History 1533 PDF - Migration Period, Anglo-Saxon England

September 23rd, 2024 Migration Period: - Global Context - End of Roman Britain - Coming of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes Global Context: - Eastern Roman Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire -The Roman Empire disintegrates in this period -Creations of smaller kingdoms -Rise and Expansion of Islam...

September 23rd, 2024 Migration Period: - Global Context - End of Roman Britain - Coming of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes Global Context: - Eastern Roman Empire becomes the Byzantine Empire -The Roman Empire disintegrates in this period -Creations of smaller kingdoms -Rise and Expansion of Islam -Incredible architecture End of Roman Britain -Third and early fourth century CE -Septimius Severus(193-211), spent the last 3 years of his life in Britain, lead exhibitions in Scotland -Marcus Aurelius Mausaeus Carausius-Roman fleet commander, Commissioned to fight pirates in the North Sea, he was arrested(ordered), in 286 he declared himself emperor, murdered in 293 -Constantius 1(Diocletian)- co-emperor, divided the Roman empire into two halves, Saxon Shore Forts: Portchester -Protection against the Saxons -Troops kept leaving Roman Britain to fight other places on the continent -Removal of Roman Troops in this period Constantine the Great: -Emperor of the west - Series of wars to fight his way to power Last gasp of Roman Britain: -360s- Attacks from Picts, Scots, Attacotti from the north and Saxons and Franks from across the channel -Magnus Maximus, 383-88 -Constantine III, 407 -410 and Emperor Honorius -395- Irish raids along the western coast - Repeat of Saxon raids- there are records of the occasional attack but we have to assume there was more to it -End of Roman Britain 410 “People of Britain were to look after their safety” -The tax system was demolished, as well as the trade system -Governments gone -” Post-apocalyptic” -We do not exactly know what happened next or where they all went(Packed it up to the continent) -We do know there was a significant population decline Migration Era- European Context Our Study Region Migration period 4th to 8th century -Coming of the Saxons –449 Vortigern invites Hengst and Horsa(Become the founding dynasty of the kingdom of kent) -Scots from Ireland -Kingdom of Dalriadia -Formation of “Dal Riata” -Well established by 575 -Britons to Brittany -Leader named Riothamus -Took families to the continent Anglo-Saxon England, C. 410-1066 Creation of kingdoms -These people came in small groups and became the dominant culture -Our language today is based on these people at this time -The creation of these kingdoms becomes what we know as England, Scotland, and Whales -Tribes “Tie of family(kin) is very important -Shift in “Kinship” to “Kingship” -Decendents became the king builders -small trible leaders took over others Remember these names -Dia Riatia -Northumbria -Daria -Mercia -Position of the king was passed onto another member of a royal family, thrown went to the most worthy man in the royal family -Always an adult male in charge -Written law codes developing -Kings had groups of core advisors known as “Witan” -Made up as both secular and “ealdormen” -Major change in power structure Sutten Hoo - Burial can be inhumation or cremation - Importance of travel in the afterlife - Emphasis on male power Origins of Grave Goods in Mound 1 - Iron Helmets - The remains of a purse, and coins are french - Shoulder clasps, multicultural, associated with France - Silverware - Silk from Siria Conversion of the English Kingdoms-Roman and Celtic Missions -Coming of the Anglo-Saxons ceased any trace of Christianity at that time - Celtic church continued to operate during this period -Dal Riata was a Christian kingdom -Columba, an Irish monk, an important family, moved to Scotland in 563 - One of the most important Irish monasteries(Iona) Conversion of Kent - Pope Gregory the Great - St. Augustine of Canterbury - King Ethelbert and Bertha, his wife, (she was Frankish and already Christian. He allowed Augustine to missionize) Mass Conversion to Christianity on Christmas day, 10,000 Saxons were conversed -Kent was a leading kingdom Conversion of Northumbria - Paulinus - King Edwin and Ethelburh, his wife -Paulinus had his daughter baptized and a council meeting with core advisors to decide which way to go and what to do, they ultimately decided to convert and were baptized on Easter Celtic Church: -Two royal houses fighting for power - Made an appearance in Northumbria -Two churches believing different things, did not work well -In 664 there was a meeting held to decide to follow the church of Rome instead of the church of Northumbria October 7th, 2024- The Viking Age England and Scotland Who were the Vikings?: Term meaning Raider -People of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark from the late 8th century - 11th century - Norse/Norseman -Vikings were farmers… -No horns on Viking helmets Vikings had a different religion- P Viking Ships- Greatest weapon Oseberg Ship- Had women buried in it/Royal Barge Gokstad Ship- -Both with a type of blue clay to preserve them These boats are flexible in the water to help them get where they need to -No deep Quil/Very shallow, did not need docks Vikings were active from Baghdad to North America -Trade between people in this period -Increase in interest -Settlement Viking Age in Scotland: - Sailing from Norway to Scotland would take only a day or 2 Viking Settlement in the British Isles - Iona was targetted because of the monastery with the gold and other goods - They were not well-defended/ soft targets - 795, 802,806 Iona was hit - After 806 the monks abandoned Iona and went to Ireland The settlement had the largest impact Birsay: - The Pictish people inhabited this area - Evidence of violent deaths, ash, charred wood - Black Earth Layer - They found occupation layers of both Viking and Pictish artifacts This tells us that these two groups of people worked together Birsay houses: - Cloverleafed, Viking houses were rectangles - Turf Buildings in some places Birsay Church: - Built by Vikings in the 12th century after conversion - Turnover to Christianity?? Maes Howe Tomb: - Vikings hung out here - Inscriptions about women…. Shetland: - Jarlshof - Brochs - Viking Long Houses - Earliest Viking settlement- 2 rooms - Barns for animals - Store Houses - Saunas Ealrdom of Orkeny: - The Vikings settled in Scotland and stayed there - Became farmers, fisherman, traders - Became ruling class - All of these British Isles have a connection to Norway from this point forward Viking Age in England - Raiding and settlement - A lot more written records Phases of Viking activity 1) Sporadic Raiding and Looting 2) Permanent colonization 3) Co-existence and the reconquest 4) Taking of tribute 5) Political conquest Viking Raids in England: - Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: Recorded English history - Attack on Lindisfarne- Earliest attack recorded(Key site of Christian culture at that date, major impact) - Vikings and Anglo-Saxons share… King Alfred the Great: - Became king in 871 in Wessex - A group called the Great Army was attacking- Guthrum - 866-871 Northumbria(867-875) -Mercia(874) -East Anglia(870) -Wessex Series of Forts: Alfreds Burhs - Wareham Walls - Oxfords walls At this time Wessex had no standing army but Alfred did\ - Men at home farming - On service to meet Vikings - Stationed in the forts As the Vikings were coming around the people could fly to a burh for safety Portchester: - Saxons used to protect against Vikings In 878, Wessex was the only place standing -After years of fighting, Alfred made a treaty with a Viking named Guthrum Danelaw: - Where the Vikings settled after the treaty with Alfred was made Viking Place names: - “York” or Eboracum, was changed to Eorwic and then to Jorvik, and then to York What this shows us: - Danelaw meant something - More Viking elements North of the Danelaw Town of York(Jorvik) - Found Viking remains - It sits between two rivers( waterlogged) Houses: - Good access to the sea - Vikings created Dublin Vikings were the catalyst that created England - Alfred was followed by his son “Edward the Elder” He was not as interesting as his sister Fraternal succession was very common -Athelstan was known as the first king of England -Edgar the Peaceable, Eadwig -Edgar was a teenager when he became king of England During Edgar's rain we have a lot of written texts Hundred Meetings: - Shiers - Within each, there were these smaller units called a hundred - “Area of a hundred hides” - Kingdom of England, kingdoms shiers - Kings Court, Shier Court, Hundreds Court Development of English Law - Sophisticated system of law Ethelred was kind from… -First time a child in succession could not govern himself In 1016: Ethelred died, and Edmund Ironside fought battles against Cnut - They agreed to divide the kingdom but then Edmund died and Cnut became king - Under Cnut, London became… - Kept a standing army of Danes in England and required the English people to pay for their upkeep - Cnut married Ethelred's wife Emma of Normandy For power and to keep a consistent line and stay queen as she was/Keeps bloodline going Cnut was Christian - Once king of Denmark When Cnut died he was followed by his sons who were (Worthless) - When Cnuts son died Edward the Confessor became king October 9th, 2024- Reading discussion- Cnut’s Letter - He states that he will be a gracious lord and faithful observer of God’s rights and just secular law - “I should everywhere exalt God’s praise and suppress wrong and establish full security, by that power which it has pleased God to give to me”(Section 3) - “I went myself with the men who accompanied me to Denmark, from where the greatest injury had come to you, and with God’s help I have taken measures so that never henceforth shall hospitality reach you from there as long as you support me rightly and my life lasts”(Section 5) - It is his will that they thank the almighty God for his mercy  - “If anyone, ecclesiastic or laymen, Dane or Englishman is so presumptuous as to defy God's law and my royal authority of the secular law, and he will not make amends and desist according to the direction of my bishops”(Section 8) Lewis Chess Pieces Reading: - Buried on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland - Contained 93 gaming pieces - Pieces were probably made in the late 12th century/early 13th in Norway - Provide international connections to western Scotland and the growing popularity of chess in medieval Europe - Chess is an old game originating in the Islamic world - It became an important part of elite medieval society, a way of practicing and demonstrating skill and strategy in a war-like setting. - Board for playing these games have been found in medieval sites in Scotland, including monasteries - The Lewis hoard also contained pieces for playing the game of tables, a game similar to backgammon. Other medieval table pieces have been found in Scotland, including an example decorated with interlace from the Isle of Rum. - Carving links to Norway - The Lewis figures thrones are reminiscent of carvings in medieval Norwegian churches - Most of the pieces were made from walrus ivory - Two pieces were different and carved from sperm whale teeth - The pieces can be divided into groups based on their size and the quality of the design and carvings - The easiest way to distinguish between the opponent's pieces is through color - Pieces belong to the Scandinavian world - Lewis belonged to the Kingdom of Norway - We do not know who buried them or why - Could have been the property of a merchant, sailing from Scandinavia to Scotland - Given that Lewis was home to powerful people with close ties to Norway at this time, the playing pieces may instead have been the treasured possession of a local leader, a prince or bishop perhaps. October 9th, 2024- Discussion Day Early Medieval Britain and the Islamic World: -Known connections to Islam: -Willibald(700-787), stories recorded by Hygeburg -Arculf visited Jerusalem, stories recorded by Adomnan(d. 704) He was born in France Coin of Offa(d.796, in Rome) - Minted in Mercia - King named Offa(Rex= King) - Kind of trade relationship - We know trade goods were coming from the Islamic world in this period - Things may have passed through many hands Using Documents: Alfred and Guthrums Peace - The peace treaty that everyone has agreed to - Witin= Kings council - Not just a “now” agreement, it is a set agreement that will stay permanent - Both cultures put a lot of strain on oaths and promises, their word was binding - Done in the name of God, Alfred would have a hard time making truths with someone who was not faithful to God and his will - Creation of the Dane law. Important that it was very specific in the treaty so everyone knew what was theirs and what was not - Anglo-Saxon Legal Status - Using rivers and roads as boundary markers, easy boundaries - Newcomers coming in/interactions - Nobal or higher class are to be killed - “Wergeld” = Someones worth - Worth depends on rank - English and Danish are worth the same if they are at the same ranking - ceorl= Peasant Class(Laborurs”) - Lower class Danes= Freedman- at one point been enslaved - Thegns= Class that Ealdorman belongs to(Specific men that are hanging out with the king) - 12 has a connection to the bible - Clearing his innocence by God - Someone to supervise the deal - Slave owning societies  - Hostages in this period were used to keep the peace- Given instead of taken Cnut’s Letter: - Wrote the letter to get good faith and show his intentions - Way of reaching out to who he is ruling - Earl Thorkel= Viking missionary - During Cnut’s reign, there was a period of peace - By being Christian, it made Cnut more sustainable in England Using Archaeology: - Silk cap - Lots of shoes October 21st 2024- The Normans and Angevins In 1066, Edward died He had no children so when he died there was 4 candidates for the thrown There was not really an adult male of Edward’s bloodline 1) Harold Godwinson 2) Edgar 3) Herald Hardrada, king of Norway 4) William the bastard, Duke of Normandy Early Norman Kings - Harrying of the North, 1069-70 William travelled frequently between England and Normandy - Used its pre existing administrative structures for running the kingdom - Issued law codes - He made use of the royal writ - Built castles to control the land Corfe Castle: - motte and Bailey castles - On important roads - To hold garrisons - Strategic framework Berkhamstead England: - motte is the mound that forms the defensive Center - A keep is the top of a castle - Bailey is the land around or area of the lot White tower, Tower of London Doomsday Book: - first document that works as a sensus Manorialism and Feudalism - systems of systems and land - Barons were the most powerful An idealized manor: - what you were allowed to do and have and what you are not William Rufus was a cruel ruler Archbishop anselm and Rufus fought over the role of the pope in England Rufus was killed by a hunting arrow Henry I Law and order king Latin law code Complicated relationship with church Henry and anselm - lay investiture - 1103 exile - 1105 new agreement Gave the ring and pastoral staff… Lay investiture was out, the king would receive land or oath of loyalty Tally sticks are like our receipts today Empress Matilda, Henry the I daughter that he tried to put her on the throne October 28th, 2024- Late Medieval England - Development of parliament - Expanding beyond England Henry II- Foreign Policy - Wales In 1157-65, he entered wales trying to take over(Restless/Barbarac People) IN 1171 there was an agreement - Ireland In the readings,English going in to take over Ireland, he developed an excuse to go after Ireland(Anglo-Normans) under the leadership of strongbow he got himself involved in irish politics. Henry did not want one of his noblemen to become king in a different place so he went to Ireland himself and set himself up a “overlord”. This is the end of the Viking age in Ireland and beginning of the entrance to England from Ireland. - Scotland Malcolm IV(1153-1165) not a strong king, he was forced to do the Amish to Henry, William the Lion)1165-1214) wanted his land back so he went to war against England for those lands and lost and captured. This put an end to claims. - France King Phillip Augustus: King of France Richard and John rebelled against their father Richard the Lionheart, famous for being a crusader - Terrible king for England - He upped taxes - He sold land and mannered the position of… - The crown lost its power Richard was captured by Duke Leopold of Austria - Kings ransom - In 1199 he was poisoned by an arrow and died King John - Fights with France - Fights with Rome - Fights with Barons 1204-1206, Lost all of French lands except Aquitaine 1208-1213, Fight with innocent III over appointment of Stephen Langton led to papal interdict- shut down the entire church 1214- Failed attempts in France 1215-Trouble with barons in England leading to Magna Carta John was captured and forced to agree to a series of things… This is the beginning of the Magna Carta It was issues in Johns name The Salisbury Magna Carta, 1215 - Freedom of Church - Feudal law about lands from the crown - Rights of subtenants - Towns, trade, merchants - Reform of law and justice - Behavior of royal officials - Royal forests - Immediate issues - Council of 25 Henry III - He was 9 when he was crowned king - Barons were able to control things due to his age - Had a series of regents - Barons reissued the Magna Carta in his name - Started using his seal in 1223 - Took charge himself in 1227 when he was 19 - Developed a complicated relationship with Simon de Montefort - “Deal” with the pope Alexander IV - Treaty of Paris with King Louis IX of France Baronial Revolts against the King: - In 1258, Provisions of Oxford - 1264, Battles of Lewes, Simon de Montefort was victorious - 1264, Simon called a parliament inviting the Barons and knights of the shires - 1265, Simon called another parliament also inviting the men from the towns - 1266, Simon died in conflict against prince edward and his men - First major use of middle english since norman conquest Edward I and Edward II: - Very strong man - Away on crusade when his father died - Realized he would have to work with parliament Confirmation of Charters: - Statutes of the Magna Carta Harlech Castle, Gwynedd Robert Bruce - Pledged loyalty to edward the I Edward II vs Robert I 1314 decisive battle Edward the III - Isabella and Mortimer - 11 children married into noble families of England - Parliament met as lords and commons - Hundred years war: 1337-1453 - Depended heavily on his parliament - Both houses expected to petition the king Hundred Years War: 1) 1337-1360, Treaty of Bretigny The Peasants Revolt: - Began in Kent in 1381 - Canterbury - Imprisoned the king - Burnt records - Marched on london - November 4th, 2024- Late Medieval - Contact with Islam - Judaism in our study region - Towns, trade, guilds - Famine - Plague - Medieval world view Relations with Islam: Crusades -First crusade, pope Ergan the 2nd -To free the holy land of muslim domination Saladin: - Egyptian, led Islamic military forces - 1174- successes vs Crusaders in Alexandria(Egypt) - 1187- Took Jerusalem itself(Palestine) - 1191- 3rd Crusade, organized by Rome, lead by heads of state Major first behind it was Richard the Lionheart - Richard attacked acre head on and they surrendered to Richard - 1192 is when he re focused on Jerusalem, seeked an agreement - Richard and Saladin made a truths - This was the first time an english king lead a crusade - Fifth Crusade- Ranulf of chester - Simon de Montfort - Prince Edward, later Edward I Impact on Learning: - Ibn Sina, Avicenna 980-1037 Wrote on medical texts, written in Arabic then translated to Latin - Ibn Rushd Averroes  - Scholasticism(People in the west) Brought together their knowledge They studied topics like nature and god and the purpose of life Adelard of Bath(1090-1150) - Traveled widely - Translated in Arabic versions of Euclid’s Elements into latin - Translated al-Khwarizmi and Abu Ma’shar - Maybe introduced the astrolabe in Western Europe Further advances in math also came from the West Mathematical advances from India brought to our period Judaism in our Study Region: - No real evidence for jewish population in the British Isle Jewish People in England: - Urban Population - Money- Lenders related to Church’s laws of Usury(Lending money for interest) the christian church did not allow this - Complicated relationship with the monarchy For sometime the Jews were protected by the Kings which meant they could practice their faith without bother - The king was named there universal heir but in practice the jews did hold land themselves Aarons house in Lincoln Cliffords Tower, York A christian man that owed money to a man in Lincoln which caused a mob like destruction - Lead to antisematism Increasing Problems: - C. 1200, call from abbot of Bury St Edmunds to expel the Jews there - 13th century- Increase in anti-semitic rhetoric - Italian banks were taking on roles related to money lending - C. 1270- 4000 jews in england - Many nobleman were in debt to the jewish people Movement of Goods and Disease: Guilds- Organizations of people that all did the same job - Quality control - Civic Duty - Guilds regulated everything. Like how long someone could work - They had specific rules and regulations - Often in one region or quadrant of a town - Organized events Merchant Adventurers Guild: - Hall in York, next to river aus Lewis Chess Pieces: Peppercorns Food shows international connections Sugar was coming into england from Famine: - 1315-1319 - 400 000 square miles( A third of europe) - 30-40 million people impacted -Weather problem? -Unending rain -Animals were starving -Ice Age? -Government tried to interfere with inflation -If someone was to go against these laws, they would have their goods taken away from them -Impact was long lasting The Black Death: - Massive Collapse - Bubonic Plague from rats - People’s tongues turned black, bursting blood vessels - Earliest outbreaks were in Asia and later it spread - England got it in August of… - Hit cities harder than the countryside because of population - England was hit with it before Scotland - Scotland saw England at a weakness, so they invaded england, later also being infected  - Priest were scared to help the people, they forgave everyone for their sins in a mass letter - Goods became 4-5 times more expensive - Shortness in labor also included the churches - Unqualified people became members of the church - Ordinates of Labours - 1350, the town of london…. - Lower classes are given more - Rise of nationalism November 20th- A changing world - Religion Change - New systems of learning - New understanding of geography - Dynastic change in scotland and england - The Tudors Italian Renaissance: - Re-birth - Begun in 14th century - Flowering of art, lit, and knowledge Humanism: - Italian humanism - Christian Humanism - Human ability in the center of god - Saw the potential in people - Education as a tool for producing resources - City states, venus, rome, mulan - Classical latin - Latin stops being a living language - Interest in neo… - Man's Dignity, pre existed in a … world - Paris, oxford resisted these changes - By the end of the 15th century humanism spread to the north - Good citizens merged with christianity - Aramis- 16th century - Thomas moore- author of Utopia- 1516 - He attended oxford, went to lincoln's inn to become a lawyer - Became a member of parliament in 1504  - More educated, non- churchmen - Speaker of the house of commons - Utopia means “No Place” - Speaks out on poverty undeserved - Jurassic punishment and religious persecution, senseless slaughter of war - Christian humanist stayed with rome - Pushing against corruption (Radical group) Late Medieval Heresy: - The church as it existed was not the true church- not behaving properly - Spoke against the hypocrisy of the clergy - Considered the bible the ultimate authority on all matters- not the popes - Against the cult of saints-Why are you worshiping this person? - Against transubstantiation- the bread and the wine in communion are the blood and body of christ, accidents(Look) and substance(Feel) - Against monasticism- why be celibate??? John Wycliffe: The Lollards - He translated the bible into english - Vulgate bible- st Gerome - Only acceptable version of the bible - Jan Hus- Hussites Martin Luther: - He was a Monk - Influenced by humanism - Created a list of 95 ideas that should be talked about - Indulgence - Written in Latin - Concerned with the role of clergy - He did not believe that Priest were special - Role of sacraments- 7 sacraments - Martin got rid of the idea of confession and dropped the 7 sacraments to 2(baptism, and ??) - He also did not believe in the hierarchy of the church Understanding of Geography; - Shifting of trade patterns(fall of Constance noble) - Interrupting the traditional trade patterns across the mediterranean - Increase traffic along the atlantic coast of africa - Journeys across the atlantic - Spain was involved - Spain and port were the leading figures in european expansion - Creation of treaty that divided the world in two - John Cabot - - sailed in the matthew in 1497 - Sailed again in 1498 - Commissioned by henry VII and was authorized to possess whatever places he discovered - England and scotland were not major players in the expansion till the 17th century Dynasty: - Scotland- Maintained independence - Commonly allied with France(auld alliance) - Developing a parliament(council of the highest elite) James the first- Stuart king - English captivity for 20 years - When released he became king of scotland - He worked with parliament to make better laws - When he died his son was only 6 years old - When he was able to rule alone he did well - Introduction of guns - James the third - When he died scotland needed help - His marriage to Margaret - Passing around of land(Orkney reading) - The stuarts biggest problem was child kings and deaths of kings pre maturally 15th century england- Politics and war - Wars of the roses - Henry the fifth was good king - The first king that could read and write in english - famous for activities in france - Lead the 100 years wars  - Battle of bosworth - November 25th, 2024-Tudor and Stewart (Stuart) Henry VII: - Financially weak crown - King’s chamber - Justice of the peace - Court of the star chamber - Privy council - Ferdinand of Aragon and isabella of castile - Katherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur - Margret Tudor and James IV of Scotland Henry wanted control for himself, so he started fondling money into the king’s chamber - Was once for petty cash - Personal finances of the king - A national treasury If you want to control things, control money - Imposed fines where he could - He took the crown from debt to a surplus - Leveraging money out of the kingdom - Taxes, rentals from ships, crown being bankrupt to having 2 years surplused He also reformed england's justice system - Law and order suffered during the wars of the roses - Henry restored that - Worked through the current court system but felt sheriffs had too much powers and could not be controlled from the center - He made heavy use of a justice official called the justice of the peace - Sessions were called benches(Court of king's bench) - They were unpaid gentleman, man of standing within their own communities - No money but power and prestige of the position - He created the “court of star chamber”- for the room they met in with stars on the ceiling - Most popular for upper class matters - Met in westminster - 24 men ran it, worked with the justice of the peace and the king  - Had power over the judiciary system at this time - Henry made changes in national government - Very large council that would consult with the king including noblemen, judges so on - But post important was the privy council - They were ministers that travelled with the king and did the work of the government These were all things that King Henry did to gain control but in the international stage he was a nobody - He saw marriage alliances as a way of boosting his family's place on the continent Marriage of katherine and arthur took place in 1409, in 1509 King henry VII died Early Tudor- Henry VIII - Not as active in government as Henry VII - Made heavy use of the position of chancellor- key advisors, they basically ran the government for the king, they were handpicked by the king - Spoke out against Martin Luther Most important- Coming of the reformation Wrote a treating against Martin luther - Defender of the faith Henry VIII, cardinal woosley was very relied on to get the divorce - Thomas Cromwell was a reformer, and he realized that the separation from rome was needed for the divorce - Passing of legislation Act of Supremacy: - 1534, Henry and thomas weaponized parliament from Rome Thomas moore, did not support the act of supremacy and he died as a result of it, he was executed - People that did not agree on both end of the spectrum were killed More and more religious reforms - Henry was very conservative - He closed all monesatries, which brought a lot of revenue to england READ THE SIX ARTICLES FOR YOUR PAPER*** Edward VI: - Radical Protestantism - 1549 act of Uniformity- pushed the reform, all people were required to go to church - Book of common prayer by thomas cranmer- When Edward died, there was a succession crisis - Lady Jane Grey- Nine day queen Mary, daughter of henry VIII took the throne - Catholic - Phillip II of Spain - Trials of Protestants began Marian Injunctions: - Gets rid of EVERYTHING done by her brother Edward - Death of Thomas Cranmer- march 21st 1556 - “Bloody Mary” - Over 300 people executed for religious reasons Mary died in 1558 Elizabeth I became queen - Got rid of most of mary's members from privy council - Supreme Governor of the Church - Act of supremacy 1559 She was the only supreme governor of this realm - She had control of everything but Jesus was the head of the church 39 articles: - Religion was tied to the desires of the monarch - Elizabethan compromises - Based on thomas cranmer's articles She wanted to keep the reformers on board She was excommunicated by Rome November 27th 2024- Scientific Revolution & Early Enlightenment - Copernicus- said the sun moved around the earth, revolution of heavenly spheres - Galileo- wrote in 17th century - Kepler- Swavian scholar- planets traveled in orbits Building on ideas of the past, classical theories - Bacon believed the people could know more and have better knowledge from those in greece and rome, very keen on taking science out of philosophy - Harvey a physician, interested in dissection of animals and people, circulation - Boyle, a chemist, he theorizes that matter was made out of indestructible atoms(Boyle's Law) - Hooke, Inventor, popularized the microscope - Issac Newton, principa, from a modest family and had no father, he built on past theories and worked on new ones, he studied optics and built on rene descartes theories by using prisms and is most famous for his work on gravity(one set of forces was responsible) observed how objects fell. He joined the society because of his work with the telescope, he published the mathematical principles of natural philosophy and developed his three laws, an object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion will stay in motion unless stopped by some force that acts on it, for every action there is an equal reaction (Alquamany, changing subject matter to create gold) Royal society of London- To Improve natural knowledge English Enlightenment: - Thomas Hobbs- in favour of an absolute power for the top but not a tyrant, he wanted law and order - John Locke- Locke saw man as a rational creature, born into equality, and he saw man as having natural rights and it was the job of the government to protect these rights like life, liberty, and property. He maintained that everyone should be equal before the law but not including women. Enlightenment is a term that is applied to changes of thought, the great thinkers were influenced by the new science. They thought they could apply rational thought to human behavior. This was a time where the government was trying to be in control Stewert in Scotland and England- Ireland in the Tudor Period Ireland remained loyal to Rome and that connection may be related to the discontent with the English ruling them. - England was keen to make Ireland follow them religiously. - There were rebellions under Henry VIII - Attempt by the english to make the people of Ireland more english - Queen mary rules the “pale” which was the only place they had control over - Began the process of plantation of settlers which under Mary were catholic - Her sister elizabeth followed that way The Stewerts in the 16th Century: Issue with minors on the throne Queen Mary of Scots: - Mary of Guise- Mother - Francis II of france - Revolt of 1559 She plotted to kill her husband She then married James Hepburn and then mary was imprisoned and imposed James the I and VI was now King: - Crowned as an infant once again - Raised in stirling castle by protestants - George Buchanan, he believed that kings were servants of the people - As an adult james wrote that kings are called gods, appointed by god and answerable only to god - He developed a firm belief that kings were above the law - He began his reign by discussing religious issues - His name is very tied to the church of england( The bible of James) December 2nd, 2024- Mid-17th to early 18th centuries Elizabethan Activities: - Hawkins and Drake - Roanoke, Virginia(Virgin queen) - Martin Frobisher - John Davis No overseas colonies when elizabeth died James VI/I: Asia: - East Indian Company(Small group of elites) Held a mandate India became england’s interest About trade and spices and other luxury goods Americas: Agriculture - Virginia Company(founded jamestown) - JamesTown, 1607(First permanent colony of Britain) - Bermude, 1612(produced more tobacco than jamestown)(Black enslaved Labour - Puritans to Plymouth Colony, 1620(Radical protestants, did not fit in the church of england, Mayflower ship) King james made it illegal to sell tobacco The company died out but the colony survived Charles I Mayflower reading: - Kind of like the charter of rights - Civil body Politick=Better for those in part Massachusetts Bay Company- 1630 Barbados and Jamaica- 1650s Navigation act of 1651, 1660(all good from english colonies were to be transported to england in english ships) this was to keep the money in english hands-Key for development of the british empire By 1700, the english population in the americas was about 400 000 english colonist in the americas, there was about 5 million people in england at the time Egland held the atlantic coast Trade triangle Africa: - England's Guinea Company - Anglo-Dutch Wars Scottish Activities: - Sir William Alexander( tried to plant a colony in new scotland - Company of Scotland - Darien, Panama Isthmus(to allow easy access to spanish trading roots, swampy area making it hard for the scots to live there, the indigenous were not interested in what goods they had, the spanish did not want them there either because they wanted monopoly) -The scottish were disadvantaged by the navigation act because it had everything to do with England Shifting Kingdoms: - Charles I - The English Civil war - Charles II - James II & VI Charles I and Henrietta Maria: - Personal Rule of the king(where charles was running things without parliament) (Re established relationship with rome and spain) - Parliament, 1640 - The long parliament, 1640-1660 - Oliver Cromwell and the Roundheads vs. King and cavaliers -Charles was looking to rule without parliament influence -Charles closed a session of english parliament in 1629 and then decided to not open parliament again -Raised taxes in the traditional way, some people thought it was illegally done -People thought he was catholic -His wife and her family were all catholic(this meaning there was a catholic element in the english court -Charles tried to impose a new prayer book in scotland(Did not work) -He needed more money so he had to call parliament and asked for huge sums of money, expecting just to receive it -Long parliament opened in 1640 until 1660, it made demands from the king -They wanted the king's men punished -Wanted those arrested during the king's personal rule freed Parliament: - Triennial Act- could not go more than 3 years without parliament being opened - The long parliament could not be dissolved without its consent - Ship money and some feudal leftovers were declared illegal - Star chamber was abolished, and also some other royal courts -This made charles not only mad but scared, he fled london Civil war: - Cavalier-Pro monarchy - Roundhead, new model army(greater numbers)-rebels under oliver cromwell -His wife and kids fled to france -Charles survived and escaped, he surrendered to the scots in may of 1646, he was held for another year till he was turned into the english parliament. -He was charged with treason, he responded that the court had no authority to try him. He was found guilty and sentenced to execution - First public execution of a monarch -No one was crowned in replacement of Charles I -Oliver Cromwell took charge himself: - The commonwealth - The Protectorate-Lord Protector - Convention Parliament - Son=Richard Cromwell(successor) - General George Monck- The long parliament appointed monck as chief then it dissolved itself, including the house of commons and house of lords. First time parliament was called without a king to summon it -Cromwell was never crowned formally, he ruled like a king but under different titles -In this period, england became very protestant -No government, army wasn’t being paid Charles II: - England had a king again - He was the king of both england as well as scotland - He took the church back to elizabethan ways - Fun Loving court Religious Tension Continued: 1673 Test Act - Signed a peace treaty with louis of france  - Received money from france, and in secret agreed to submit to catholicism - Test act forbid- leading man were not allowed to be catholic Period where the party system grew in england Conservatives(Tories) December 4th, 2024- Shifting Kingdoms Restoration,1660 - When oliver cromwell(Lord Protector) died, england fell apart Charles II - Idea of party system - Wiggs(royal party) and tories - A lot of interesting literature - Died without a legitimate surviving child James II & VII - Decided not to enforce anti catholic policies - Good start with Parliament - Had catholic readings through his mother - He pushed parliament by pushing more catholics and persecuting anglicans - James personal life caused trouble - He married twice first wife was anne(protestant)- two daughters that were legitimate - Second was mary(catholic) gave birth to a son named James(catholic heir(apparent) to the throne) - Then james converted to catholicism - Parliament then looked for other options - William III was a stuart, son of mary that was the sister of charles and james - Wiggs started talking to william because he was a man protestant and because they believed in a society ran by men - William and mary were invited to become the new monarchs(Glorious Revolution) - Parliament forced james out because they did not want his catholic son being king - James francis edward, they would make noise about being the point of being king but his attempts were weak - This line claimed to have the rightful way of being monarch but they wanted william and mary  - Bill of rights reading: - When william and mary were crowned, parliament wanted… - Says that william and mary are co regions, they are both king and queen in their own right(Both monarchs) - The monarchs can not suspend laws - Cannot illegally take money from the people - Elections must be free - Cannot impinge on the rights of the people(contrasting from the magna carta) - Says that those territories are there's through there lives and whoever outlives the other will continue to own the land - When they all die, mary's children not williams will be the next king or queen and if there is not any kids on mary's side then marys sisters children will be in succession - Bill of rights changed the balance of power - Money is given to monarchs, but they did not do this with william and mary, which meant they had to have a continuous relationship with parliament to continue to receive money - After the glorious revolution, parliament met every year Toleration act: - Made it legal for non conforming protestants to have their own houses of worship - They were supposed to be open about their meetings, about what was talked about, where it was held. To ensure no one was going against(plotting against) parliament - Jews and catholics were not part of this act, only non conforming protestants (only anglicanism was “the way to go”) - William didn’t cause a lot of trouble, he was a practical man and had a good relationship with parliament) - Mary is a figurehead while william is the main power behind it all - William gave up the right to call parliament, and created an act that would call parliament automatically - 1701- Act of settlement - Stimulated that all monarchs had to be followers of the church or england - William was calvinist but he went along with it anyway - William and mary did not have any childrens, mary's sister anne was pregnant 18 times but none of them lived through childhood - The act knew there had to be a plan for the throne so they chose to go back up the family tree and settled on sophia  - They demanded that all monarchs be protestant - England and scotland needed stability - William died in 1702 by being thrown off his horse - Anne's reign was good for england - She played her role well, she acknowledge her limitations and was queen during some important events Scotland: - Act of Union, May 1st, 1707 - The scottish whigs loyal to james fled and went to fight against william(royalists) - Leader of this died and the followers returned to their homelands - Fort williams in the highlands was built to have military - Cambells killed their hosts in their sleep(glencoe massacre) - Jacobites(supported the stuart line) - Scotland had a financial problem, they had to figure out a way forward so they had to negotiate with england - They wanted the presbyterian church to run(this was part of the act of union) - In 1707 the united Kingdom was established - One parliament at westminster abbey - This act did not please all people of scotland(they felt like they were being taken over) War of Spanish succession: - Spanish kings daughters married french men - They were concerned of them gaining control of all of spain - Battles took place all across the world - In 1713, the treaty of Utrecht, ended the spanish succession - Fighting for an equal imperium - Now we are left with Britain and France becoming the world's strongest powers Exam Structure and Review: - Similar to the tests First part is a test on material since the last test(1400- over - Multiple choice Second- Primary Sources we have not seen - What does it mean - Why is it important - What is going on during this time period Section three- Essay(from entire course) - Development of parliament - Magna Carta, bill of rights, constitution of clarendon - Religion - Maybe succession -Minors on the throne(edward III) Give enough examples to ensure the reader knows what you are talking about ANSWER EVERYTHING(DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANKS SHE WILL FIND SOMETHING YOU SAID TO GIVE YOU POINTS FOR BUDGET YOUR TIME What have we done?! Stone Age - Saka brea - Stone circles Development of power structures Prehistory Iron age Roman(migration period) Anglo saxons- sutton hoo, conversion and christianity Vikings- different behaviors, Normans- Magna carta, world views, international relations and connections, spice trade Tudor- governance, reformation Stuarts- civil war, beheading of a king Glorious revolution-bill or rights Ended with the act of union