history.docx

PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT (before-1565) Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, there were settlements composed of villages called barangay consisting of more or less 100 families. Each barangay was governed by a Datu. Four Social classes in the Barangay 1. Nobility (maharlika) 2. Freeme...

PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT (before-1565) Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, there were settlements composed of villages called barangay consisting of more or less 100 families. Each barangay was governed by a Datu. Four Social classes in the Barangay 1. Nobility (maharlika) 2. Freemen (timawa) 3. Serfs (aliping namamahay) 4. Slaves (aliping saguiguilid) Two known written Laws in Panay Maragtas Code (Datu Sumakwel, 1250 AD) Kalantiaw Code (Datu Kalantiaw, 1433 AD SPANISH GOVERNMENT (1565-1898) Spain's title to the Philippines was established in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan and ended by the conquest of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in 1565. The Philippines was governed by Spain through Mexico from 1565 to 1821, then directly by Spain through the Council of Indies from 1821 to 1837. The Ministry of Ultramar exercised general powers of supervision from 1863. The Spanish government was centralized and national, with barangays consolidated into pueblos and provinces. SPANISH GOVERNMENT (1565-1898) Cities were governed under special Charters and had an Ayuntamiento or Cabildo. The powers of the government were exercised by the Governor-General, assisted by the Board of Authorities and the Council of Administration. The Royal Audiencia was established in 1583 to strengthen the judicial system. In 1886, Courts of First Instance and Justice of the Peace Courts were established in each province and town level. REVOULUTIONARY GOVERNMENT (1968-1898) A secret society that precipitated the Philippine revolution against Spain in August 26, 1896. The Katipunan was organized by Andres Bonifacio. The central government of the Katipunan was vested in the Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian). The judicial power was exercised by a Judicial Council on the Sangguniang Hukuman. 2\. BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC Gen. Aguinaldo established a republic in Biak-na Bato. November 1, 1897, declaration of The Philippine independence from Spain and ending the republic on December 15, 1897. 3\. DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT After the Spanish-American War, Gen. Aguinaldo established the Dictatorial Government, promoting Philippine Independence in Kawit, Cavite, and restructuring local governments. 5. REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT Gen. Aguinaldo established the Revolutionary Government in 1898. Aiming for Philippines' independence and preparing the country for a republic until recognized by all nations, including Spain. 6. FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC Philippine Revolutionary Congress and Constitution held on September 15, 1898, in Malolos, Bulacan. Framed the Malolos Constitution, establishing a free, independent Philippine Republic. Inaugurated on January 23, 1899, with Gen. Aguinaldo as President. United/States annexed Philippines in February 1899. Gen. Aguinaldo captured in April 1901. MILITARY GOVERNMENT The Philippines gained rule on April 14, 1898, following the capture of Manila. The US President established a Military government, delegated to three American Military Governors: Wesley Meritt, Elwell Otis, and Arthur McArthur. CIVIL GOVERNMENT The Spooner Amendment abolished the military regime in the Philippines, establishing a civil government led by a Governor-General, who exercised legislative powers, and elected Resident Commissioners from the United States. COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT Philippine Commonwealth Government Establishment Established by the Tydings-McDuffie Law on March 24, 1934. Provided a ten-year transition period until independence was declared on July 4, 1946. Inaugurated on November 15, 1935, following the first national election. COMMONWEALTH GOVERNMENT Republican in form, presidential type, with legislative power in a unicameral Congress. Judicial power in the Supreme Court and inferior courts. Autonomous in nature, with Filipinos having control over domestic affairs. Functioned in exile in Washington from May 13, 1942 to October 3, 1944. Reestablished in Manila on February 27, 1945, with full powers and responsibilities under the 1935 Constitution. JAPANESE GOVERNMENT Japanese Military Administrator's establishment in Manila Ends US sovereignty over Philippines. Philippine Commission. Establishes Executive Inaugurates Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines in 1943., with the president Jose P. Laurel. THIRD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC Philippines' Liberation and the Third Philippine Republic. Inaugurated on July 4, 1946, with Manuel A. Roxas as president and Elpidio Quirino as vice president. Quirino's presidency lasted until 1953. Ramon Magsaysay's term ended in 1957 due to a plane crash. Carlos P. Garcia succeeded Magsaysay. Diosdado Macapagal served one term. Macapagal was defeated by Ferdinand Marcos in 1965. MARCOS YEARS Marcos, elected in 1965, amended the 1935 Constitution, creating a 1973 Constitutional Convention, but implemented Martial Law, abolished Congress, imprisoned opposition leaders, and controlled Philippine politics. AQUINO PRESIDENCY In 1986, Marcos' snap presidential election was marred by cheating, leading to the EDSA People Power Revolution. Corazon Aquino was inducted as first lady, promulgating the Freedom Constitution. The 1987 Constitution was ratified, and the first post-Marcos election was held in 1992. FIDEL RAMOS PRESIDENCY Fidel Ramos, a former military officer, became the Philippines' president, restoring democracy and addressing economic issues through privatization, deregulation, and investment in power infrastructure JOSEPH Ε. ESTRADA PRESIDENCY Joseph Estrada won the 1998 Philippine elections, focusing on food security and agricultural modernization. Despite cronyism and corruption allegations, he retained strong support among the urban poor. GLORIA M. ARROYO ADMINISTRATION Macapagal-Arroyo formed the United Opposition, ousted Estrada, suspended MILF operations, and signed cease- fire agreement. She won popular mandate in 2001 legislative elections.