Historical Figures in Social Psychology PDF

Historical Figures in Social Psychology E. Fagon FNP/Nurse Educator 23-Mar-21 1 Objectives At the end of this lecture participants will be able to: Identify the major Theorists who made contributions in the field of Social Psychology. Describe specific contribution (s) made by each theorist identifi...

Historical Figures in Social Psychology E. Fagon FNP/Nurse Educator 23-Mar-21 1 Objectives At the end of this lecture participants will be able to: Identify the major Theorists who made contributions in the field of Social Psychology. Describe specific contribution (s) made by each theorist identified. 2 Floyd Henry Allport 3 Floyd Henry Allport cont,d Floyd Henry Allport (August 22, 1890 – October 15, 1979) was an American psychologist who is often considered "the father of experimental social psychology", having played a key role in the creation of social psychology as a legitimate field of behavioral science. His book Social Psychology (1924) impacted all future writings in the field. 4 Floyd Henry Allport cont,d His popular 1924 textbook Social Psychology, went through 13 editions over the ensuing 50 years. He was particularly interested in public opinion, attitudes, morale, rumours, and behavior. He focused on exploration of these topics through laboratory experimentation and survey research. 5 Gordon Willard Allport 6 Gordon Willard Allport Gordon Willard Allport November 11, 1897 – October 9, 1967) was an American psychologist. Allport was one of the first psychologists to focus on the study of the personality, and is often referred to as one of the founding figures of personality psychology. He contributed to the formation of values scales and rejected both psychoanalytic and behavioural approaches to personality, which he thought often was too deeply interpretive,. 7 and a behavioral approach, which he thought did not provide deep enough interpretations from their data. Instead of these popular approaches, he developed an eclectic theory based on traits. He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual, and the importance of the present context, as opposed to past history, for understanding the personality. 8 Allport had a profound and lasting influence on the field of psychology, even though his work is cited much less often than that of other well-known figures. Part of his influence stemmed from his knack for exploring and broadly conceptualizing important and interesting, prejudice, religion traits). Another part of his influence resulted from the deep and lasting impression he made on his students during his long teaching career, many of whom went on to have important careers in psychology. 9 Solomon Asch 10 Solomon Asch Solomon Eliot Asch (September 14, 1907 – February 20, 1996) was a Polish gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology in the United States. He created seminal pieces of work in impression formation, prestige suggestion, conformity, and many other topics in social psychology. His work follows a common theme of Gestalt psychology that the whole is not only greater than the sum of its parts, but the nature of the whole fundamentally alters the parts. 11 Solomon Asch Solomon Asch is best known for laboratory studies on conformity showing that under certain circumstances, a large percentage of people will conform to a majority position even when the position is clearly incorrect. He also published seminal studies on the primacy effect and halo effect, and helped inspire Stanley Milgram's research on obedience to authority. 12 13 Roger William Brown Roger William Brown April 14, 1925 – December 11, 1997, an American social psychologist was born in Detroit Roger Brown, Ph.D., was known for his work in social psychology and in children's language development. He taught at Harvard University from 1952 until 1957 and from 1962 until 1994, and at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) from 1957 until 1962. His scholarly books include Words and Things : An Introduction to Language. 14 Roger William Brown Roger Brown wrote the acclaimed 1965 textbook Social Psychology, which played a central role in training a generation of social psychologists. He also made important contributions in psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology, studying topics such as language acquisition, flashbulb memories, and the tip of the tongue phenomenon. 15 Donald Thomas Campbell 16 Donald Thomas Campbell Donald Thomas Campbell (November 20, 1916 – May 5, 1996) was an American social scientist. He is noted for his work in methodology. He coined the term "evolutionary epistemology" and developed a selectionist theory of human creativity. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Campbell as the 33rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century. 17 Donald Thomas Campbell Donald T. Campbell was a social psychologist and research methodologist who co-authored some of the most frequently cited methodology books and articles ever published. In addition to this work, he served as President of the American Psychological Association and contributed to several fields beyond psychology, including sociology, anthropology, biology, and philosophy. 18 Kenneth Bancroft Clark 19 Mamie Phipps Clark 20 Kenneth Bancroft Clark & Mamie Phipps Clark Kenneth Bancroft Clark July 14, 1914 – May 1, 2005 and Mamie Phipps Clark (April 18, 1917 – August 11, 1983 were African-American psychologists who as a married team conducted research among children and were active in the Civil Rights Movement. They founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (HARYOU). Kenneth Clark also was an educator and professor at City College New York, and first black president of the America Psychological Association. 21 Kenneth Bancroft Clark & Mamie Phipps Clark Kenneth Clark and his wife Mamie conducted research suggesting that Black children preferred to play with White dolls, a result that the U.S. Supreme Court later cited as evidence that segregation "generates a feeling of inferiority... that may affect the childrens' hearts and minds." He was also the first African American to be elected President of the American Psychological Association. 22 Kenneth Bancroft Clark & Mamie Phipps Clark Mamie Clark completed a masters thesis that provided the foundation for studies she and her husband Kenneth published on the harmful effects of racial segregation. The U.S. Supreme Court cited these studies in Brown v. Board of Education, a landmark case banning racial segregation in public education. 23 Leon Festinger 24 Leon Festinger Leon Festinger (8 May 1919 – 11 February 1989) was an American social psychologist, perhaps best known for cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory. His theories and research are credited with renouncing the previously dominant behaviorist view of social psychology by demonstrating the inadequacy of stimulus-response conditioning accounts of human behavior. 25 Leon Festinger Festinger is also credited with advancing the use of laboratory experimentation in social psychology, although he simultaneously stressed the importance of studying real-life situations, a principle he perhaps most famously practiced when personally infiltrating a doomsday cult. He is also known in social network theory for the proximity effect (or propinquit 26 Leon Festinger Leon Festinger developed the theory of cognitive dissonance, a motivational theory suggesting that people seek to minimize discomfort caused by inconsistent beliefs and behaviors. He also developed social comparison theory, devised several of the earliest nonparametric statistical tests, and documented the key role of proximity in social relationships. 27 Fritz Heider 28 Fritz Heider Fritz Heider (February 19, 1896 – January 2, 1988 was an Austrian psychologist whose work was related to the Gestalt school. In 1958 he published The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, which expanded upon his creations of balance theory and attribution theory. This book presents a wide-range analysis of the conceptual framework and the psychological processes that influence human social perception (Malle,2008).. 29 Fritz Heider cont,d It had taken 15 years to complete; before it was completed it had already circulated through a small group of social psychologists. Fritz Heider work helped give rise to the field of social cognition. His best known book, The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, was published in 1958 and was highly influential in the development of attribution theory. 30 Evelyn Hooker 31 Evelyn Hooker Evelyn Hooker was the first social scientist to study the psychosocial adjustment of gay men outside hospital or prison settings. Her results showed no difference between gay and heterosexual men, challenging antigay stereotypes and eventually leading the American Psychiatric Association to remove homosexuality from its diagnostic manual of mental disorders. 32 Evelyn Hooker Evelyn Hooker (née Gentry, September 2, 1907 – November 18, 1996) was an American psychologist most notable for her 1957 paper "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual" in which she administered several psychological tests to groups of self-identified and heterosexuals and male homosexuals asked experts to identify the homosexuals and rate their mental health. 33 Evelyn Hooker The experiment, which other researchers subsequently repeated, argues that homosexuality is not a mental disorder, as there was no detectable difference between homosexual and heterosexual men in terms of mental adjustment. 34 Carl I. Hovland 35 Carl Iver Hovland Carl Iver Hovland (June 12, 1912 – April 16, 1961) was a psychologist working primarily at Yale University and for the US Army during World War II who studied attitude change and persuasion. He first reported the sleeper effect after studying the effects of the Frank Capra's propaganda film why We Fighton soldiers in the Army. In later studies on this subject, Hovland collaborated with Irvin Janis who would later become famous for his theory of groupthink 36. Carl Hovland Hovland also developed social judgement theory of attitude change. Carl Hovland thought that the ability of someone to resist persuasion by a certain group depended on one’s degree of belonging to the group 37 Carl Hovland Carl Hovland conducted path breaking research on attitude change, propaganda, and persuasion, including studies of the sleeper effect, source credibility, two-sided persuasive appeals, and contrast effects. Later in his career, he also investigated symbolic processes and computer simulations of human thought. 38 Irving Janis 39 Irving Janis Irving Lester Janis (May 26, 1918 – November 15, 1990) was a research psychologist at Yale University and a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley most famous for his theory of "groupthink" which described the systematic errors made by groups when making collective decisions. 40 Irving Janis Irving Janis carried out studies on attitude change, stress, and decision making, but his best known research was on groupthink, which he defined as "a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members' strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action." 41 Irving Janis A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Janis as the 79th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. 42 Gustave Le Bon 43 Gustave Le Bon Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon (French: gystav lə bɔ]̃ ; 7 May 1841 – 13 December 1931) was a French polymath whose areas of interest included anthropology, psychology, sociology, medicine, invention, and physics.[1 He is best known for his 1895 work The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, which is considered one of the seminal works of crowd psychology. 44 Gustave Le Bon Gustave Le Bon was a French social scientist who wrote about the psychology of crowds and the "collective mind," which he described as a "single being" more primitive and suggestible than the individuals who comprise it. His views on crowd behavior and inherited racial characteristics helped lay the foundation for fascist ideologies later promulgated by Hitler. 45 Kurt Lewin 46 Kurt Lewin Kurt Lewin (September 9, 1890 – February 12, 1947) was a German-American psychologist, known as one of the modern pioneers of social, organizational , and applied psychology in the United States. Exiled from the land of his birth, Lewin made a new life for himself, in which he defined himself and his contributions within three lenses of analysis: applied research, action research, and group communication were his major offerings to the field of communication. 47 Kurt Lewin Kurt Lewin was an early leader of group dynamic research and is regarded by many as the founder of modern social psychology. Lewin's Equation , B=f(P,E), stipulates that behavior is a function of the person and environment, and he advocated "action research" applying this equation and scientific methods to address social problems such as prejudice and group conflict. 48 William McDougall 49 William McDougall William McDougall June 1871 – 28 November 1938) was an early 20th century psychologist who spent the first part of his career in the United Kingdom and the latter part in the United States. He wrote a number of highly influential textbooks, 50 William McDougall and was particularly important in the development of the theory of instinct a of social psychology and in the English-speaking world. He was an opponent of behaviourism and stands somewhat outside the mainstream of the development of AngloAmerican psychological thought in the first half of the 20th century; but his work was very well-known and respected among lay people. 51 William McDougall William McDougall cofounded the British Psychological Society in 1901 and published one of the first social psychology textbooks, An Introduction to Social Psychology (1908). He opposed behaviorism, believing instead that human behavior could be explained by instincts, and was controversial for his views on eugenics and inherited racial differences. 52 Stanley Milgram 53 Stanley Milgram Stanley Milgram (August 15, 1933 – December 20, 1984) was an American social psychologist, best known for his controversial experiment on obedience conducted in the 1960s during his professorship at Yale. Milgram was influenced by the events of the Holocaust, especially the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in developing the experiment. 54 Stanley Milgram Stanley Milgram is famous for a set of studies suggesting that most people will obey an experimenter's order to administer potentially deadly levels of electric shock to a protesting stranger. He also invented several research techniques unrelated to obedience, such as the lostletter technique, cyranoid technique, and smallworld ("six degrees of separation") technique. 55 Maximilien Ringelmann 56 Maximilien Ringelmann Maximilien Ringelmann (10 December 1861, Paris – 2 May 1931, Paris) was a French professor of agricultural engineering who discovered the "Ringelmann effect", viz, that when working in groups, individuals slacken. 57 Maximilien Ringelmann Maximilien Ringelmann conducted some of the first experiments in social psychology. These experiments showed that individual members of a group often become less productive as the size of their group increases -- a phenomenon referred to as the "Ringelmann effect" and now better known as social loafing. 58 Stanley Schachter 59 Stanley Schachter Stanley Schachter (April 15, 1922 – June 7, 1997) was an American social psychologist, who is perhaps best known for his development of the two factor theory of emotion in 1962 along with Jerome E. Singer. In his theory he states that emotions have two ingredients: physiological arousal and a cognitive label. 60 Stanley Schachter Stanley Schachter became well known in the 1950s for developing the "two-factor theory of emotion," which posits that emotions are a joint result of physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal. He also researched a wide range of other phenomena, including cognitive dissonance, misattribution, overeating, and addiction. 61 Muzafer Sherif 62 Muzafer Sherif Muzafer Sherif (born Muzaffer Şerif Başoğlu; July 29, 1906 – October 16, 1988) was a Turkish American social psychologist. He helped develop social judgment theory and realistic conflict theory. Sherif was a founder of modern social psychology who developed several unique and powerful techniques for understanding social processes, particularly social norms and social conflict 63 Muzafer Sherif Muzafer Sherif was a Turkish-born social psychologis, with his wife Carolyn, conducted the Robber's Cave experiment in which boys at a summer camp were divided into two rival groups and ultimately overcame fierce intergroup hostility after working toward superordinate goals. He also studied norm formation, attitude change, and many other topics. 64 Carolyn Wood Sherif 65 Carolyn Wood Sherif Carolyn Wood Sherif (1922–1982) was an American social psychologist who helped to develop social judgment theory and contributed pioneering research in the areas of the selfsystem, group conflict, cooperation, and gender identity. She also assumed a leading role in psychology both nationally as well as internationally. 66 Carolyn Wood Sherif Carolyn Wood Sherif and her husband, Muzafer Sherif, conducted the "Robber's Cave" experiment and worked with Carl Hovland to develop social judgment theory, an influential theory about how and when attitude change takes place. She also studied gender identity, social values, and group dynamics, and served as President of the Society for the Psychology of Women. 67 Francis Cecil Sumner 68 Francis Cecil Sumner Francis Cecil Sumner (December 7, 1895 – January 12, 1954) was an American leader in education reform. He is commonly referred to as the "Father of Black Psychology." He is primarily known for being the first African American to receive a Ph.D in psychology in 1920. 69 Francis Cecil Sumner He worked closely with G. Stanley Hall during his time at Clark University, and his dissertationpublished in Pedagogical Seminary, which later became the Journal of Genetic Psychologyfocused on "Psychoanalysis of Freud and Adler 70 Henri Tajfel 71 Henri Tajfel Henri Tajfel (born Hersz Mordche; 22 June 1919 – 3 May 1982) was a Polish social psychologist, best known for his pioneering work on the cognitive aspects of prejudice and social identity theory, as well as being one of the founders of the European Association Experimental Social Psychology. 72 Henri Tajfel Henri Tajfel devised the "minimal group paradigm" in which intergroup relations are studied after arbitrarily dividing experimental participants into groups on the basis of minimally important characteristics. Consistent with social identity theory (co-developed with his student John Turner), he documented that even minimal groups readily form identities and exhibit ingroup favoritism. 73 NormanTriplett 74 NormanTriplett Norman Triplett was born on a farm near Perry Illinois in 1861. In 1898, he wrote what is now recognized as the first published study in the field of sport psychology. His experiment was on the social facilitation effect. Triplett noticed that cyclists tend to have faster times when riding in the presence of a counterpart as opposed to riding alone. 75 NormanTriplett He then demonstrated this effect in a controlled, laboratory experiment and concluded that children perform a simple lab task faster in pairs than when performing by themselves. 76 References https://www.socialpsychology.org/sociaal figures.htm Accessed 20/01/19 https://www.socialpsychology.org/social.htm accessed, 18/2/19 77