History Mid-term Unit 2 PDF

**Unit 2: The Age of Exploration** - Islamic Spain/Reconquista - Individual Explorers - American Civilizations - Modes of colonization - Consequences of colonization Essential Questions: What facilitated the Age of Exploration? How did the Age of Exploration change the course of hi...

**Unit 2: The Age of Exploration** - Islamic Spain/Reconquista - Individual Explorers - American Civilizations - Modes of colonization - Consequences of colonization Essential Questions: What facilitated the Age of Exploration? How did the Age of Exploration change the course of history? What were the different approaches to colonization taken by different countries? Who were the main explorers and what did they do? **What facilitated the Age of Exploration?** - The Reconquista of Spain slowed the Islamic expansion into southern France and began the centuries-long process of re-Christianizing the Iberian Peninsula. - The process ended in 1492 with the fall of the last Muslim caliphate in Grenada (southern Spain) fell to the army of Ferdinand II of Aragón and Isabella I of Castile, the \"Catholic Monarchs". **Ferdinand**(of Aragon) and **Isabella**(of Castile) - the "catholic Monarchs" → Their marriage united Spain under one, increasingly powerful monarchy. **Converso**: A jew who was forcibly converted to Catholicism in Spain to escape deportation during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendants. **Morisco**: Is an Iberian Muslim who suffered the same fate. **Office of the Inquisition** → was established to make sure that the conversos were observing the catholic faith. The remaining Jews were expelled by the **Alhambra decree of 1492.** Spanish and Portuguese could turn their attention to **New World exploration** → Because the Iberian Peninsula was firmly in **Christian hands** and all Muslims and Jews were expelled in 1492 Christopher Colombus: - Originally from Genoa - He developed a plan to seek a western sea passage to the East Indies hoping to profit from the lucrative spice trade - He gained the financial backing of **Ferdinand and Isabella** of Spain CC Voyages: - First voyage(1942): Made landfall in the Americas on what is now the Bahamas and went to cuba and Hispaniola where he established a colony in present-day Haiti - He made three other voyages **Columbus was influenced by Christian millennialism and hoped that his new world voyage would eventually fund a re-conquest of Jerusalem.** **Colombian Exchange →** The transfer of plants/crops, animals, precious metals, people, technology, diseases, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds from 1492 onward. → Also included deadly pathogens, the most lethal of which was smallpox Vasco de Gama: - Portuguese explorer - Sailed around the southern tip of Africa in 1497 - He was the **first European to reach India by Sea** - His voyage opened up **new trade routes with Asia and Marked the beginning of the Age of Exploration** - His expedition established Portugal as the major European power in the Indian Ocean Ferdinand Magellan: - Portuguese explorer who was the first person to **​​circumnavigate the globe** - He sailed around Cape Horn and across the Pacific - Reaching the Philippines, he was killed in a skirmish with local tribesmen. - His crew finished the voyage Hernan Cortez: - A spanish conquistador who led a daring expedition to the new world - He formed alliances with indigenous tribes who resented Aztec rule - Alongside these native allies and his superior weaponry, he **toppled the Aztec Empire** led by King Montezuma - Cortés established a **new Spanish colony in Mexico City**, marking a significant turning **point in the history of the Americas** La Malinche/Donna Maria: - An important interpreter and advisor to Cortez. - She was one of 20 enslaved women given to the Spaniards in 1519 by the natives of Tabasco. - Cortés chose her as a consort (concubine), and she later gave birth to his first son **Treaty of Tordesillas:** - 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal (facilitated by the pope), dividing the exploration and conquest of the entire non-Christian world between Spain and Portugal. - This would be largely ineffective by the beginning of the next century. How did Spain govern the New World? → A Spanish labor system that rewarded conquerors with the labor of conquered indigenous peoples. This system was based in the principles of European feudalism. The conquerors provided the laborers with benefits, including military protection and education. Bartolomé de las Casas: - From Seville - He was a priest, historian, and social reformer. - Arriving in Hispaniola as a layman, he joined the Dominican order and spent 50 years fighting against abuse of indigenous people. - His book, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies catalogued many of the abuses that he had witnessed. The efforts of las Casas and other clergy **led the encomienda system to be replaced with the "Repartimiento" system** in 1540, which still included forced labor but forbade the permanent enslavement of natives, which had become increasingly common. Under Repartimiento, natives worked in shifts, much like the systems employed by Indigenous empires Missionaries: - The **Dominicans** (like las Casas) and **Franciscans** were the first active missionaries in Spanish colonial America arriving in Mexico in the 1520s and 1530s. - **Jesuits** would also become active in Spanish and Portuguese colonies during the 17th century. Sir Francis Drake: - English admiral and explorer - He **circumnavigated the globe** in 1577-1580. - Drake\'s voyages included privateering, a form of state-sanctioned piracy against Spanish ships and colonies. - He helped England **establish its naval dominance and challenged Spain\'s supremacy in the New World.** Henry Hudson: - English explorer - known for his explorations of present-day Canada and parts of the Northeast United States on behalf of the Dutch. - His goal → was the **discovery of the Northwest Passage to Asia.** - The **first European to explore what was later named the Hudson Bay** - He died in 1611 when his crew mutinied and cast him ashore. - His voyages established **Dutch** claims to the New Netherlands, later New York. (Fort Nassau/Albany, 1614) (New Amsterdam/ NYC, 1624) Samuel de Champlain and New France: - He **founded the city of Quebec** in 1608 (became the capital of New France) - Champlain also explored the **Great Lakes** and the surrounding regions, creating maps and documenting his encounters with Indigenous peoples. - France did not send many settlers in the 16th century, the lands were used primarily to extract natural resources, such as furs, through trade with the various indigenous peoples. Age of Exploration in Two Sentences : It was a period from approximately the late 15th-early 17th centuries, when Europeans explored, colonized, and conquered regions across the globe, especially in the Americas. This was a transformative period in which previously isolated parts of the world became connected. **The age of exploration opened up lots of opportunities and a new world. European cultures are transformed by the introduction of new groups and animals. Improving the lives of Europeans. Leads it to triangle trade. There is so much that stems from the Age of Exploration.**