History of Blood Transfusion PDF

Immunohematology refers to the SEROLOGIC, GENETIC, BIOCHEMICAL, and MOLECULAR STUDY of antigens associated with membrane structures on the cellular constituents of blood, as well as the immunologic properties and reactions of blood...

Immunohematology refers to the SEROLOGIC, GENETIC, BIOCHEMICAL, and MOLECULAR STUDY of antigens associated with membrane structures on the cellular constituents of blood, as well as the immunologic properties and reactions of blood components and constituents. It is intimately related to transfusion medicine, which represents a section of clinical pathology that involves the transfusion of blood, its components and constituents. Fundamental discoveries in the area of immunohematology have played an integral role in the development of transfusion medicine. Immunohematologists perform and interpret a wide variety of serologic and molecular assays to aid in the diagnosis, prevention, and management of immunization associated with transfusion, pregnancy, and organ transplantation. Over the years, research in the field of immunohematology has contributed significantly to the fundamental understanding of human genetics and immunology, with broad applications to membrane physiology and function, epidemiology, anthropology, and forensic science. EXPLORE: IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY HISTORY TIMELINE 1492: First time blood transfusion was recorded in history: Pope Innocent VIII. In 1492, blood was taken from three young men and given to the stricken Pope Innocent VIII in the hope of curing him; unfortunately, all four died. Although the outcome of this event was unsatisfactory, it is the first time a blood transfusion was recorded in history. 1628: British physician WILLIAM HARVEY discovers the circulation of blood. Shortly afterward, the earliest known blood transfusion was attempted. 1658: JAN SWAMMERDAM observes and describes RED BLOOD CELLS. 1665: First recorded successful blood transfusion occurs in England: Physician Richard Lower keeps dogs alive by transfusion of blood from other dogs. 1667: Jean-Baptiste Denis in France and Richard Lower in England separately report successful transfusions from lambs to humans. Within 10 years, transfusing the blood of animals to humans becomes prohibited by law because of reactions. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 7  1795: In Philadelphia, American physician Philip Syng Physick, performs the first human blood transfusion, although he does not publish this information. 1818: (In Hilyer, 1825) British obstetrician James Blundell performs the first successful transfusion of human blood to a patient for the treatment of POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE. Using the patient’s husband as a donor, he extracts approximately four ounces of blood from the husband’s arm, and, using a syringe, successfully transfuses the wife. Between 1825 and 1830, he performs 10 transfusions, 5 of which prove beneficial to his patients, and publishes these results. He also devises various instruments (impellor and gravitator) for performing transfusions and proposed ration indications. Dr. James Blundell (1791-1878) was an English (British) physician. In 1818 James Blundell determined that a blood transfusion would be appropriate to treat a severe hemorrhage. He also discovered the importance of letting all the air out of a syringe prior to the transfusion. 1840: Samuel Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell, performs the first successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia 1867: English physician Joseph Lister uses antiseptics to control infection during transfusions 1869: Attempts to find a nontoxic anticoagulant began; BRAXTON HICKS recommended sodium phosphate, a nontoxic anticoagulant- FIRST EXAMPLE OF BLOOD PRESERVATION RESEARCH 1901: Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian physician, discovers the first three human blood groups, A, B, and C. Blood type C was later changed to O. His colleagues Alfred Decastello and Adriano Sturli add AB, the fourth type, Landsteiner receives the Nobel Prize for Medicine for this discovery in 1930. 1907: LUDVIG HEKTOEN suggests that the safety of transfusion might be improved by CROSS MATCHING blood between donors and patients to exclude incompatible mixtures Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 8  REUBEN OTTENBERG performs the first blood transfusion using blood typing and cross-matching 1908: French surgeon Alexis Carrel devises a way to prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor, vein-to-vein or direct method, known as anastomosis Carlos Moreschi describes the antiglobulin reaction 1912: Roger Lee, a visiting physician at the Massachusetts General Hospital, along with Paul Dudley White, develops the Lee-White clotting time. Lee demonstrates that it is safe to give group O blood to patients of any blood group, and that blood from all groups can be given to group AB patients. The terms "universal donor" and "universal recipient" are coined. 1913: EDWARD LINDEMAN: carried out vein-to-vein transfusion of blood by using multiple syringes and a special cannula for puncturing the vein through the skin. LESTER J. UNGER: Designed the syringe – valve apparatus 1914: ALBERT HUSTIN reported the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant 1915: RICHARD LEWISOHN determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for anticoagulation 1916: FRANCIS ROUS AND J.R. TURNER introduced a citrate-glucose solution that permits storage of blood for several days after collection OSWALD ROBERTSON, an American Army officer, is credited with creating the blood depots. Robertson received the AABB Landsteiner Award in 1958 as developer of the first blood bank. 1927-1947: The MNSs and P systems are discovered. MNSs and P are two more blood group antigen systems — just as ABO is one system and Rh is another. 1937: BERNARD FANTUS, director of therapeutics at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago, establishes the first hospital blood bank in the United States. In creating a hospital laboratory that can preserve and store donor blood, Fantus originates the term "blood bank." 1939-1940: The Rh Blood group system is discovered by Karl Landsteiner, Alexander Wiener, Philip Levine and R.E. Stetson Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 9  1940: EDWIN COHN develops cold ethanol fractionation (Albumin, gamma globulin and fibrinogen are isolated and become available for clinical use) JOHN ELLIOTT develops the first blood container 1941: DR. CHARLES DREW: appointed as director of the first AMERICAN Red Cross Blood bank at the Presbyterian Hospital ISODOR RAVDIN, a prominent surgeon from Philadelphia, effectively treats victims of the Pearl Harbor attack with Cohn's albumin for shock 1943: LOUTIT AND MOLLISON of England introduced the formula for the preservative Acid- Citrate Dextrose (ACD) 1943: P. Beeson publishes the classic description of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis. 1945: COOMBS, MOURANT AND RACE describe the use of ANTI-HUMAN GLOBULIN to identify incomplete antibodies 1947: ABO blood-typing and syphilis testing is performed on each unit of blood 1950: AUDREY SMITH reports the use of glycerol CRYOPROTECTANT for red blood cells 1950: Carl Walter and W.P. Murphy, Jr., introduced the plastic bag for blood collection 1953: Development of the refrigerated centrifuge 1957: GIBSON introduced an improved preservative solution called citrate-phosphate- dextrose (CPD) 1961: PLATELET CONCENTRATES are recognized for reducing the mortality from hemorrhage in cancer patients 1964: PLASMAPHERESIS is introduced as a means of collecting plasma for fractionation. 1969: S. Murphy and F. Gardner demonstrate the feasibility of storing platelets at ROOM TEMPERATURE, revolutionizing platelet transfusion therapy. 1970: U.S. blood banks move toward an ALL-VOLUNTEER blood donor system. 1971: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing of donated blood begins 1972: Apheresis is used to extract one cellular component, returning the rest of the blood to the donor Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 10  1978: FDA requires blood bags to be labeled “paid” or “volunteer” 1981: First Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) case reported. 1983: Additive solutions extend the shelf life of red blood cells to 42 days. 1984: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) identified as cause of AIDS 1985: The first blood-screening test to detect HIV is licensed and quickly implemented by blood banks to protect the blood supply. 1992: Testing of donor blood for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies (anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2) is implemented. 2002: Nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) for HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) licensed by the Food and Drug Administration PHILIPPINE LAWS RELATED TO BLOOD BANKING: RA 7719: The National Blood Services Act of 1994 DOH A.O. Series of 1995: Implementing Rules of RA 7719 DOH A.O. No. 2005-002: Rules and Regulations for the Establishment of the Philippine National Blood Services (Amends pertinent provisions of AO No. 9 s. 1995) DOH A.O. No. 2008 – 0008: Rules and Regulations Governing the Regulation of Blood Services Facilities EXPLAIN: UNIT 2 GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD, THE RED BLOOD CELL MEMBRANE, AND RED CELL PRESERVATION Knowing the functions of blood is important as this would help you understand how each blood cell is being utilized in Immunohematology. Blood in the body has a volume of four (4) to six (6) liters. It has a pH of 7.35 to 7.45. Functions of blood include: (1) transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and metabolic wastes (2) Regulation of pH, body temperature, and water content of cells (3) protection against blood loss through clotting and (4) protection against diseases through phagocytic white blood cells and antibodies. Figure 1 shows the components of a normal adult blood. Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited. 11