Questions and Answers
The Malolos Constitution established a free, independent Philippine ______.
Republic
The US President established a ______ government after taking control of the Philippines.
Military
The Tydings-McDuffie Law provided for a ten-year transition period leading to Philippine ______.
independence
The first national election for the Commonwealth Government was held on ______ 15, 1935.
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Jose P. Laurel was the president of the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the ______ in 1943.
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Manuel A. Roxas was inaugurated as president on July 4, ______.
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Ferdinand Marcos was elected president in ______.
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The ______ Constitution was created during Marcos's administration in 1973.
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Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, there were settlements composed of villages called ______.
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Each barangay was governed by a ______.
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Two known written laws in Panay are the Maragtas Code and the ______ Code.
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Spain's title to the Philippines was established in 1521 by ______.
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The Spanish government was centralized and national, with barangays consolidated into ______ and provinces.
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The ______ was established in 1583 to strengthen the judicial system in the Philippines.
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The secret society that precipitated the Philippine revolution against Spain was called the ______.
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Gen. Aguinaldo established a republic in ______-na-Bato on November 1, 1897.
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Study Notes
Pre-Spanish Government (Before 1565)
- Settlements in the Philippines comprised villages known as barangays, typically containing around 100 families.
- Governance of each barangay was under a leader referred to as Datu.
- The four social classes within barangays included:
- Nobility (maharlika)
- Freemen (timawa)
- Serfs (aliping namamahay)
- Slaves (aliping saguiguilid)
- Two significant written laws from Panay:
- Maragtas Code authored by Datu Sumakwel in 1250 AD
- Kalantiaw Code established by Datu Kalantiaw in 1433 AD
Spanish Government (1565-1898)
- Spain's claim to the Philippines began in 1521 with Ferdinand Magellan and solidified through the conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in 1565.
- Philippines governed through Mexico from 1565 until 1821, then directly by Spain via the Council of Indies until 1837.
- The Ministry of Ultramar had general supervisory powers starting from 1863.
- Governance was centralized with barangays reorganized into pueblos and provinces.
- Cities operated under special charters and had an Ayuntamiento or Cabildo to oversee local administration.
- Key government figures included the Governor-General, aided by the Board of Authorities and the Council of Administration.
- The Royal Audiencia, established in 1583, reinforced the judiciary, leading to the creation of Courts of First Instance and Justice of the Peace Courts in 1886.
Revolutionary Government (1896-1898)
- The Katipunan, founded by Andres Bonifacio, initiated the Philippines' revolution against Spain on August 26, 1896.
- Central power in the Katipunan resided with the Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian) and the Judicial power lay with the Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman).
- The Biak-na-Bato Republic was declared on November 1, 1897, by General Aguinaldo, ending on December 15, 1897.
- Aguinaldo established a Dictatorial Government after the Spanish-American War to promote Philippine Independence from Kawit, Cavite.
- Revolutionary Government launched by Aguinaldo in 1898 aimed for complete independence and preparation for a republic.
First Philippine Republic
- The Philippine Revolutionary Congress convened on September 15, 1898, in Malolos, Bulacan, drafting the Malolos Constitution to create an independent republic.
- The First Philippine Republic was inaugurated on January 23, 1899, with General Aguinaldo as President.
- Following the U.S. annexation in February 1899, Aguinaldo was captured in April 1901.
Military Government
- Established on April 14, 1898, with American officials overseeing the governance post-capture of Manila.
- Included three American Military Governors: Wesley Meritt, Elwell Otis, and Arthur McArthur.
Civil Government
- The Spooner Amendment dismantled the military regime, instituting a civil government led by a Governor-General with legislative powers.
- Elected Resident Commissioners represented the interests of the US in the Philippines.
Commonwealth Government
- Established by the Tydings-McDuffie Law on March 24, 1934, it set a ten-year transition towards full independence, declared on July 4, 1946.
- Inaugurated on November 15, 1935, after the first national elections.
- Functioned as a presidential republic with legislative powers held by a unicameral Congress and judicial authority in a Supreme Court.
- The government operated in exile from May 13, 1942, to October 3, 1944, and was reestablished in Manila on February 27, 1945.
Japanese Government
- The Japanese military administration in Manila ended U.S. sovereignty over the Philippines.
- Established the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines in 1943, with Jose P. Laurel as president.
Third Philippine Republic
- The Third Republic was inaugurated on July 4, 1946, under President Manuel A. Roxas, with Elpidio Quirino as vice president.
- Quirino's presidency lasted until 1953, followed by Ramon Magsaysay, who died in a plane crash in 1957.
- Carlos P. Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, with Diosdado Macapagal serving one term before being succeeded by Ferdinand Marcos in 1965.
Marcos Years
- Ferdinand Marcos, elected in 1965, amended the 1935 Constitution, forming a constitutional convention in 1973.
- Declared Martial Law, dissolved Congress, imprisoned opposition leaders, and controlled political processes in the country.
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Description
Explore the structure and governance of pre-colonial Filipino society with this quiz focused on the barangay system before 1565. Learn about the different social classes and the early laws established in Panay. Test your knowledge of the nobility, freemen, serfs, and slaves in this fascinating historical context.
