History Chapter 5: Cold War PDF

BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL CHAPTER 5: COLD WAR Lesson 5.1 Causes of the Cold War Learning outcomes: at the end of this lesson, students will be able to: ▪ Explain the causes of the cold war ▪ Differentiate the ideological terms of communism and capitali...

BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL CHAPTER 5: COLD WAR Lesson 5.1 Causes of the Cold War Learning outcomes: at the end of this lesson, students will be able to: ▪ Explain the causes of the cold war ▪ Differentiate the ideological terms of communism and capitalism. ▪ Show how the different ideological believes led to the cold war. Introduction Definition of Cold War Strained relations between the western world led by USA and the eastern world led by USSR The state of hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the Western powers from 1945 to 1990. The west was led by the United States and Eastern Europe was led by the Soviet Union. These two countries became known as superpowers. They did not fight with weapon but propaganda, military, economic sanctions and financial aid to opposing sides and generally non-cooperation. Time Period (1945 - 1991) The Cold War began not too long after World War II ended in 1945. Although, the Soviet Union was an important member of the Allied Powers, there was great distrust between the Soviet Union and the rest of the Allies. The Allies were concerned with the brutal leadership of Joseph Stalin as well as the spread of communism. Communism and capitalism ▪ The Communism: an economic system that property and economic resources are owned and controlled by the state. ▪ The Capitalism, an economic system that is based on private ownership. Contrasting attitudes and ideologies Capitalist states Communist states Free elections People would elect communist party Multi-party system One-party system Property and business are owned by Property and business are controlled by the private state the rights and freedoms of individuals were the rights and freedoms of individuals were more important less important 1  BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL Causes of the Cold War 1) Clash of Ideologies The basic cause of conflict lay in the differences in ideology between the communist states and the capitalist states. 2) Spread of Communism The Russian red army attacked Hungary, Belgium, and Bulgaria etc. this rapid growth of communism in Eastern Europe alarmed the USA. 3) The Army Race In 1949, the USSR tested its first atomic bomb. This led to a race between the two superpowers to amass the most powerful nuclear weapons. 4) The weakness of UNO UN failed to maintain peace and unity. UN failed to united members into one ideology, It remained divided along with the ideology of capitalism and communism. 5) Stalin’s policies contributed to the tension Stalin wanted to take advantage of the military situation to strengthen Soviet influence in Europe. 6) Western Politicians’ hostility to the Soviet government The US under President Roosevelt sent war material to Russia, but after the death of Roosevelt, his successor Harry Truman was more suspicious. 2  BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL 7) The European conflicts in the late 1940s These conflicts increased the tension between the two sides. They include the civil war in Greece, where USA and Britain supported one side and USSR the other. Lesson 5.2 SPREAD OF COMMUNISM Learning outcomes: at the end of this lesson, students will be able to: ▪ Discuss the factors that led to the spread of communism in Easter Europe and other parts of the world. ▪ Describe the terms Policy of Containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshal Plan. ▪ Recognize the efforts of Truman to stop the spread of communism ▪ Describe the formation military blocks of NATO and Warsaw. ▪ Discuss how the Cold War led to the complicated tension of Berlin Blockade, Civil war in Greece, Korean War, Cuban Missile Crisis and Vietnam war. Factors that led to the spread of communism in Eastern Europe and other parts of the world The expansion of communism after World War II can be associated with various factors: ▪ The soviet army liberated the countries that Nazi Germany had controlled, such as Poland and Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania ▪ Joseph Stalin ensured that communist government took control of these countries. The Yalta Conference, 1945 In February 1945, the Big Three – Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin - met again at Yalta in the Crimea region of the USSR. 3  BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL Objective: To agree on a post settlement and decide what to do with Germany after war. Outcomes: 1. Germany would be divided into four zones. 2. The German capital, Berlin, was to be divided into four zones. 3. Again, Stalin promised to join the war against Japan. 4. To set up organization called United Nations to replace the failed League of Nation 5. All countries freed from Nazi control were to be held free elections. The Potsdam Conference, 1945 The next meeting of the Big Three took place in July 1945 at Potsdam, just outside Berlin. Objective: To put into action the post-war settlement agreed at Yalta. Outcomes: 1. They agreed to disarm the Nazi, and Germany should pay something toward repairing the damage they had caused. A few days after the conference, the two atomic bombs were dropped on Japan, and the war was over without the need of Russia. Policy of Containment An American policy of preventing the spread of communism and to contain it within its border. The policy was known as Policy of containment. The Truman doctrine 1947 It was $400 million in military and economic assistance for Turkey and Greece. 4  BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL Marshal plan 1948 American plan to provide aid to European countries after the Second World War. Europe’s economy had been crushed by WW2. To help rebuild Europe and stop communism, the American secretary of state George Marshal had a plan. A fund of $13 billion was made available to any nation who applied for it. Arm race Nuclear Weapon: During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union became engaged in a nuclear arms race The United States was the first to develop. The US ended the war with Japan by dropping nuclear bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb. The world was shocked. They did not think the Soviet Union was this far along in their nuclear development. The Arms Race had begun. ICBM In the 1950s, both countries worked on developing Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles or ICBMs. These missiles could be launched from long range, as far away as 3,500 miles. The rival alliance arose Both The United States and the Soviet Union organized military alliance: NATO: The Warsaw Pact: unified military defense between USA and a collective defense treaty Western Europe established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states Formed April 4, 1949 May 14, 1955 Headquarter Brussels, Belgium Warsaw, Poland Aims To resist an attack by the USSR on the USA To resist an attack by NATO on the or its Allies in Western Europe based on the Soviet bloc. principle that an armed attack on one of its members was an attack on them all. Members Original members; USA, Canada, UK, USSR, Poland, Hungary, Portugal, France, Belgium, Holland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Romania, East Germany (GDR), Norway. Albania. 5 BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL Cold war methods: ▪ Economic sanction ▪ Propaganda ▪ Military support to allies of the enemy ▪ intelligence ▪ Arms race ▪ Space race 6  BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL Berlin blockade 1948-1949 The city of Berlin was an island in the middle of the Soviet controlled zone. The west sent supplies there via railroads and roads. However, the Soviets wanted to force the western allies to abandon Berlin.. On June 24, 1948, the Soviets blocked all rail and road traffic to Berlin. They cut off the electricity coming from the Soviet part of the city. Over the next ten months, the United States and Great Britain flew around 277,000 flights into Berlin. They carried over 2.3 million tons of supplies into the city. On May 12, 1949, the Soviet Union stopped the blockade and the airlift was over. Cuban missile crisis 1962 The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1962 when the Soviet Union began to install nuclear missiles in Cuba. The United States refused to allow this and, after thirteen tense days and many secret negotiations, the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles. The soviet leader Khrushchev decided to set up nuclear missiles launchers in Cuba, the main reasons behind this were to support his ally Fidel Castro, show off his power and pressure US to take its nuclear missiles from Turkey. 7  BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL Civil war in Greece Date: March 30, 1946 – October 16, 1949 Greek civil war took place from 1946 to 1949. The conflict, which erupted shortly after the end of World War II, consisted of a communist-dominated uprising against the established government of the Kingdom of Greece. Finally, communist rebels were defeated. The Korean War Date: June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953 The Korean War was fought between South Korea and communist North Korea. It was the first major conflict of the Cold War as the Soviet Union supported North Korea and the United States supported South Korea. T he war ended with little resolution. The countries are still divided today and North Korea is still ruled by a communist regime. 40,000 US soldiers died in the war. The civilian casualties were especially high with estimates of around 2 million civilians killed. The Vietnam War Dates: Nov 1, 1955 - April 30, 1975 The Vietnam War was fought between communist North Vietnam and the government of Southern Vietnam. The North was supported by communist countries such as the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. The South was supported by anti-communist countries, primarily the United States. The United States lost the Vietnam War. It lasted for twenty years. 59,000 US soldiers died in the Vietnam War. It is estimated that millions of Vietnamese died. 8  BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL Lesson 5.3 RESULTS OF THE COLD WAR Learning outcomes: at the end of this lesson, students will be able to: ▪ Justify how the Gorbachev policy led to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe ▪ Analyze the results of the Cold War ▪ Analyze how the Cold War affected the economy of the world. Gorbachev’s Policy and End of communism Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985 and was determined to transform the country; He wanted to restructure Soviet economic and political policy. He come up with new policy of Glasnost (openness) and perestroika (reconstructing) the economy and the government. In 1986, the government allowed small enterprises such as family restaurant, a family business making clothes, providing services. In January 1987, Gorbachev announced moves toward democracy within the party. Finally, these reforms led to the end of communism and even collapse of the Soviet Union. Results of cold war ▪ The cold war led to the space race: USSR and US competed in developing space-craft (Rockets). ▪ The war caused insecurity: as each power tried to spread its own ideology. ▪ The cold war led to actual wars such as Korea and Vietnam War. ▪ Various crises occurred: such as Berlin blockade, Suez Canal Crisis, Cuban Missile Crisis. ▪ There were coups in the third war countries leading to the rise of dictators. ▪ The Cold War divided Europe and the world into two blocks ▪ Formation of military alliance: NATO and Warsaw Pact ▪ The emergence of Mass Destruction Weapon. Effects of cold war on the world economy The Cold War had significant effects on the global economy, affecting various aspects of trade, finance, and development. Here are some key effects: ▪ Military Spending and Economic Burden: The Cold War fueled a massive increase in military spending by both superpowers. ▪ Trade barriers and restrictions: Both sides imposed trade barriers and restrictions to protect their domestic industries and reduce dependence on rival nations. ▪ Technological Competition and Innovation: The Cold War prompted the United States and the Soviet Union to invest heavily in scientific research and technological advancements ▪ Regional Conflicts and Economic Instability: The Cold War era witnessed numerous proxy wars and regional conflicts. These conflicts affected trade, investment, and overall economic development. 9  BARI SECONDARY SCHOOL ▪ Aid and Economic Dependency: Both superpowers provided economic aid to other countries as part of their geopolitical strategies. Leaders of United States and USSR durging cold war 10