Age of Exploration: East Meets West
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Questions and Answers

Thomas Cabili was elected as a delegate for the national assembly in ______ 1935.

September

Commonwealth Act No. 141 declared all Moro ancestral land holdings as ______ lands.

public

Commonwealth Act No. 441 created the National Land ______ Administration.

Settlement

The Quirino-Recto Colonization Act aimed to encourage the ______ and resettlement of Mindanao.

<p>colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under the Commonwealth Government, a Commissioner on Mindanao and Sulu was established in ______ 1937.

<p>January</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Moros decided to start counter-offensive attacks on Spanish-held territories in eastern Visayas and some parts of ______.

<p>Luzon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sultan Said din Berkat of Ternate was captured by the Spaniards and was brought to ______ as a prisoner.

<p>Manila</p> Signup and view all the answers

The blood compact signified the recognition of a common racial beginning or cultural history between Leyte datus and ______.

<p>Buisan</p> Signup and view all the answers

Captives taken were used to strengthen the war machine of the ______.

<p>Moros</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1627, Rajah Bongsu headed the attack on the new shipyard in ______.

<p>Camarines</p> Signup and view all the answers

Captives taken during raids functioned as rowers of the ______.

<p>Caracoas</p> Signup and view all the answers

Other captives, like Spanish officials and priests, were freed upon payment of huge ______.

<p>ransoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Kiram-Bates Agreement was signed on ______ 20, 1899.

<p>August</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muslim chiefs sometimes sold slaves to each other, but once captives became Muslims, they were not ______ anymore.

<p>sold</p> Signup and view all the answers

The United States was recognized as the ______ power over the Sulu Archipelago.

<p>sovereign</p> Signup and view all the answers

The American war against Spain was formally declared on April 25, 1898, as a result of the blowing up of the American military naval warship '______'.

<p>Maine</p> Signup and view all the answers

American authorities were to respect the rights and ______ of the Sultan and the datus.

<p>dignities</p> Signup and view all the answers

Commodore George Dewey commanded the American Asiatic Squadron and defeated the Spanish forces in ______ on May 1, 1898.

<p>Manila</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Sultan of Sulu was allowed to communicate directly with the Governor-General of the ______ Islands.

<p>Philippines</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty of ______ was signed on December 10, 1898, formally ending the Spanish occupation of the Philippines.

<p>Paris</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Americans aimed to secure Muslim acknowledgement of United States sovereignty in ______ and Sulu.

<p>Mindanao</p> Signup and view all the answers

Importation of firearms was forbidden except by ______ of the Governor-General.

<p>license</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Americans had superior weapons and military __________, which contributed to their success in colonizing the Moros.

<p>strategy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crimes committed by Moros against Moros were to be tried under the Sultan's ______.

<p>jurisdiction</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______-Bates Agreement was signed as part of the Americans' diplomatic approach in Mindanao.

<p>Kiram</p> Signup and view all the answers

Any slave in the Archipelago of Sulu shall have the right to purchase their ______.

<p>freedom</p> Signup and view all the answers

The era of Military ______ in Mindanao lasted from 1899 to 1903.

<p>occupation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The United States would pay monthly salaries to the Sultan and other ______ and officials.

<p>datus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both Spanish and American policies in Mindanao involved the ______ of natural resources and reorientation of Moro trade.

<p>exploitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main goal of the Europeans during the Age of Exploration was Gold, Glory, and ______.

<p>Gospel</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prince Henry, known as the navigator, was a significant figure in the Portuguese ______.

<p>exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

In 1487, Bartolommeo Dias inadvertently rounded the tip of Africa, known as the Cape of ______.

<p>Good Hope</p> Signup and view all the answers

Christopher Columbus signed the Capitulations de Santa Fe with Queen ______ on April 17, 1492.

<p>Isabel</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty of Tordesillas, in 1494, divided the world into two spheres with Portugal on the ______ and Spain on the west.

<p>east</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ferdinand Magellan was granted a 10-year monopoly to discover islands after persuading ______ to support his expedition.

<p>Charles V</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vasco Balboa is credited with the discovery of the ______ Ocean.

<p>Pacific</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Papal Bull issued by Pope Alexander VI was intended to mediate conflicts between ______ and Portugal.

<p>Spain</p> Signup and view all the answers

On October 21, 1520, Magellan discovered the tip of Latin America known as ______ Strait.

<p>Magellan</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first mass took place at ______, Butuan on March 31, 1521.

<p>Masao</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sebastian Del Cano was the captain of the only ship, ______, that returned to Spain from Magellan's expedition.

<p>Victoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Legazpi-Urdaneta Expedition landed at Cebu in ______.

<p>1565</p> Signup and view all the answers

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was granted the title of ______ de Felipinas by King Philip of Spain.

<p>Adelantado</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the objectives in Moro Land was to neutralize the Moros from Spanish-______ conflict.

<p>Bornean</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spanish objectives included to stop Muslim preachers from preaching ______.

<p>Islam</p> Signup and view all the answers

To determine where the Moros were mining their ______ was one of the economic objectives in Moro Land.

<p>gold</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Moro counter-offensives

Moros launched attacks on Spanish territories in the eastern Visayas and parts of Luzon, taking advantage of the Dutch threat.

Ternate's aid to Maguindanao

Ternate assisted the Maguindanao in their conflict with the Spanish.

Captive function in Moro raids

Captives were used as rowers, household servants, or agricultural laborers to free fighting men and strengthen the Moro war machine.

Spanish officials as captives

Important Spanish officials and priests were sometimes freed through ransom payments.

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Muslim slave trade

Muslim chiefs occasionally sold slaves to each other, but captured Muslims were typically retained as warriors or followers, and not sold after converting to Islam.

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Target of Moro raids

Pagans and Christianized natives were primary targets for slaves.

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Rajah Bongsu's attack (1627)

Rajah Bongsu led an attack on a Spanish shipyard, capturing weapons, burning ships and taking captives, including a Spanish woman.

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Blood Compact (1603)

A blood compact was formed between Datu Buisan and Leyte datus, acknowledging shared ancestry/culture and a common Spanish enemy.

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Quirino-Recto Colonization Act

A law encouraging Christian Filipino resettlement in Mindanao, with government support, leading to Moro minority status.

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Commonwealth Act No. 141

A law classifying Moro ancestral land as public land, limiting Moro land ownership to 4 hectares compared to 24 hectares for Christians.

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National Land Settlement Administration

An agency created to promote land settlement, prioritizing those with military training.

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Commissioner on Mindanao and Sulu

Replaced the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, focusing on Moro affairs during the Commonwealth.

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"Special Treatment" policy

A policy that relegated Moros to a second-class status, making their development a low priority.

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Kiram-Bates Agreement

An agreement signed in 1899 between the US and the Sultanate of Sulu, outlining terms of US control over the Sulu Archipelago.

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US Sovereignty over Sulu

The US officially recognized as the ruling power of the Sulu Archipelago in the agreement

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Moro Rights Preserved

The agreement guaranteed that Moro religion and customs were to remain unhindered by US authorities

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US Property Rights

The US was permitted to seize properties, with compensation, for public interest.

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Sulu Trade Freedom

Sulu people could trade freely with the Philippines without tariffs

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Sultan's Communication Rights

The Sultan could directly communicate with the Philippine Governor-General

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Arms Import Restrictions

The agreement limited the import of weapons, with only the Governor-General authorizing these.

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Slave Emancipation

Slaves in the Sulu Archipelago could buy their freedom under the agreement.

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Age of Exploration

A period in European history where explorers sought new trade routes and territories, driven by the desire for gold, glory, and spreading Christianity.

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Spice Trade

The trading of spices like pepper, nutmeg, and cinnamon sought after in Europe, mainly from Southeast Asia.

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Prince Henry the Navigator

A Portuguese royal who promoted exploration and the development of Portuguese seafaring technology.

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Cape of Good Hope

The southernmost point of Africa, reached by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488.

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Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer who sailed west to find a route to Asia but instead reached the Americas.

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Columbian Exchange

The widespread exchange of plants, animals, culture, human populations, communicable diseases between the Americas and the Old World following the voyages of Columbus.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

An agreement between Spain and Portugal in 1494 that divided the newly discovered lands of the New World.

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Ferdinand Magellan

A Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

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Spanish-American War Cause

The sinking of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor, Cuba, in 1898, prompting the U.S. declaration of war against Spain.

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Battle of Manila Bay

The decisive naval victory of the US Asiatic Squadron under Commodore Dewey over the Spanish forces in Manila Bay in 1898.

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Treaty of Paris (1898)

The treaty that officially ended the Spanish-American War and transferred control of the Philippines to the United States.

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American Moro Policies (Similarities)

Shared objectives of political subjugation, resource exploitation, religious propagation, and cultural transformation of the Moros, and the use of military force.

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American Moro Colonization Success Factors

Superior weaponry, military strategy, and trained soldiers, combined with Moro exhaustion from years of conflict with Spain and the lack of external support.

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Mil. Occupation (1899-1903)

The initial stage of American rule in Mindanao and Sulu characterized by military pacification and securing U.S. sovereignty.

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American Colonial Stages

The evolution of American administration in Moro territory was characterized by 3 sequential stages: military occupation (1899 -1903), the shift to civil governance and the eventual shift towards full control.

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Non-interference policy

Policy implemented by the US during the Filipino-American conflict to remain neutral toward the ongoing struggle in the Philippines using diplomacy to achieve their goals.

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Magellan's First Mass

The first Catholic mass in the Philippines was held in Masao, Butuan on March 31, 1521, marking the beginning of Spanish religious influence.

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Blood Compacts in the Philippines

Blood compacts were a significant ritual in pre-colonial Philippines. Magellan and Legazpi both engaged in blood compacts with local rulers to establish alliances.

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Legazpi's Expedition Success

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi successfully established the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines, Ciudad Del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus, in 1565.

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Spanish Political Objectives in Moro Lands

The Spanish aimed to control Moro territories to prevent conflicts with other colonial powers and establish their dominance in the Philippines.

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Spanish Economic Goals in Moro Lands

The Spanish sought to exploit the natural resources, trade routes, and pearl production of Mindanao and Sulu.

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Spanish Religious Agenda in Moro Lands

The Spanish aimed to convert Moros to Christianity, suppressing Islam and establishing Catholic dominance.

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Enrique's Role in Magellan's Expedition

Enrique, a Malay slave, served as Magellan's interpreter, facilitating communication with local Filipinos.

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Antonio Pigafetta's Contribution

Antonio Pigafetta was the chronicler of Magellan's expedition, recording invaluable details of the voyage.

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Study Notes

Age of Exploration (East Meets West)

  • Gold, Glory, and Gospel: Primary European motivations
  • Spices: Highly sought-after Asian spices (pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon)
  • Spain and Portugal: Leading European powers in exploration
  • Reconquista: Spanish campaign to defeat Islam and convert people to Christianity.
  • Prince Henry (the Navigator): Led Portuguese exploration, pioneering seamanship.
  • Bartolomeu Dias (1487): Rounded the Cape of Good Hope, tip of Africa.
  • Vasco da Gama: Reached Calicut (India), establishing a trade route.
  • Alfonso de Albuquerque: Architect of the Portuguese empire.
  • Christopher Columbus: Italian explorer who sailed west to reach east in 1492, discovered Americas, commissioned by Spain.
  • Capitulaciones de Santa Fe (1492): Agreement between Columbus and Queen Isabella of Spain.
  • Juan Ponce de Leon (1512): Discovered Puerto Rico.
  • Vasco Balboa (1512): Discovered the Pacific Ocean.
  • Pope Alexander VI (Inter Caetera): Papal bull mediating Spain and Portugal's territorial disputes.
  • Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Divided the newly discovered world between Spain and Portugal.
  • Ferdinand Magellan (1519): Led expedition to circumnavigate the globe, reaching the Spice Islands (Philippines).
  • Enrique: Malay slave who served as Magellan's interpreter.
  • Antonio Pigafetta: Chronicler of Magellan's expedition.
  • Philippine Islands: Magellan's expedition arrived in 1521.

Spanish Objectives in Moro Land

  • Political: Neutralize Moro conflicts with Spanish/Portuguese.
  • Political: Raise the Spanish flag over Moro territories.
  • Political: Acknowledge Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines.
  • Political: Free Spanish captives held by Moro.
  • Economic: Determine Moro resources (minerals, cinnamon, spices).
  • Economic: Determine Moro trade routes/mining areas.
  • Economic: Purchase Moros' pearls/spices
  • Economic: Determine Moro's harvesting/trade seasons.
  • Religious: Hispanize/Christianize Moros
  • Religious: Stop Muslim preaching
  • Religious: Destroy copied of Qur'an.

Moro Wars

  • Moro Wars: Series of conflicts with Muslims in the Philippines (1565-1898).
  • First Stage (1565-1578): Struggle between Spain and Brunei for dominance.
  • Second Stage (1578-1597): Spanish attempts to colonize Mindanao, reduce Muslim rule.
  • Third Stage (1599-1635): Moro retaliatory actions in eastern Visayas and Luzon.
  • Fourth Stage (1635-1663): Spanish abandonment of Zamboanga fort and focus on the Sultanates of Maguindanao and Sulu.
  • Fifth Stage(1718-1762): Reoccupation of Zamboanga.

The Coming of the Americans

  • April 25, 1898: Spain-America War declared
  • February 15, 1898, Maine: US Battleship explodes in Havana harbor—sparking war declaration
  • May 1, 1898, Manila Bay Battle: American victory over Spanish fleet
  • December 10, 1898, Treaty of Paris: Ends Spanish-American War, cedes Philippines to US.
  • 1899-1920: American administration in Mindanao.

Evolution of American Administration in Mindanao

  • Military Occupation (1899-1903): Military pacification.
  • Moro Province (1903-1913): Transition period towards civil administration.
  • Department of Mindanao and Sulu (1913-1920): Enhanced integration into Philippine government structure.
  • Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes (1920). Development of bureaus that handled tribal affairs.

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Test your knowledge on the Age of Exploration, focusing on the European motivations of gold, glory, and gospel. Dive into the achievements of key figures like Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Prince Henry the Navigator, along with the significance of spices and imperial ambitions of Spain and Portugal.

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