez Crisis (1956) -Israel (aided by US) and Egypt (aided by USSR) were at brink of war -Canadian Lester Pearson proposed a UN peacekeeping force be sent in to mediate -Pearson won the Nobel Peace Prize for it -Canada gained reputation as a peacekeeping nation Construction of the Berlin Wall (1961) -built to prevent people from fleeing communist East Germany to capitalist West Germany -came to signify the Cold War divisions The Avro Arrow -The Arrow was one of the most advanced aircraft of its era, helping to establish Canada as a world leader in scientific research and development. -Though the Arrow was widely praised for its power and beauty, the program was cancelled in February 1959 by the government of Prime Minister John Diefenbaker. This resulted in the loss of at least 25,000 direct and indirect jobs. -Many believe that the Arrow’s cancellation was a betrayal of Canada’s aerospace industry. Others assert that the jet was extravagant and had little chance of competing with impending innovations. At best, Avro and the Arrow were historic examples of Canadian ingenuity and intriguing case studies of unrealized potential Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) -revolution in Cuba -Fidel Castro’s subsequent alignment with the Soviet bloc was the first time country had become communist without significant military or political intervention from USSR -as such, it was hugely symbolic to Soviet leaders -Castro was able to overthrow a pro-American govt in Cuba -Oct 1962, US planes took photos of Soviet-installed nuclear bases in Cuba -JFK demanded that Russian Premier Nikita S. Krushchev remove all the missile bases -JFK ordered a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba -Russian Premier conceded to JFK’s commands by ordering all Soviet supply ships away from Cuban waters, agreeing to remove the missiles VLE Qs 1.​ How long did the crisis last? lasted from 16 to 28 October 1962 2.​ Where were missiles discovered? in Cuba 3.​ Who found them? An American spy 4.​ Who placed them there? Soviet Union 5.​ Who was the United States president at that time? John F. Kennedy 6.​ What was Canada's main concern? whether to comply with an American request to move Canadian forces to a higher alert status equivalent to their DEFCON 3 7.​ Explain how the crisis ended. END OF THE COLD WAR -Detente: relaxing of tensions -Washington and Moscow set up a “hotline” to prevent a misunderstanding between Superpowers that would lead to nuclear war -signing of a nuclear-test-ban treaty in 1963 -began arms-limitations talks -goal was disarmament -end arms race -reduce the stockpiles of nuclear weapons -1979, strategic arms-limitation treaties have been signed -1979, Cold War spark again when the Soviet union placed 350 missiles in eastern Europe -US responded with plans to locate Cruise Missiles in Western Europe -Soviet Union also invaded Afghanistan where they were eventually chased back out by the Afghan Freedom Fighters -Canada and many western Nations boycotted the 1980 Moscow Olympics in response Soviets responded by boycotting the 1984 LA Olympics which included most of the Soviet block countries -1981, US President Ronald Reagan began verbal attacks against the Soviet Union -famous line: “Mr. Gorbachev, bring down that wall” -mid 1980s, Soviet Union began seeing a number of changes -New President Mikhail Gorbachev attempted to make changes -Perestroika: meaning restructuring or economic change -change was meant to introduce a more western economic and political system -this was not easy and many of the “hard-liners” in the Soviet Union opposed the changes -reform included the loosening of control of the Warsaw Pact -result was the collapse of the Iron Curtain in 1980 -fall 1989, saw the Berlin wall destroyed and Berlin reunified -other countries, such as Poland and czechoslovakia, replaced their communist govt with democratic govts -Soviet Union was replaced of smaller states including Russia,Ukraine, and Georgia -the end of the Soviet Union signaled the end of the Cold War Textbook Qs (p. 202) 5. Canada became less independent because it got forced to go on the US's side. We were allowed to help. 8.​ It forced them to focus on growing their military power 11. Canada didn't have much anything in the Cold War 13. It would have weakened. 14. Canada would have been in the crossfire. 15. Not really THE POST WAR YEARS (1960s) The Global Village -1960s, UofT Professor Marshall McLuhan explained the way that technology was bringing the world together -he coined the term “The Global Village” -it referred to the way that television and media were changing Indigenous Peoples -were given the right to vote in federal elections -1965 Alberta and 1969 Quebec, were allowed for the first time to vote in provincial elections -Congress of Aboriginal Peoples: two main goals were to improve the conditions for Indigenous in Canada and to strengthen the sense of identity The Auto Pact -Canadian auto industry was failing -limited domestic market -1965, signed Auto pact with US, removing tariffs between parts of US and Canada -high tariffs on auto parts needed to be imported Flag Problems -flag needed to be: represent every Canadian, symbol all Canadians, represents Canada’s identity -Pearson tried to come up with his own design -let Canadians send in their own designs -current flag created 1965 Medicare -1961, Tommy Douglas (Premier) govt passed the Saskatchewan Medical Care Insurance Act -a pioneer again, first comprehensive health insurance plan in canada -Medical Care Act of 1966 The Economy -Alberta Oil Sands -1964, the Canadian Oil Sands was given the go ahead VLE Qs 1.​ What was the counterculture? How would you define the “Youthquake”? counterculture: a culture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society youthquake: a significant cultural, political, or social change arising from the actions or influence of young people 2.​ Describe the women’s movement in the 1960s? Women were feeling trapped and isolated after the war. Many women wanted more post-secondary and job opportunities. There were a lot of movements to improve women’s rights. 3.​ What were the recommendations from the Royal commission on the status of Women? See textbook’s list. 4.​ What bill did P.M. Diefenbaker introduce? He introduced the Canadian Bill of Rights THE QUIET REVOLUTION -as in all of Canada, the 1960s was a period of significant change, more Quebec than anywhere -Maurice Duplessis (premier of QC 20 years) feared assimilation of French Canada into English -to keep QC in this state, govt had to control everything, led to govt corruption -a young generation of Quebecois wanted change -when Suplessis died in 1959, the door was open to change VLE Qs (pg. 218-219) 1. Who came to power in Quebec in 1960? Pierre Trudeau 2. What was their slogan? Time For A Change 3. What changes did they make? Govt jobs and contracts were awarded by merit. Wages and pensions were raised. Restrictions on trade unionism were removed. 4. How would you define the Quiet Revolution? A period of rapid change and reform that modernized Quebec society during the years 1969-1966 under the Liberal provincial govt of Jean Lesage 5. What declined as these new ideas were introduced? The influence of Roman Catholic Churches 6. How did Quebec implement the ideas of “Maitres chez nous”? The govt bought several hydro companies and turned it into a provincially-owned power monopoly. -Lesage and the Liberal party opened QC up and modernized it -sought protection of QC’s French culture by demanding it from the Federal govt -philosophy: “maîtres chez nous” - masters in our own house -Lesage wanted French culture protect, control of QC’s economy -many changes during Quiet revolution -less political and social influence of Catholic Church -modernization of educational system (govt controlled schools) -medical services bought under govt control (no longer church) -more workers/union rights -legal status of women (equal to men) -creation of Hydro Quebec: govt run company, symbol of QC independence -pressed the federal govt for “special status” for QC -despite this Quebecois felt QC culture was still too much in danger -separatists: believed QC should separate from Canada and become their own country -Charles De Gaulle fueled this fire with a speech he made while visiting Canada in which he ended with “Long Live Free Quebec” TRUDEAUMANIA -was an odd time of euphoria, unique in Canadian history -in order to properly understand it, we must remember that it was a product of the baby boom -although Pierre Trudeau was in his 40s, he was looked upon as young -the first PM born in the 20th century and he was youthful/vibrant in his dress and demeanor -for this reason and his political/philosophical leanings were more in step with the new gen of voters, very popular with the young people -after gaining the leadership, Trudeau easily won the election in 1968 -campaigning on the platform of “the just society” -”just society” principles: greater language equality and greater economic equality in Canada -interestingly, the rise of Pierre Trudeau, coincides with rise of QC nationalism and separatism VLE Qs (pg. 218-221) 7. What were some of the issues that the separatists were concerned about? Why was Ottawa, the national capital, so full of anglophones? Why was QC’s francophone majority expected to speak english in stores and at work 8. What was the FLQ? A separatist terrorist group fighting for a free QC. 9. What did Rene Levesque and the Parti Quebecois believe? QC and Canada would be better to do a peaceful divorce than to continue a marriage of two cultures that seemed unworkable. 10. Describe the events around the October Crisis. WELCOME TO THE 1980s -although Pierre Trudeau had been PM since 1968 (except for JOE Calrk’s 3 month minority govt in 1979) , his next 4 years in power would define Canada for years to come The Quebec Referendum -The “Oui ou Non” -May 20 1980, QC Premier Rene Levesque holds a referendum to separate QC -60 percent voted against separation and 40 percent voted for it 1982 Patriation of the Constitution -a constitution outlines the rules of how a country is governed -represent the values and identity of a nation -Canadian Constitution created with 1867 BNA Act -Trudeau wanted to bring home the constitution 1. In 1982, what did it mean for Canada to repatriate its constitution? It transferred the country’s highest law, the British North America Act, from the authority of the British Parliament to Canada’s federal and provincial legislatures. 2. Describe what each of the following are with regards to our constitution. Amending Formula The steps or process to change something in Canada’s constitution. Charter of Rights and Freedoms It sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians believe are necessary in a free and democratic society 3. Explain the historical significance of this event for Canada. It was another example of Canada’s growing autonomy and a show of independence and growth. -because the constitution deals with govt power, it allocates certain powers to the Federal and certain powers to the Provincial govts -these allocations of power are always a source of conflict in the country -so the idea was to create a new deal for Canada and deal with some of the residual powers -Canadian govts had tried twice before to solve the amendment problems and failed because every province had a veto and no one would give up their veto powers -Trudeau tried again and failed in Sept 1980 so he decided to take the new constitution package directly to the British Parliament and without provincial approval -only 2 province supported the move: New Brunswick and Ontario -the other 8 centered around Leveque who was determined to defeat Trudeau’s proposal -the legality of trudeau’s maneuver was challenged in Supreme Court -they decided it was legal but strongly recommended that the govt not do this without a “substantial number” of provinces agreeing -trudeau said he would take the matter to Canadians in a nationwide referendum -the premiers objected, Trudeau called one last meeting -after 4 days, majority of the 8 agreed to the new package late in the night while Leveque was sleeping -the next day, a mad Leveque and awoke to the news and refused to sign -QC has never signed and to this day it is a continual source of discontent -April 17 1982. new constitution -Patriation: legal term that means taking control of our constitution from Britain -BNA Act was revised and became the Constitution Act of 1982 -Canada had gained its independence as a country The Charter of Rights and Freedoms -new Constitution Act included an entrenched Charter of Rights and Freedoms which protects political, civil, and minority rights -amendments to the Constitution Act can only be passed if agreed to by 7 provinces totalling more than 50 percent of Canada’s population Textbook Qs (pg. 213-215) 1. What were things like post WW2 for Indigenous peoples? Indigenous people were marginalized despite the country’s economic boom. In the 1960s, 2/3s of Toronto’s Chinatown was bulldozed to make a city hall. People were angry at how they were disenfranchised by the government. 2. When did Indigenous peoples earn the right to vote? 1960. 3. By the late 1960s, what was happening? Indigenous peoples were organizing to pressure Ottawa and provincial governments for change. 4. a) What was the White paper? Explain The government report proposes dramatic changes to the lives of Indigenous people, including the elimination of the Indian Act. b) How did Indigenous people respond to these ideas? They were furious and thought it was an attack on their right to maintain their special identity. c) What was the “Red Paper”? Explain. Indigenous response to the White paper. It caused the government to change its policies. Textbook Qs (pg. 304-308) What did the supreme court decision establish in 2004? Explain. The “duty to consult” Indigenous people before doing something that could infringe on their treaty rights. Describe three goals indigenous leaders still want to achieve. -reduction of child mortality, better housing, more opportunities for employment. Explain Idle no More. Indigenous protest by women seeks to “develop community and indigenous nationhood, protect the environment, connect with non-indigenous who recognize relationship based on treaties” -since 2968, Quebeckers have dominated this position (PM) -all three have been accused of “betraying their home province” Pierre Trudeau -he considered regional divisions not useful and disagreed with any special treatment for QC -he believed giving Quebeckers special status meant that they were unable to protect their own interests over others -has ties with US, casual relationship Brian Mulroney -conservative -brought a business attitude to govt -had to deal with a huge national debt left behind by the liberals -unable to get the debt under control -brought in NAFTA (free trade) -brought in GST (taxes) -had close ties with the US -good friends with President Ronald Raegan -next election: reduced to 2 seats in parliament Jean Chretien -long political career -served under Trudeau -became PM in 1993 when Canada was in the beginning of an economic boom -did not reverse Mulroney’s policies -the popular finance minister (Paul Martin) who eventually replaced him was able to create a surplus erasing Canada’s deficit -had strained relations with the US Federalism or Separatism -QC began to demand more vocally equal treatment by the rest of the country Response -Trudeau created: -official bilingualism -official Language Act (1969) -govt provided language services in both French and English -provinces introduced French Immersion programs -QC did not feel this was enough -protecting the French language was a concern: low birth rates, high immigration, children going to English schools -result: Bill 22 in QC (1974) made French QC’s official language, most immigrant children would have to learn French -1976, Rene Leveque came to power in QC, leader of Parti Quebecois -promised to win independence for QC, replaced Bill 22 to Bill 101 -result: French only used by Quebec govt, courts, business, commercials signs in French -further forced children to go to French schools -Provinces has three years to ratify or vote for the agreement in their legislatures -Elijah Harper, a Manitoba MLA, refused to vote for the Accord because it did not guarantee rights for First Nations peoples -because of his stand, Manitoba couldn’t get the unanimous agreement it needed to pass it -when Newfoundland also refused to ratify the agreement, it failed in 1990 Charlottetown 1992 -QC’s anger over the failure of Meech resulted in a dramatic rise in separatism in the province -Mulroney tried again to bring QC aboard with the Charlottetown Accord of 1992 -similarly to Meech, the Accord weakened federal authority and increased provincial powers in many areas -QC’s distinct society was again recognized and this time Indigenous leaders were invited -opposition to the Accord showed how divided Canada had become -Preston manning and the Reform Party, the new Western Canadian protest party were against it -the separatist also opposed it -national referendum resulted in a “no” vote of 54 percent and the Charlottetown Accord failed The GST and the fall of Mulroney -1991, introduces GST -although the tax replaced a hidden tax on manufactured goods, it was unpopular -by 1993, Mulroney his popularity had dropped to the lowest of any PM -he resigned as PM and the Progressive Conservative leadership was won by Kim Campbell, who became Canada’s first female PM -Liberal leader Jean Chretien was elected as PM and would remain PM for the next 10 years 1995: Quebec -in 1995, the Parti Quebecois again held a referendum on the separation of QC -their complicated ballot question asked for Quebec to become an independent country with sovereignty association” or a mutual partnership with Canada -PM Jean Chretien’s liberal govt argued that QC would be cut off from Canada and ruined economically -Meanwhile, First Nations groups, notable the James Bay Cree which controlled huge areas of northern QC, stated they would remain with Canada if QC separated -October 20, 1995, vote was very close with 50.58% No and 49.42% Yes Textbook Qs 1. Why was the debate over the constitution reopened in 1984? Brian Mulroney returned to the issue of the constitution to build support from separatists in Quebec during the election campaign. He promised to repair the damage. 2. Who was the new Prime Minister? Brian Mulroney 3. Describe the events around the Meech Lake Accord? What was the outcome? PM Mulroney proposed a package to recognize Quebec as a distinct society. The Meech Lake Accord included giving more power to the other provinces, which Quebec supported. Many critics argued about this and its influence on Quebec. Indigenous people later on also said that they need to be recognized and protected as well. Later on it died out and was seen as a rejection of Quebec itself and even a humiliation. Support for separation in Quebec soared to 64%. Later on the Bloc Quebecois was formed and would remain committed to Quebec separation. 4. Describe the events around the Charlottetown Accord? What was the outcome? PM Mulroney would not let the Constitutional debate end. Then eventually the Charlottetown Accord was made, which answered Quebec’s concerns. It also advocated the principle of Aboriginal self-government. Adding to that it also proposed the reformation of the Senate. The Senate would become an elected body with equal representation from all parts of the country. It was rejected by most Canadians , mostly from British Columbia. They felt that it gave Quebec too much power. Anyways, there were a lot of different opinions. 5. Why did the results of the 1995 referendum shock Canadians? What action did the federal government take? The results of the 1995 Quebec referendum shocked Canadians because it was a close vote. The government introduced the Clarity Act which stated that any future referendum questions had to be clear and that Ottawa would determine what a substantial majority would be, rather than a 50 percent plus one majority. 6. How might the rest of Canada have changed if the 1995 referendum had passed? Quebec would end up being a separate country from Canada. 1970s -by the late 1960s Indigenous peoples were starting to put pressure on Ottawa and the provincial governments for change -response: Trudeau and his Liberal govt issued the White Paper (1969) -Indigenous peoples should be treated the same as all other Canadians -Special status under the Indian Act was a form of legal discrimination: received healthcare and education and the federal govt instead of through the provinces The White paper -repeal Indian Act -give control and ownership of land to First nations -funding for economic development -end of Dept of Indian Affairs -remove special status and have equal footing with other Canadians -Indigenous peoples saw this as another form of assimilation -counter-proposal: The Red Paper -maintaining special status to ensure the survival of First nations culture -Trudeau govt withdrew the White paper but failed to offer another framework for negotiating Textbook Qs (pg. 272) 1.​ the Assembly of First Nations: Specific land claims: Comprehensive land claims: The Algonquin land claim in Ontario: 2.​ Why do you think the creation of Nunavut is significant? What challenges do you think are posed for nunavut by having 29000 people politically control 2 million sq km of land? How do you think email and other modern technologies can help? Individuals/Events Historical Significance Phil Fontaine Larry Phillip Fontaine, OC OM is an Indigenous Canadian leader and former National Chief of the Assembly of First Nations. He is best known for his central role in raising public awareness of the Canadian Indian residential school system and pushing to secure Federal and Papal apologies in 2008 and 2022 respectively. Oka Crisis The Oka Crisis, a seventy-eight-day standoff between Mohawk protesters and provincial law enforcement over the proposed expansion of a golf-course onto disputed land which encompassed a Mohawk burial ground. The expansion was cancelled and the land was bought by the government but it did not become a land reserve. It has come to symbolize the conflicting interests of the Canadian government and the First Nations people. Terry Fox Terrance Stanley Fox was a Canadian athlete, humanitarian, and cancer research activist. In 1980, having had one leg amputated due to cancer, he embarked on a cross-Canada run to raise money and  awareness for cancer research, ultimately raising over 24 million dollars for his cause. Dr. Roberta Bondar Roberta Lynn Bondar is a Canadian astronaut, neurologist and consultant. She is Canada's first female astronaut and the first neurologist in space. Paul Henderson Paul Garnet Henderson CM, OOnt, hockey player Henderson played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Detroit Red Wings, Toronto Maple Leafs and Atlanta Flames. He is best known for scoring the winning goal against the Soviet Union in game eight of the 1972 Summit Series, which is considered the most important moment in Canadian sports. Self-government Indigenous self-government is the formal structure through which Indigenous communities may control the administration of their people, land, resources and related programs and policies, through agreements with federal and provincial governments. It is significant because it gives Indigenous people more freedom. NAFTA NAFTA seeks to liberalize trade between the U.S., Mexico and Canada and abolish tariffs and other trade barriers. It was very helpful to Canada’s economy. TRC The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) provided those directly or indirectly affected by the legacy of the Indian Residential Schools system with an opportunity to share their stories and experiences. 9/11 The events on 9/11 led directly to war in Afghanistan, to the US declaration of the 'War on Terror' and subsequently later to the invasion of Iraq. In December 2001, the government of Canada enacted Bill C-36, the omnibus anti-terrorism legislation, in response to the events of 9/11. They also increased the powers of both the police and intelligence agencies and widened their mandates. Afghanistan War More than 40,000 Canadians would serve in the region. This was the largest deployment of our troops since the Second World War. The conflict lasted more than 12 years— the longest in Canada's history. Kim Campbell First female PM of Canada, was only there for 132 days Jeanne Sauve Sauvé was Canada's first woman to be Speaker of the House of Commons and first woman to serve as governor general. Textbook Qs (p. 223) 1.​ Source 1 and 2 are primary sources because they were from memoirs. Source 3 and 4 are secondary sources because they are from textbooks. 2.​ Source 1: the FLQ is dangerous and must be stopped. Source 2: Quebecois are wrongfully arrested. Source 3: 3.​ Source 3 supports Leveque’s claims while source 4 supports Trudeau’s claims. 4.​ While the primary sources may give evidence during the actual time period, it is marred by the opinions of those writing it. Textbooks are partial and take both views into account while using other sources. Writing Assignment: Hypothesis It was justified for trudeau to use the War Measures Act -the FLQ was starting to become dangerous -separatism was threatening to split the country -they were going after the government (kidnapping James Cross: British Diplomat) -could cause tensions with other countries (Britain) Mackenzie King was a more successful politician than Bennett.