Immunohematology Overview and History
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Questions and Answers

What is immunohematology primarily concerned with?

  • The treatment of blood diseases
  • The history of blood transfusion
  • Diagnosis and management of blood-associated immunizations (correct)
  • The study of blood composition

The first recorded blood transfusion was performed on Pope Innocent VIII in 1492.

True (A)

Who discovered the circulation of blood?

William Harvey

In the year _____, Richard Lower performed the first recorded successful blood transfusion.

<p>1665</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions to immunohematology.

<p>William Harvey = Discovered circulation of blood Jean-Baptiste Denis = Performed transfusions from lambs to humans Richard Lower = Kept dogs alive with blood transfusion Jan Swammerdam = Observed red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an area intimately related to immunohematology?

<p>Cosmetic surgery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research in immunohematology has only contributed to transfusion medicine.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in 1658 related to blood transfusion?

<p>Observation of red blood cells by Jan Swammerdam</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who performed the first successful transfusion of human blood to a patient?

<p>James Blundell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Philip Syng Physick published his findings on blood transfusion immediately after his procedure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did James Blundell perform the first successful blood transfusion?

<p>1818</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blundell used blood from the patient's _____ as the donor for the transfusion.

<p>husband</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions to blood transfusion:

<p>Philip Syng Physick = Performed the first human blood transfusion James Blundell = Performed the first successful transfusion Samuel Armstrong Lane = Consultant for transfusion procedures Dr. Hilyer = Recorded significant transfusion events</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason for prohibiting animal blood transfusions to humans?

<p>Reactions and complications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

James Blundell performed a total of ten transfusions during his practice.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did James Blundell propose to improve transfusion techniques?

<p>Letting all the air out of the syringe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first to perform a successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia?

<p>Samuel Armstrong Lane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Karl Landsteiner discovered blood group A in 1901.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Alexis Carrel devise to prevent clotting during blood transfusions?

<p>Anastomosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first example of blood preservation research was recommended by _____ in 1869.

<p>Braxton Hicks</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Ludvig Hektoen suggest cross-matching blood to improve transfusion safety?

<p>1907 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The terms 'universal donor' and 'universal recipient' were coined by Roger Lee.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'cross-matching' refer to in blood transfusions?

<p>Determining compatibility between donor and recipient blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced a citrate-glucose solution that allows for blood storage for several days?

<p>Francis Rous and J.R. Turner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Edward Lindeman was responsible for using sodium citrate as an anticoagulant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with creating the first blood bank?

<p>Oswald Robertson</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first hospital blood bank in the United States was established by __________.

<p>Bernard Fantus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Edwin Cohn develop to isolate blood components for clinical use?

<p>Cold ethanol fractionation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The MNSs and P antigen systems were discovered between 1927 and 1947.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Albert Hustin report the use of sodium citrate as an anticoagulant?

<p>1914</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was appointed as the director of the first American Red Cross Blood bank?

<p>Charles Drew (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isodor Ravdin used Cohn's albumin to treat victims of the Pearl Harbor attack.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What formula was introduced for preservative use in blood in 1943?

<p>Acid-Citrate Dextrose (ACD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1964, _________ was introduced as a means of collecting plasma for fractionation.

<p>plasmapheresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following years with their significant events in blood transfusion history:

<p>1943 = Introduction of ACD formula 1950 = Use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant 1970 = Shift to all-volunteer blood donor system 1981 = First AIDS case reported</p> Signup and view all the answers

What improved preservative solution was introduced in 1957?

<p>Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose (CPD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The FDA required blood bags to be labeled as either 'paid' or 'volunteer' in 1972.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which testing began in 1971 for donated blood?

<p>Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant advancement for blood storage occurred in 1983?

<p>Additive solutions that extend shelf life of red blood cells to 42 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first test to detect HIV was implemented in blood banks in 1985.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main functions of blood in the body?

<p>Transport of oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pH of blood in the body typically ranges from _____ to _____ .

<p>7.35, 7.45</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following years with their related advancements in blood banking:

<p>1984 = Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) identified as cause of AIDS 1992 = Testing of donor blood for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies implemented 2002 = NAT for HIV and hepatitis C virus licensed 1994 = National Blood Services Act of 1994 passed</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many liters of blood does a typical adult have?

<p>4 to 6 liters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood does not play a role in regulating the body temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the Philippine laws related to blood banking.

<p>RA 7719</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blood Transfusion

A medical procedure where blood from one person is transferred to another.

Postpartum Hemorrhage

The loss of a large amount of blood, often after childbirth.

James Blundell

A British physician who performed the first successful human blood transfusion.

1818

The year James Blundell successfully performed the first human blood transfusion.

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Air Removal from Syringe

Blundell's key discovery, crucial for blood transfusions, was the importance of removing all air from the syringe before transferring blood.

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Blundell's Instruments

Blundell's innovative instruments, such as the impellor and gravitator, were designed to facilitate the blood transfusion process.

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Within 10 years

The year when animal blood transfusions were prohibited by law due to adverse reactions.

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Adverse Reactions

The main reason why animal blood transfusions were prohibited was due to the occurrence of reactions in humans receiving animal blood.

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What is Immunohematology?

The study of blood antigens, their interactions, and the immune responses they trigger.

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What does Immunohematology involve?

The serological, genetic, biochemical, and molecular analysis of antigens on blood cells.

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What is Transfusion Medicine?

The practice of transfusing blood and its components to treat various conditions.

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How are Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine related?

Immunohematology is closely related to transfusion medicine, as understanding blood antigens is crucial for safe transfusions.

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What was the first blood transfusion in history?

The first recorded blood transfusion in history, involving Pope Innocent VIII.

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What significant discovery was made in 1628?

The discovery of the circulation of blood by British physician William Harvey.

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What was the first successful blood transfusion?

The first successful blood transfusion in England, where Richard Lower kept dogs alive by transfusing blood from other dogs.

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What was the first successful blood transfusion from animal to human?

Successful transfusions from lambs to humans, reported independently by Jean-Baptiste Denis in France and Richard Lower in England.

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Plasmapheresis

A method of collecting blood plasma for further use.

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Glycerol Cryoprotectant

A solution used to preserve red blood cells during storage.

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Coombs Test

The use of anti-human globulin to identify incomplete antibodies.

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CPD (Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose)

A preservative solution for blood, consisting of Citrate, Phosphate, and Dextrose.

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Apheresis

A technique used to extract one cellular component from blood while returning the rest to the donor.

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AIDS

The first reported case of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, a serious condition affecting the immune system.

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Transfusion-Transmitted Hepatitis

A condition caused by blood transfusions, resulting in liver inflammation.

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Platelet Concentrates

The use of concentrated platelets to reduce the risk of bleeding in cancer patients.

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MNSs and P systems

A blood group antigen system that, along with ABO and Rh, determines blood compatibility.

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Cold ethanol fractionation

A method for separating blood components like albumin, gamma globulin, and fibrinogen using cold ethanol.

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Blood Banking

The process of collecting, storing, and distributing blood for transfusion.

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Bernard Fantus

The first blood bank in the United States, established in 1937 at Cook County Hospital in Chicago.

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Citrate-glucose solution

A solution containing citrate and glucose that allows blood storage for days after collection.

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Rh Blood Group System

The discovery of the Rh blood group system, a significant factor in blood compatibility.

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Cannula for vein-to-vein transfusion

A specialized cannula used for puncturing veins through the skin for vein-to-vein blood transfusion.

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Oswald Robertson

Named 'father of blood banking' for developing the first blood bank and blood depots.

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First successful whole blood transfusion for hemophilia

The first successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia was performed by Blundell.

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Antiseptics in blood transfusions

Joseph Lister, an English physician, introduced antiseptics to prevent infections during blood transfusions in 1867.

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First blood preservation research

Braxton Hicks pioneered the first efforts to preserve blood by suggesting sodium phosphate as a nontoxic anticoagulant in 1869.

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Discovery of blood groups A, B, and O

Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian physician, identified the first three human blood groups: A, B, and C (later renamed O) in 1901. He later received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1930.

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Importance of cross-matching in transfusions

Ludvig Hektoen proposed the importance of cross-matching blood between donors and recipients to prevent incompatible transfusions in 1907.

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First blood transfusion with blood typing and cross-matching

Reuben Ottenberg performed the first blood transfusion using blood typing and cross-matching, making it safer and more effective.

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Anastomosis technique for transfusions

Alexis Carrel, a French surgeon, developed a technique called anastomosis, a vein-to-vein or direct method, to prevent blood clotting during transfusions in 1908.

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Lee-White clotting time test

Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White devised the Lee-White clotting time test, which helped determine the safety of transfusions in 1912.

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What does red blood cell do?

A critical component of blood, it is responsible for transporting oxygen to the body's cells.

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Red blood cell storage advancement in 1983

The lifespan of red blood cells was extended to 42 days through the use of additive solutions.

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Discovery of HIV in 1984

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was identified as the cause of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

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First HIV blood screening test

The first HIV blood screening test became available in 1985, significantly reducing the risk of HIV transmission through blood transfusions.

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Expanded HIV testing for blood

Testing for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies was implemented in 1992, further enhancing the safety of blood transfusions.

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Introduction of NAT testing

A more sensitive technique, the Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAT), was introduced in 2002, further improving the detection of HIV and hepatitis C virus.

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RA 7719: National Blood Services Act of 1994

The National Blood Services Act of 1994 (RA 7719) aims to establish a safe and adequate blood supply system across the Philippines.

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Main functions of blood

The primary functions of blood include transport, regulation, clot formation, and pathogen defense.

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Study Notes

Immunohematology

  • Immunohematology is the study of antigens on blood cells, their genetics, biochemistry, and molecular components.
  • It's closely related to transfusion medicine, involving the properties and reactions of blood components.
  • Immunologists conduct serologic and molecular tests for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of transfusion and pregnancy issues, and organ transplants.
  • Research in this field has advanced our understanding of human genetics, immunology, membrane physiology, function, anthropology, and forensic science.

History of Immunohematology

  • 1492: First recorded blood transfusion attempt on Pope Innocent VIII, though unsuccessful and fatal.
  • 1628: William Harvey discovered blood circulation.
  • 1658: Jan Swammerdam described red blood cells.
  • 1665: Richard Lower carried out the first successful dog-to-dog blood transfusion.
  • 1667: Jean-Baptiste Denis and Richard Lower successfully transfused blood between animals and humans, which was later prohibited due to complications.
  • 1795: Philip Syng Physick performed a human blood transfusion (unpublished).
  • 1818: James Blundell performed the first successful human blood transfusion for postpartum hemorrhage, developing transfusion instruments.
  • 1840: Samuel Armstrong Lane, with consulting physician Dr. Blundell, performed the first successful whole-blood transfusion to treat hemophilia.
  • 1867: Joseph Lister started using antiseptics to control infections during transfusions.
  • 1869: Research on nontoxic anticoagulants began, with sodium phosphate being an early example.
  • 1901: Karl Landsteiner discovered the first three blood groups (A, B, and C; later changed to O).
  • 1907: Landsteiner's colleagues, Alfred Decastello and Adriano Sturli identified blood type AB.
  • 1908: Alexis Carrel developed a vein-to-vein blood transfusion technique. Further advancements included Carlos Moreschi's description of the antiglobulin reaction.
  • 1912: Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White developed the Lee-White clotting time protocol; group O safety for transfusion was confirmed.
  • 1913: Edward Lindeman used multiple syringes and a special cannula for vein-to-vein transfusions and Lester J. Unger designed a syringe-valve apparatus.
  • 1914: Albert Hustins used sodium citrate as an anticoagulant.
  • 1915: Richard Lewisohn determined the minimum amount of citrate needed for blood anticoagulation.
  • 1916: Francis Rous and J.R. Turner introduced citrate-glucose solution for longer blood storage.
  • 1927-1947: discovery of additional blood groups (MNSs, P).
  • 1937: Bernard Fantus established the first hospital blood bank in the US (Chicago).
  • 1939-1940: Karl Landsteiner, Alexander Wiener, Philip Levine, and R. E. Stetson discovered the Rh Blood group system.
  • 1940: Edwin Cohn developed cold ethanol fractionation for isolating blood components (Albumin, gamma globulin, fibrinogen).
  • 1941: Charles Drew established the first American Red Cross Blood Bank.
  • 1943: Loutit and Mollison of England developed the ACD (Acid-Citrate Dextrose) preservative formula; Beeson described transfusion-transmitted hepatitis.
  • 1945: Coombs, Mourant, and Race described ways to use antiglobulin testing to identify incomplete antibodies; ABO blood typing and syphilis testing added quality assurance steps.
  • 1947: ABO blood typing and syphilis testing was added to blood components.
  • 1950: Audrey Smith used glycerol as a cryoprotectant (for red blood cells); Walter and Murphy made plastic bags for blood collection.
  • 1953: Development of blood collection refrigerated centrifuges.
  • 1957: Gibson introduced CPD (citrate-phosphate-dextrose) preservative solution.
  • 1961: Platelet concentrates were recognized.
  • 1964: Plasmaphareses was used to collect plasma.
  • 1969: Murphy and Gardner refined platelet storage procedures.
  • 1970: Blood banks transitioned to become volunteer-based; use of blood storage banks.
  • 1971: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing for donated blood began
  • 1972: Apheresis (selective component extraction) was implemented.
  • 1978: FDA mandated blood bag labeling (paid / volunteer).
  • 1981: First AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) case.
  • 1983: Additive solution enhanced red blood cell shelf-life.
  • 1984: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) identification and implementation of HIV testing were pivotal.
  • 1985: First HIV blood screening tests.
  • 1992: HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibody testing for blood donors was introduced.
  • 2002: Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) for HIV and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) are licensed.

General Blood Functions, Red Blood Cells, and Preservation

  • Blood volume, pH, and components impact immunohematological procedures and transfusion therapies.
  • Blood functions include oxygen/carbon dioxide transport, nutrient/waste transfer, pH/temperature regulation, and disease protection (immunity).
  • Red blood cell preservation methods and procedures are critical for blood banks.

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History of Blood Transfusion PDF

Description

This quiz delves into the study of immunohematology, covering the antigens on blood cells, their genetic and biochemical aspects, and their relevance to transfusion medicine. It also explores pivotal historical milestones, such as early blood transfusion attempts and discoveries in blood circulation. Test your knowledge on this vital field of study!

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