Herbal Drug Technology Imp Question Answers PDF

Herbal Drug Technology Click Here To Download All Semester All SubjectQuestion Answers Pdf https://sites.google.com/view/imp- question-answer-b-pharm/home Note – Download notes from the official site is only allowed. Sharing them With others or sharing them on a group is pr...

Herbal Drug Technology Click Here To Download All Semester All SubjectQuestion Answers Pdf https://sites.google.com/view/imp- question-answer-b-pharm/home Note – Download notes from the official site is only allowed. Sharing them With others or sharing them on a group is prohibited. ## Q. 1 ) Traditional system of medicine (Ayurveda) Q. 2) Siddha, Unani and homeopathy Q. 3) Herb, source of herb (Steps of Processing of Herb) ## Q. 4) Identification And Authentication of Herbal products Q. 5) Processing of Herbal Drug/ Raw materials ## Q. 6) Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) Q. 7) Organic Farming Q. 8) Pest And Pest Management ## Q. 9) preparation and standardisation of Arishta and Asava Q. 10) preparation and standardisation of Churna and Bhasma ## Q. 11) Write Note on Nutraceuticals ## Q. 12) Health benefits of Nutraceuticals in (Cancer) Q. 13) Health Benefits of Nutraceuticals in ( CVS Diseases) Q. 14) Health Benefits of Nutraceuticals in ( Diabetes ) Q. 15 ) Herbs as Health food ( Alfalfa , Chicory, Ginger, fenugreek, Garlic , honey, Amla, ginseng Ashwagandha , spirulina) Q. 16) Herb Drug and herb food interaction Q. 17) Herbs and their reaction ( Garlic, Epidhra, kava-kava, Ginkgo Biloba , Ginseng, pepper) Q. 18) Who Guidelines ## Q. 19) Herbal Cosmetics,( Antioxidant) ## Q. 20) Herbal Excipients Q. 21) herbal Tablet Q. 22) herbal syrup Q. 23) phytosomes Q. 24) Stability Testing of herbal Drugs Q. 25) Case study ( Curcuma, Neem) Q. 26) Farmers rights, Breeders right, Biopiracy Q. 27) Constitution of DTAB ## Q. 28) Good manufacturing Practices ( GMP) ( Schedule T) Q. 1 ) Indian (Traditional ) System of medicine & principal of Ayurveda system of medicine Ans :- I) Indian System of medicine Also known as indigenous folk system It comprises medical aspects of knowledge, skill and practices based on different cultures and different people which are use to treat disease It includes various system of medicine are as follows 1) Ayurveda 2) Siddha 3) Unani 4) Homeopathy II) Basic principles of Ayurveda system of medicine Ayurveda system of medicine The basic principles of Ayurveda consists of 1) Panchamahabhuta 2) Trigunas 3) Tridosas A) Panchamahabhuta According to Ayurveda universe is made up of give basic elements Also known as panchmahabhutas The five elements of panchmahabhutas 1) Akasa (sky) 2) Vayu (Air) 3) Agni ( fire) 4) Jala ( water ) 5) Prithvi (earth) Elements and their meanings  1) Akasa:- corresponds to spaces within the body (mouth, nostrils, abdomen, ) 2) Vayu :- Denotes the movement (muscular also nervous system) 3) Agni :- regulates the functioning of enzymes (intelligence , digestive system) 4) Jala :- Denotes all the fluids ( as plasma , saliva, digestive juices) 5) Prithvi :- means the solid structure of the body (bone, teeth, flesh, hair) B) Trigunas This are the three essential components of the mind Ayurveda describe people on the basis of their manasa and Prakriti There are three Trigunas 1) Satava 2) Rajas 3 ) Tamas 1) Satava :- Means Lightness, consciousness, pleasure, and clarity Free from disease and cannot be Disturbed in any way 2) Rajas :- Has motion and stimulation Desires, wishes, ambitions 3) Tamas :- Characterised by heaviness and resistance It causes disturbance in perception C) Tridosas This are primary and essential factor the human body that control our entire physical structure and body function Three tridosas are 1) Vata (air ) 2) Pitta (bile) 3) Kapha ( phlegm) 1) Vata :- it contains sky and air 2) Pitta :- it contains fire and water 3) Kapha :- it contains water and earth Q. 2) Siddha, Unani and homeopathy Ans :- I) Basic principles of siddha medicine: "Agastya" was believed to be the father of siddha medicine and he wrote a book known as "AGATTIYAR CHARKKU" To achieve mastery over nature and longevity, the ancient Tamils introduced two ways in their quest of knowledge A) According to siddha medical science, universe is composed of five elements 1) Earth 2) Water 3)Air 4)Fire 5) Ether Earth is the first element which provides fine shape to the body and includes bone, muscle, skin, hair, tissues etc. Water represents blood, glandular secretions, vital fluids etc. Fire is responsible for emotion, vigour and vitality and helps in digestion, circulation, respiration and nervous system activity. Ether represents man's mental and spiritual faculties B) Triguna 1) vata 2) pitta 3) Kapha 1) VATA - People with predominant vata are characterized by stout, black, cold, inactive personalities. 2) PITTA - People with predominant pitta are characterized by lean, whitish complexioned hot personalities. 3) KAPHA - People with predominant kapha are characterized by well build, good complexioned, well behaved personalities. II) principal of Unani system of medicine Unani system was originated in Greece. Its foundation was laid down by Hippocrates. Arabs and Persians introduced Unani system of medicine in India around eleventh century. The word 'Unani' is derived from a Greek word 'Ionian'. The Unani system of medicine is one of the oldest and most trusted systems of medicine. According to Unani system of medicines the human body is supposed to be made up of the following seven components: (1) Elements (arkan) (2) Temperament (mizaj) (3) Bodily humours (akhlat) (4) Organs and systems (aaza) (5) Vital spirit (arwah) (6) Powers (quwa) (7) Functions (afaal) III) principal of homeopathy system of medicine It is a specialized forms of therapeutics developed by a German physician, chemist and pharmacist “Dr. Samuel Christian Friedrich Hahnemann” in 1810 So, the system treats the diseases or sufferings by the drugs that possess power of producing similar sufferings In the quest of reducing the damaging side-effects of drugs with medical treatments, Dr. Hahnemann began experimenting on himself and a group of health volunteers. He started giving smaller and smaller medicinal doses of drugs and found that as well as reducing toxicity, the medicines actually appears to be more effective at the lower the dose He also observed that symptoms caused by toxics “medicines” such as mercury, were similar to those of the diseases they were being used to treat e.g. syphilis, which lead to the principle he describes as “like cures like” Q.3) Herb , Source of Herbs, & Steps involved in processing of herbal drug Ans:- I) Herb It consists of entire plant or any part of the plant. The word “Herb” is derived from Latin word “Herba “ which means grass, green stalk or blader II) Sources of Herbs A) Wild sources B) Cultivated sources A) wild source. The plants are obtained from wild Source and grow them without any type of Care This plants are grow in un-utilized land such as forest, plains, river banks. The wild plants also have reasonable active constituents and sometimes new variety is produced. These plants grow under favourable conditions in natural habitat. B) Cultivated source plants are obtained form Cultivated Source This plants are grown with proper Care by humans. The care taken towards soil, Climate , rainfall , irrigation , temperature, manure , Pesticides and weeds III) Steps involved in processing of herbal drugs A) selection of Herbal Materials. The selection of botanical Species For cultivation is done as per Official Pharmacopoeia or official document. The Plant selected for cultivation should Be identified and documented. B) Identification and Authentication of Herbal Material. 1)Botanical Identity :- The plant species selected for cultivation should be verified from qualified botanist and recorded. 2) Specimens :-Submit plant specimens of new unknown species to national herbarium for identification  3) Seeds and other propagation. Materials The suppliers should provide information related identity, quality as well as breeding history. The seeds and propagation Material should be free from Contamination & disease C) Cultivation of medicinal plants Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive care and management as various factors like environment, soil, irrigation, pests etc. play a vital role. These factors vary from one plant to another. Scientific documented methods should be followed. If no data available, traditional methods should be adopted and a systematic method should be developed through research. D) Collections of herbs The proper time of collection is important because the nature and quantities of constituents vary greatly in some species according to the season. The two basic factors which should be considered during collection are: 1) The plant parts should be collected when the level of active constituents are maximum 2) The different environmental factors to be considered are light, humidity, altitude, rainfall, soil type etc. E) Processing of Herbal Raw Material Processing of herbal raw materials involves various stages for which the crude drugs undergo after harvesting. Processing is classified as primary and secondary processing which are further subcategorized as follows:... Primary processing Secondary processing Garbling Cutting/sectioning Washing Ageing/sweating Boiling Banking/Roasting Leaching Boiling/streaming Drying Stir/frying Fumigation Q.4) Identification & c) Macroscopic method:- Macroscopic identity of herbal material Authentication of herbal is based on parameters like shape, size, Ans:- colour, texture, odour, taste and such I) Identification & Authentication of organolaptic properties which are herbal compared with a standard reference Herbal materials may vary in material. composition and properties, unlike d) Microscopic method:- conventional pharmaceutical products, Microscopy is generally used to which are generally prepared from determine the structural, cellular and synthetic, chemically pure materials by internal tissue features of herbal means of reproducible manufacturing material. It is used to identify and techniques and procedures differentiate two herbals that are similar Thus authentication is an important in appearance. step for successful and reliable clinical e) Physicochemical methods: applications. Identification tests should Physicochemical parameters include be specific for the herbal material and are total ash, water soluble ash, acid usually a combination of three or more of insoluble ash and sulphated ash. These the following value compared with standard value - microscopic characters f) spectroscopic method:- - chromatographic procedures Infrared (IR) spectroscopic method is - macroscopic characters used for structural elucidation of isolated - Chemical reaction compounds from the herbal materials - and is also useful in phytochemical II) Various steps involved are :- studies as a “fingerprinting" tool. g) Chromatographic methods:- a) Taxonomic method:- The primary High Performance Liquid step in the identification and Chromatography (HPLC), Capillary authentication of herbal materials Electrophoresis (CE) and Thin Layer involves classical botanical Chromatography (TLC) are the most methodologies for collection and commonly used analytical methods for documentation of the plant at its source. herbal products. b) Herbarium coupon sample: - The h) Molecular marker sample of collected material should be Molecular marker mean biochemical kept as a coupon sample in a Herbarium constituents, including primary and or in a research institute for future secondary metabolites and other references. Macromolecules like nucleic acids. Q. 5 ) Processing of Herbal Drug / Raw Material Ans:- I) Processing of Herbal Drug / Raw Material Processing of herbal raw materials involves various stages for which the crude drugs undergo after harvesting. Processing is classified as primary and secondary processing which are further subcategorized as follows:... Primary processing Secondary processing Garbling Cutting/sectioning Washing Ageing/sweating Boiling Banking/Roasting Leaching Boiling/streaming Drying Stir/frying Fumigation A) Primary processing Primary Processing includes the instant post-harvest treatments accorded to herbs obtained from cultivation or by wild crafting or field collection proposed to free them from foreign matters and other contaminants for example, the procedures of garbling (sorting), washing, and drying. For herbal materials that are used without further processing, the primary processing may also include cutting, sectioning, and comminution. B) Secondary processing Secondary processing is the next step which includes converting the primary processed herbs into herbal materials by a variety of additional procedures, including aging/sweating; baking/roasting; boiling/steaming; and stir-frying. Special processing is an extension of the secondary process, which uses a specialized method to treat selected herbs to reduce their toxicity and modify their therapeutic activity. Q.6 ) Good Agriculture practices ( GAP) in cultivation of medicinal plants Ans:- I) Good Agriculture Practices The guidelines described for GAP are intended to streamline the cultivation of medicinal plants as per the well regulated methods and follow a systematic way in cultivation process as it is important for the production of good quality plant material. II) The various stages of processing which are included in good agricultural practice (GAP) are described as follows. 1) Seeds and utilization material: The parent material of vegetative part used in organic productions should be certified and authentically organic. 2) Cultivation: Depending on the method of cultivation (conventional or organic) growers should be allowed to follow different standards operating procedures (SOP) for cultivation. Care should be taken to avoid environmental disturbances. 3) Soil and fertilization: The soil should also not be contaminated by heavy metals, pesticide residues and other unnatural chemicals. The use of fertilizers and other chemical products should be as minimum as possible and in accordance with the demands of the plant. 4) Irrigation: Irrigation should be minimized as much as possible and only applied as per the needs of the plant. Irrigation water should be free from contaminants such as faeces, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides and other hazardous substances.  5) Crop maintenance: Tillage (Preparation of land for growing crops) should be adapted to enable good plant growth and must be carried out whenever required. Pesticides and herbicides should be avoided as far as possible. 6) Harvesting: Harvesting should be done when the plants are in their best quality and quantity. Harvesting should be done in optimum conditions as wet soil, dew, rain, high humidity can produce unfavourable effects. 7) Primary processing: It includes steps such as washing, drying, freezing etc, Processing equipment must be cleaned and regularly serviced. 8) Packaging The label must be clear, permanently fixed and made from non -toxic material. Re-usable packaging materials should be well cleaned and dried before use, care should be taken that they do not cause contamination. 9) Storage and transport Packaged dried materials and essential oils should be stored in a dry, well aerated building in which temp. Fluctuations are controlled and good aeration is provided. 10) Staff requirements Personnel involved in the good agricultural practice (GAP) should receive adequate training and education related to the nature of the work being carried out. 11) Documentation All the propagation material and steps in the production process must be documented. All the starting materials, Processing steps including location of cultivation have to be documented. 12) Quality assurance: In order to ensure a good quality of the produced crude drug, it is extremely advisable to educate all personnel dealing with the crop at various stages. Q. 7) Organic Farming Ans:- I) Organic Farming Organic farming is a method of crop production with an objective not to use pesticides, Fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones. Organic Production is proposed to optimize the productivity and suitability of diverse communities Within the agro-ecosystem, including soil organisms, plants, livestock and people. The II) Objective of organic Farming 1) To protect the environment, decrease soil degradation and erosion, decrease pollution, optimize biological productivity and promote a sound state of health 2) To maintain long-term soil fertility by optimizing conditions for biological activity within the soil 3) To maintain biological diversity within the system 4) To recycle materials and resources to the greatest extent possible within the project 5) To provide considerate care that promotes health and meets the behavioural needs of livestock III) Importance of organic farming 1) Provide better nutrition :- Organic food is rich in nutrients 2) Helps us to stay healthy :- organic food do not harm to humans and environment 3) Free of poison :- organic farming avoid these toxins 4) Lower price :- Organic food is cheaper due to organic farming not need expensive pesticides 5) Improved taste :- Organic food tastes better than other food 6) Organic farming methods are Eco-friendly :- Organic food dose not utilize harsh chemical 7) Longer shelf life :- this enables storage of organic food for longer time Q. 8) Pest and pest management Ans:- I) pest :- Pest is an undesired animal or plant which cause: loss of cultivated plants, the different types of pests infecting medicinal plants are as follows. Types of paste 1) Fungi/Viruses :- eg. Ascochyta atropae causes necrosis of leaf. 2) Insects :- Insects such as flea beetle, flies, moth, cutworms, grass hoppers, 3) Weeds:- A weed is an undesired plant 4) Non Insect Pest :- eg :- Animals like Monkeys, Rats, Rabbits , crabs snails II) Pest Management There are different methods of pest management are as follows 1) Mechanical 2) Agricultural 3) Biological 4) Chemical 1) Mechanical method it include simple techniques like hand picking, pruming, burning, using of pest traps, collection and destruction of eggs, larvae and insects. Construction of concrete ware houses to protect from rodents and animals. Rats and mouse traps are also used. 2) Agricultural Method It includes various methods such as crop rotation, inter cropping, integrated weed management methods, solarisation, etc. Production of pest and insect resistant plants through genetic engineering technique is another approach. 3) Biological Method This method involves combating of pests with other living organisms such as employment of cats to combat rats and squirrels, employment of birds to combat insects. Some chemical substances produced by female insets such as sex attractants, which can be used to lure male insects and prevent reproduction. 4) Chemical Method Pests are controlled using chemical pesticides which include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides. However these chemical substances are highly toxic to human beings. Improper use of these chemical pesticides may lead to toxic effects on human and animals. Q. 9) preparation and 5) maintain Constant temperature for standardisation of Arishta and Fermentation in special room. Asava 6) After specific time remove lid. And Examine fermentation is done or not Ans:- 7) Then fluid first decanted and then A) preparation of Aristas strained after 2 – 3 days 8) Then fine particle settle down, it is Steps involved in preparation of Aristas strained and bottled. 1) make powder of herb and prepare decotion C) Standardization of Arishta & Asava 2) Straining and fermentation of prepared decoction 1. Organoleptic Parameters 3) Addition of jaggery or honey to a) Colour of sample fermentation vessel b) Taste of sample 4) covered with lid and sealed with clay c) Odour of sample smeared cloth wound in 7 layers d) Determination of pH of sample 5) maintain Constant Temperature for Fermentation in special room 2. Physical Parameters 6) After specific time remove lid and a) Determination of foreign organic examine the fermentation is done or matter not. b) Determination of specific gravity 7)The fluid first decanted and then c) Determination of solid content strained after 2-3 days d) Determination of alcohol content 8) when fine particles settle down, it is strained and bottled. 3. Chemical Parameters B) Preparation of Asava a) Alkaloids - Dragandroffs test b) Glycosides - Molish test Steps involved in preparation of Asava c) Amino acids - Ninhydrine test 1) Jaggery or sugar dissolves in required d) Carbohydrates - Fehling's test , quantity of water, boiled and cooled. Benedict test 2) This is poured into fermentation vessel 4. Toxicological parameters 3) Add fine powder of drug in fermentation vessel a) Pesticides residue 4) Covered with lead and sealed with b) Heavy metal clay smeared cloth wound in 7 layers c) Microbial contamination Q. 10 ) Preparation and B) Bhasma In Ayurveda, Bhasma is defined as a Standardisation A) Churna and Substance obtained by calcination. B) Bhasma Bhasma are generally used With Herb Ans:- A) Churna For the treatment. of various diseases in it is a mixture of powdered herb or Ayurveda and to some extent in Unani. minerals Bhasma is a calcined preparation in Which it is a fine powder of drug or drugs the metal is converted into ash which are cleaned property dried I) Types of Bhasma Thoroughly crushed and then sieved 1) Metal -Based Bhasma Should be preserved in airtight Containers. 2) Mineral based Bhasma 3) Herbal Bhasma I) Preparation II) Importance The finely powdered raw material are maintain stronger bone and teeth Cleaned , dried, crushed and were passed treat insomnia and depression through sieve Number 60 and mixed in maintain normal heart beat appropriate ratio help to metabolized iron in body The Churna must be packed in an air tight neutralize harmful acid in the body glass container maintain alkalinity for good health III) preparation of Bhasma II) Standardization Of Churna i) Shodhana ii) Marana a) Organoleptic Evaluation Colour Odour Taste i) Shodhana b) Macroscopic Evaluation The principal objectives of Shodhana is to c) Physical Evaluation remove unwanted part from the raw Loss on drying at 105° material and separate out impurities Total Ash In Ayurveda, the process of purification is Acid insoluble ash known Shodhana Water soluble extractive Two types of Shodhana pH 1) Samanya ( general purification) d) Phytochemical Evaluation 2) Vishista ( specific purification) Quantitative Analysis TLC and HPTLC and HPLC ii) Marana e) Particle Size Marana literally means killing Churna -80 – 120 mesh in short, after Marana, metal can be Kwatha Churna – 40 – 60 mesh converted into powder or other from of f) Microbial Contamination suitable for administration Bhasma prepared by using Rasa l.e Total Aerobic count Mercury, plants and sulfur Total Fungal count Q. 11) Write a note on Nutraceutical Ans:- I) Nutraceuticals Nutraceuticals are Multipurpose in Nature as they are used in "Nutraceuticals are a group of Numerous industries such as products that are more than a food pharmaceutical food & beverages , but less -than Pharmaceuticals" Animal feed , additives and personal It provides prevention and care treatment of disease Nutraceutical products are the It provide Health benefits To essential For the Modern world. reduce the risk of chronic disease At present dietary supplements it used as dietary supplement or are the largest category occupying functional Food. 64 % of nutraceuticals in market These products play a vital role in human Health and long life These products are generally used III) Health benefits Without a medical prescription Improve over all Health boost energy Example :- relieve anxiety 1. Nutraceuticals are natural Food Improve mental clarity 2. antioxidants prevent chronic disease 3. dietary Supplements Increase the Health Value of our 4.Vitamins & Minerals, diet 5. Milk And cereals Helps us to live longer help to stay away from particular II) Market and growth medical conditions Have a psychological benefit from Nutraceuticals has a spectacular doing Something personally annual Growth rate of 25% in Indian present food for populations with Healthcare Market special Needs Due to their multipurpose nature Not produce unpleasant side demand also increase effect Q.12)Health benefits of Q. 13) Health benefits of nutraceuticals’ in cancer neutraceuticals in CVS Disease 1) Nutraceuticals’ improve human 1) CVS disease (CVD) is the group health and prevent chronic disease of disorder of the heart and blood 2) Fibers contest in vegetables &fruits vessels and include Hypertension may reduce the risk of cancer (High blood pressure), coronary heart formation disease (heart attack), Heart failure, peripheral vascular disease 3) These food supplement have been 2) A diet rich in fruit and anticipated as chemo preventive vegetables help in controlling agent for cancer treatment cardiovascular disease 4) Antioxidant food supplement are an 3) Neutraceuticals in the form of important composite for antioxidant, dietary fibers, omega - treating 3polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins &controlling cancer development and minerals for prevention and 5) Cancer can be reduced by the use treatment of cardiovascular disease 4) of vitamin, neutraceuticals, like The role of various neutraceuticals in folate, calcium, tomato soy, diet, preventing cardiovascular disease has fiber and vitamin been discussed as A) Phytosterols – The sterols are A) chestnut – protective against known as Phytosterols gastric cancer Are present in plant products May help suppress the growth including fruits, vegetables, seeds, &spread of cancer cell and cereals Structurally &functionally stimulate cancer cell death similar to cholesterol It also decrease B) Berries -Blueberries, BlackBerry, the risk of cardiovascular disease and strawberry are good sources of B) Polyphenols - found in fruits, antioxidant and phenolic vegetables and legumes in beverage compound. Berries may be produced from plant products such as effective in the prevention of tea, coffee, wine and cocoa growth of Cancer cell C) Carcumin – carcumin prevents cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure C) Soy- Reduced the risk of breast cancer in women Carcumin reduce chronic -soy contains protein, fibers which inflammation induced by obesity and provides health benefits metabolic syndrome, and improve vascular function Q. 14) Health benefits of Neutraceuticals in diabetes Ans:- 1) Antioxidant A plenty supply of dietary antioxidant may prevent or delay diabetes complications in including renal and neural dysfunction by providing protection against oxidative stress 2) Vitamin C Vitamin C also called as ascorbic acid is a chain breaking antioxidant Diabetes Mellitus and low vitamin c levels impair insulin resistance 3) Calcium/ vitamin D High calcium intake acts as protected to develop diabetes Vitamin D conditions may help to preserve insulin sensitivity and thus help to prevent diabetes Mellitus 4) Vitamin E Vitamin E is an essential fatty soluble vitamin and function mainly as an antioxidant Low levels of vitamin E produce increased frequency of diabetes 5) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the energy providing substances and have the greatest effects on glucose level The diet should contain carbohydrate only in the form of fruits, cereals, legumes, vegetables and tubers 6) Fats High fat diets can damage glucose tolerance and promote obesity and various heart disease and these abnormalities can be improved by reducing saturated fat intake 7) Fibers Foods rich in fibers like fruits and vegetables are suggested specially food made of whole cereals Fibers provide protective effects against chronic disease  Q. 15 ) Explain Following 2) Chicory Herbs / Drugs as health food A) Source :- It is obtained from the plant Cichorium intybus, belonging to 1) Alfalfa the Family: Asteraceae. A) Source :- It is the entire plant of B) Chemical constituents Medicago sativa belonging to the Family: Fabaceae. Chicory contains a variety of nutrients B) Chemical constituents which include carbohydrates, proteins, Leaves, sprouts and seed contain vitamins, minerals, soluble fiber, vitamin-K, vitamin-C, copper, phenolics , inulin, Coumarins, tannins, manganese, folate, thiamine, monomeric flavonoids, sesquiterpene riboflavin, magnesium and iron. lactones and beta carotene. It also contains saponins, Coumarins, flavonoids, phytosterols , C) Uses :- The roots are used as phytoestrogens and alkaloids. A coffee substitute and additive. C) Uses :- It is used as Hypo cholestremic Diuretic They are mixed in Indian filter coffee. Anti hypertensive Galactogouge. Used in high blood pressure, heart Anti arthritic Anti diabetic. failure, loss of appetite, stomach upset, To treat kidney stones Antioxidant constipation, cancer, liver and gall To relieve menopausal symptom bladder disorders, inflammation and hepatic toxicity 3) Ginger A) Source :- It is the dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, belonging to the Family: Zingiberaceae. B) Chemical constituents :- It contains volatile oils, minerals, resins. Ginger oil contains zingiberine, bisaboline, Farnesene, sesquiphellandrene and curcumene. Resins contain phenolic ketones such as Gingerols, shogaols, zingerone and other compounds. C) Uses :- Ginger is used as :- Stomachic , Aromatic , Carminative, Stimulant, Flavouring agent , In ginger beverages , Adsorbent of toxins from GIT, To control parasitic infections.  4) Fenugreek A) Source :- It consists of seeds of the plant Trigonella foenum- graecum, belonging to the Family:- Leguminosae. B) Chemical constituents :- It contains alkaloids (Gentiamine, Trigonelline), flavonoids, coumarins, proteins, amine acids and steroidal saponins. C) Uses :- It is used as Demulcent , Laxative, Nutritive, Expectorant. Used in the treatment of anorexia, dyspepsia, gastritis, diabetes and high cholesterol 5) Garlic A) Source :- It consists of dried bulbs of Allium sativum, belonging to the Family: Liliaceae. B) Chemical constituents :- Garlic contains, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, mucilage, volatile oils and minerals. The volatile oil contain allin, allicin, allyl propyl disulfide, diallyl disulfide. Minerals contain phosphorous, iron and copper. C) Uses:- It is used as :- Carminative, Aphrodisiac , Expectorant, Stimulant. Disinfectant, Anthilmintic, Antibacterial , Antihypertensive 6) Honey A) Source :- Honey is a sugar like secretion deposited in honey comb by the bees Apis mellifera, Apis dorsata and other species of Apis, belonging to the Family: Apidae B) Chemical constituents :- Honey is an aqueous solution containing 35% glucose, 45% fructose and 2% sucrose. C) Uses:- It is used as demulcent, sweetening agent, nutrient, antiseptic and expectorant.  7) Amla A) Source:- It consists of fruits of the plant Emblica officinalis and Phyllanthus emblica, belonging to the Family: Euphorbiaceae. B) Chemical constituents :- It contains Vitamin-C (ascorbic acid), calcium, iron and phosphorous. C) Uses :- It is used as Diuretic, Laxative. Used in the treatment of Anaemia, Diarrhoea, Jaundice Fruits are used to prepare shampoos and hair oils. 8) Ginseng A) Source :- It consists of roots of the plant Panax ginseng and other species of Panax, belonging to the Family: Araliaceae. B) Chemical constituents :- Ginseng contains saponins, glycosides, volatile oils, sterols, polysaccharides, minerals , pantothenic acid and biotin. C) Uses :- It is used as Adaptogenic. It relieves stress and fatigue. Used in hypertension, diabetes, psychogenic impotence and child psychiatric disorders. 9) Ashwagandha A) Source:- It consists of dried roots and stem bases of the plant Withania somnifera, belonging to the Family: Solanaceae B)Chemical constituents :- It contains alkaloids and steroidal lactones. Alkaloids contain withanine, somniferine, somnine, tropine, two acyl steryl glucosides sitoindosine-7 and sitoindosine-8. C) Uses :- Used as Sedative Hypnotic. Hypotensive. Respiratory stimulant. Immunomodulatory agent. Anti stress agent. Anti arthritic. 10) Spirulina A) Source :- It is blue green algae obtained from Spirulina maxima or Spirulina platensis, belonging to the Family: Oscillatoriaceae. B) Chemical constituents :- It contains 50-70% proteins, 5-6% lipids. Lipids contain essential fatty acids like linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid. It also contains glycolipids and sulfolipids,. It contains iron and an enzyme superoxide dimutase which has free radical scavenging effects and help full in atherosclerosis, arthritis, diabetes, cataract, stress and aging. C) Uses :- Used as appetite stimulant, Hypocholestremic, Antiviral, Anticancer Immune stimulant. Q. 16) Herb - Drug & Herb - Food Interaction Ans:- I) Drug Interaction Drug interaction is a reaction between two or more drugs or between a drug and a food, beverage or supplement inside the body. A drug interaction can make the drug less effective, increased activity or cause unwanted side effects. ii) Types of drug interactions A) Drug-drug interactions B) Drug-food interactions C) Drug-disease interactions A) Drug – drug interactions These are the most common type of drug interaction. More the medications administered, greater is the chance of drugs interacting with each other. One drug may potentiate the activity of another or inhibit its activity or serious unexpected side effects may occur. Example :- vicodin a pain killer when taken along with sedating antihistamine drug, Benadryl Produce an additive effect of drowsiness. B) Drug-food interactions This is another type of drug interaction where drugs interact with food/beverages and can produce various side effects. Example:- grape juice reduces the enzyme activity in liver which are responsible for metabolising drugs thus resulting in increased blood levels of certain drugs such as cholesterol lowering drugs (statins), this leads to toxic effects of the drug such as muscle pain and muscle injury. C) Drug-disease interaction Sometimes drugs also interact with certain diseases where the disease alter the way a drug works. Example :- oral decongestants like pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine may increase the blood pressure and can be dangerous in patients having hypertension. Q. 17) Common Herbs and their interactions Ans:- 1) Garlic Garlic is used in various conditions like to lower blood sugar levels, reduce menstrual pain, lowering blood cholesterol levels and decrease blood pressure. Garlic does not interact with drugs at normal recommended doses, however exposure to concentrated garlic extracts for prolonged periods is reported to interact with several drugs. Garlic is reported to reduce the efficacy of drugs whose distribution is dependent on efflux transporter mechanism. Garlic is reported to affect the blood clotting, hence should be avoided in patients taking blood thinning agents like aspirin and warfarin. 2) Ephedra (Ephedra gerardiana) Ephedra is used to treat allergies, high fever, and respiratory tract conditions like bronchospasm, asthma and bronchitis. Ephedra may reduce the effectiveness of antihypertensive and could rise the blood pressure. Ephedra contains ephedrine which is a potent drug and stimulates heart, lungs and nervous system. Overdose or improper use of ephedra results in various effects like high blood pressure, heart attack, muscle disorders, seizures, stroke, loss of consciousness and death. 3) Kava-kava (Piper methysticum) It is an herb that has antianxiety, pain relieving, muscle relaxing and anticonvulsant effects. Kava should not be taken with drugs which act on nervous system such as barbiturates, antidepressants, antipsychotics and alcohol It is reported that concomitant use of kava with central nervous system depressants can increase the risk of drowsiness and motor reflex depression. Kava has also reported to produce hepatotoxic effects when taken with some drugs 4) Ginkgo biloba (Maiden hair tree) Ginkgo has been used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer,s dementia, Parkinsons disease and to enhance the memory capabilities. Ginkgo is reported to decrease the antiviral effects of drugs used in HIV such as efavirenz or Indinavir. Ginkgo can also alter the actions of drugs metabolized through liver such as omeprazole, fluvastatin and donepezil. 5) Ginseng (Panax ginseng) Ginseng is used to improve the body's resistance to stress, boost the immune system, and improve the sense of well being and stamina. It is also used to improve physical and mental performance and treat erectly dysfunction, hepatitis C, symptoms related to menopause, lowering of blood glucose and controlling blood pressure. Ginseng decreases the effectiveness of warfarin (blood thinner) and increase the risk of clotting hence it should be avoided while taking anticoagulants. Ginseng is reported to induce the activity of enzyme cytochrome P3A, in the liver which metabolises various drugs resulting in their decreased activity and faster excretion from the body. 6) Pepper (Piper nigrum) Black pepper contains piperine as the chief active constituent. It is used as spices as well as carminative and to treat arthritis, asthma, stomach upset and sinus infection. Black pepper might increase the risk of bleeding when mixed with anticoagulants or blood thinning drugs like aspirin, clopidogrel, heparin and warfarin. Piperine is reported to inhibit various cytochrome enzymes, resulting in increased blood level of certain drugs like carbamazepine, midazolam, diclofenac, phenytoin and warfarin. Q. 18 ) WHO Guideline For the purpose of these guidelines “Herbal medicine” should be regarded as: Finished, labelled medicinal products that, contain as active ingredient aerial or underground parts of plants, or other plant material or combinations thereof, whether in the crude state or as plant preparations. Plant material include juices, gums, fatty oils, essential oils and any other substances of this nature Herbal medicines may contain excipients in addition to the active ingredients. Medicines containing plant material combined with chemically defined, isolated constituents of plants, are not considered to be herbal medicine. Exceptionally, in some countries herbal medicines may also contain, by tradition, natural organic or inorganic active ingredients which are not of plant origin. The past decade has seen a significant increase in the use of herbal medicines As a result of WHO’s promotion of traditional medicines, countries have been seeking the assistance of WHO in identifying safe and effective herbal medicines for use in national health care system. In both developed and developing countries, consumers and health care providers need to be supplied with up-to-date and authoritative information on the beneficial properties and possible harm full effects of all herbal medicines. All the Herbal based industries should meet specification and requirements of herbal drugs and formulations as per the WHO guidelines to attain the quality, safety and efficacy. Q 19) Write a Detail note on herbal cosmetics And antioxidant Ans- A) Herbal Cosmetics The herbal cosmetics are the preparations containing phytochemical from a variety of botanical sources, which influences the functions of skin and provide nutrients necessary for the healthy skin or hair I) Types of herbal Cosmetics 1) Skin Care :- Skin is constantly exposed to dirt, microbes, irritants, radiations and toxins which can affect the skin in many ways. Hence to protect the skin, cleanse it and restore the tone, soothen it and prevent tanning, wrinkle and scar formation a) Skin cleansers:- Eg: milk, cucumber, citrus peels, aloe. b) Moisturizers:- Eg: aloe-vera, neem, almond oil, rose. c) Nourishers:- Eg: honey, carrot, peach, wheat germ oil. d) Antiseptics:- Eg: neem, turmeric, tulsi, lavender oil. 2) Hair Care :- Hair complexion, colour and style play an important role in people's physical appearance. Hair care preparations are applied topically to the scalp and hair. These contain ingredients which either clean, condition or nourish the hair or prevent dandruff formation.  a) Detergents: Eg: soap nut, shikekai, reetha b) Conditioners: Eg: henna, amla, hibiscus, rosemary, tea. c) Nourishers: Eg: brahmi, bringraj, eggs, coconut oil, sesame oil. d) Hair colorants: Eg: henna. II) Raw materials use in herbal cosmetics There are many herbs available naturally having different application in cosmetics preparation for skincare, hair care and as antioxidant 1) Oils :- almonds oil, arachis oil, coconut oil, castor oil 2) Waxes:- Beeswax, carnuaba wax , spermaceti 3) Gums :- Xanthan gum, gum Acacia, 4) Colour :- cochineal, saffron, henna, chlorophyll 5) Perfume :- Rose oil, Eucalyptus oil B) Antioxidant Antioxidants very useful active ingredients for the manufacturing of cosmetics. Generally, antioxidants interrupt oxidation reactions and prevent the effects of oxygen radicals (e.g. peroxides) both processes known to damage the integrity and function of various natural substances. I) Some of the common antioxidant used in cosmetics preparation are as follows Amines – Purins and lecithin. Phenols – Gallic acid, Methyl gallate. Quinones – Tocopherols, Hydroxy chromans. Alcohols – Sorbitol and Mannitol. Esters – Di-lauryl thiopropionate. Organic Acids – Ascorbic acid. - The most commonly use antioxidant is Vitamin C , lycopene, resveratrol, anthocyanins Q. 20) Explain in details Herbal Excipients Ans:- I) Herbal Excipients Excipients are any component other than the active substance intentionally added to formulation of a dosage form. This article gives an overview of herbal excipients which are used in conventional dosage forms as well as novel drug delivery systems. II) Classification of Excipients and their examples 1) Binder :- Acacia, corn starch, alginate, polymer 2) Diluent :- plant cellulose, gelatine, lactose, sucrose, 3) Colorants :- Caramel, turmeric 4) preservative :- clove oil, Cumin seeds, neem oil 5) Antioxidant :- clove oil, turmeric 6) sweetening agent :- glucose, lactose, honey 7) flavouring agent :- ginger, raspberry, lemon 8) solvent :- purified water, oil 9) Emulsifying agent :- acacia gum, gum ghatti 10) Chelating agent :- onions, garlics, chlorella 1) Binder Binders are the Excipients which are used to bind or hold all ingredients used in formulation of the dosage Example :- i) Gelatine a) Source: It is a protein obtained by partial hydrolysis of animal connective tissues like bones, skin, tendons and ligaments. b) Chemical constituents: Gelatin chemically contains amino acids like glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, proline, argginine, aspartic acid, leucine, c) Uses: It is used as binding agent, thickening agent, emulsifying agent, in the manufacture of capsules. 2) Diluent :- Diluent also known as filter are used in pharmaceutical tablet to increase their weight and to improve content uniformity Example :- i) Mannitol a) Source: It is a saccharine exudation from the stems of Fraxinus ornus, belonging to the Family: Oleaceae. It is a white, crystalline, odourless, non hygroscopic sweet powder. It is freely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. b) Uses: Used as a sweetening agent and diluent. 3) Colorants Colouring agent come under the category of Organoleptic agent, colorants can be used for many purposes including printing, painting and for colouring many types of material such as food and plastic Example :- Henna a) Source : it obtained From dried roots of rhizomes of curcuma longa Family :- Zingiberaceae b) Chemical Constituents :-Henna contains lawsone as its chief constituent, other constituents include phenols, coumarins, flavonoids and tannins. c) Uses: Used as a colouring agent. Q. 21) Write short Note on Herbal 3) Converting of mixing ingredients Tablets into granules Ans :- The mixed ingredients can be I) Herbal Tablets converted into granules by following methods Tablets are solid dosage form made up of herbal extract i) Moist granulation method granule is blended with excipients ii) Dry granulation method compressed to form a defined size iii) Granulation by direct & shape. compression II) Preparation methods of 4) Compression of granules into Herbal Tablets tablets. formation of herbal tablets by 1) Weighing of ingredients applying compression force on 2) Mixing the powdered granules ingredients and excipients 3) Converting of mixing 5) Coating of tablets ingredients into granules It is carried out by using pan 4) Compression of granules coating method. Or press coating into tablets. 5) Coating of tablets 6) Evaluation of Tablets 6) Evaluation of tablets a) Pre-compression: Bulk density, tapped density, 1) weighing Of ingredient housner's ratio, carr's index, angle of weigh all the ingredient as per repose. formula use Digital weighing Balance b) Post compression; 2) Mixing the powdered ingredients Hardness, thickness, friability, and Excipients weight variation, content Mixing of all herbal powder uniformity, disintegration time ingredient by using rotary mixer Q. 22) Herbal syrup Q. 23) Phytosomes Ans:- I) Herbal syrup Ans:- I) Phytosomes a viscous concentrated solution of a The word "phyto" means plant and sugar, such as sucrose, in water or other "some" means cell. aqueous liquid; combined with other Phytosomes is complex made up of ingredients, such a solution is used as a natural active ingredients or drug and flavoured vehicle for medications. phospholipid II) Advantage of syrup II) preparation of Phytosomes by Rotary Mask bad taste of the drug. evaporation techniques Has sweet taste so generally used for The specific amount of drug and soya pediatric formulations. lecithin were dissolved in 30 ml of THF Has soothing effect on irritated tissues In rotary round bottom flask due to its viscous nature. followed by stirring for 3 hours at a III) Preparation of Syrup temperature not exceeding 40°C. syrup are prepared by different method Thin film of the sample was obtained to and the choice of method depends upon which n-hexane was added and the physical and chemical properties of continuously stirred using a magnetic the substance to be dissolved into the stirrer. syrup The precipitate obtained was collected, placed in amber coloured glass a) Solution with heating: bottle and stored at room temperature. This method is used when the constituent III) Advantages of Phytosomes is non-volatile and heat stable. The a) Deliver the herbal drug at sucrose is added to the purified water predetermined rate and heated until solution is formed, then b) Delivers the drug at the site of action it is strained and sufficient purified water c) Minimizes the toxic effects is added to make the desired weight or d) Increases the bioavailability of drugs volume. e) Small dose can produce desired results b) Agitation without heating: f) Have better stability profile This process is used in case of heat labile IV) Evaluation Of Phytosomes and volatile constituents. Glass-lined Evaluation of phytosomes is done by tanks with mechanical agitators, following parameters especially adapted for dissolving of a) Determination of \% yield sucrose are used for making syrups in b) Determination of particle size large quantities. During manufacturing, c) Determination of entrapment packaging, storage and distribution of efficiency syrups suitable measures are taken to d) Determination of drug content ensure their microbial quality. e) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) Q. 24) Stability testing of herbal drugs Ans:- I) Stability testing of herbal drugs Stability testing of herbal products is a complicated issue because the entire herb or herbal product is regarded as the active substance, regardless of whether constituents with defined therapeutic activity are known The stability testing of herbal products check the quality of herbal products which varies with the time under the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature, humidity, light, oxygen, moisture, other ingredient or excipient in the dosage form, particle size of drug, microbial contamination, trace metal contamination, leaching from the container, etc. and also provide statistics for the determination of shelf lives Therefore evaluation of the parameters based upon chemical, physical, microbiological, therapeutic and toxicological studies can serve as an important tool in stability studies. II) Importance of Stability texting 1) Shelf-Life Determination: The quality of a pharmaceutical product varies with time under temperature, humidity and light intensity. Storage Condition Recommendation: Different products require different 2) Storage conditions :-. In the stability testing lab, storage conditions and changes in the substances are recorded. As per the stability study, the storage condition is recommended for a particular product. 3) Elimination of Impurities: In stability testing, each ingredient has been analysed under various environmental factors. So, it becomes easy to identify and eliminate any impurities that may be formed during the shelf life of the product. Q. 25) case study of Turmeric (Curcuma) and Neem I) Turmeric patent Turmeric is a tropical herb grown in an eastern parts of India and is commonly known as grandmother's medicine Turmeric powder is widely used in India as a medicine, a food ingredient and as a dye. In 1995, the United States awarded patent on turmeric to University of Mississippi Medical Center for wound healing property. The claimed subject was the use of "turmeric powder and its administration", both orally as well as topically, for wound healing. A special right has been granted to sell and distribute. The Indian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) had objected to the patent granted and provided documented evidences of the prior use of turmeric to USPTO. It was a well known fact that the use of turmeric was familiar in household since ages in India Therefore the traditional knowledge that belong to India protected in turmeric case II) Neem patent The patent for Neem was first filed by W.R. Grace, Department of Agriculture, USA in European Patent Office (EPO). A legal opposition has been filed by India against the grant of the patent. The legal opposition to this patent was lodged by the New Delhi-based Research Foundation for Science, Technology and Ecology (RFSTE), in co- operation with the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) and Magda Aelvoet, former green Member of the European Parliament (MEP). According to India’s claim, it was stated that Neem is an indigenous product and it is still in practice as a form of traditional knowledge in India. A group of individuals and several NGO’s initiated the Neem campaign and this was done to mobilize the worldwide people for support and to protect the traditional knowledge systems and also to protect Indian traditional products from Biopiracy. The European Patent Office recognized the lack of originality, innovative step and hence revoked the patent. Q. 26 ) Write note on Farmers right, Breeders right and Biopiracy Ans :- A) Farmers Right Farmers Right to register traditional varieties Developed by farmers Farmers Right on seed – have right to use , save , exchange , share and sell seeds Farmers Right for benefit sharing of new variety developed by farmers Farmers Right to get compensation for loss cause by registered variety Farmers Right for seeds of registered varieties Farmers Right for receiving free service like registration fee, test fee, etc. Farmers Right for protection against innocent violation B) Breeders Right also known as plant breeders right (PBR) Designed to protect new plant varieties Breeder of new variety of plant which gives exclusive rights to control propagating material i.e. seed, cutting , division , tissue culture, etc according to this right.... anyone who creates novel plant variety can obtain exclusive rights breeders can become an exclusive marketer on variety to get exclusive rights , variety must be new, distinct and uniform. C) Biopiracy Words “bio” and “piracy”, Biopiracy means “the patenting of life.” Genetic materials from plants, animals, and other biological resources that have long been identified and developed, are being “owned by companies and manufacturers through patents. In Short, Collection of genetic materials are usually taken without prior consent. Q. 27) Constitution of DTAB 1) The Director General of Health Services, ex officio, who shall be Chairman 2) The Drugs Controller, India ex officio 3) The Director of the Central Drugs Laboratory, Calcutta, ex-officio 4) The Director of the Central Research Institute, Kasauli, ex-officio 5) The Director of the Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, ex- officio 6) The President of the Medical Council of India, ex-officio 7) The President of the Pharmacy Council of India, ex-officio 8) The Director of the Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, ex-officio 9) Two persons to be nominated by the Central Government among persons who are in charge of drugs control in the States Q. 28) Herbal products Industry 1. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 2. Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, Karnataka 3. Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra 4. National Research Centre on Meat, Boddupal, Hyderabad 5. National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 6. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi 7. Forest Research Institute (FRI), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 8. Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 9. Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 10. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana Q. 28) Good manufacturing practice ( GMP ) ( Schedule T) I) Good Manufacturing Practices GMP (Good manufacturing practices) is a part of a quality system covering governing the manufacture and testing of pharmaceutical dosage forms or drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredient , diagnostics , food, pharmaceutical products and medical device. II) Components 1) Quality management 2) Quality Assurance 3) Quality control 4) Equipment 5) Documentation 6) Material 7) Premises 8) Holding and Distribution 9) Personal , training and personal Hygiene 10)Contract production and Analysis 11)Qualifications and validation 12)Complaints and products recall 13)Good manufacturing practice (GMP) for medicinal products 14) Sanitation and Hygiene III) The basic requirements of GMPs are that… 1) All manufacturing processes are clearly defined, systematically reviewed in the light of experience and shown to be capable of consistency manufacturing pharmaceutical products of the required quality that comply with their specifications 2) Qualifications and validation are performed 3) All necessary resources are provided 4) Instructions and procedures are written in clear and unambiguous language specifically applicable to the facilities provided  5) Operators are trained to carry out procedure correctly 6) Complaints about marketed products are examined the causes of quality defects investigated and appropriate measure taken in respect of the defective products to prevent recurrence. IV) Objectives of GMP….. i To ensure that raw materials used in the manufacture of drugs should be authentic, of prescribed quality and should be free from contamination ii The adopt adequate quality control measure. iii To maintain quality of the manufacture drug which is realised for sale V) Schedule T Factory promises The manufacturing plant should have adequate space for:- 1) Receiving and storing raw materials 2) Manufacturing process areas 3) Quality control section 4) Finished good store 5) Offices 6) Rejected goods/ drugs store VI) General Requirements 1) Location and surrounding 2) Building 3) Water supply 4) Disposal of waste 5) Containers cleaning 6) Raw materials 7) Packaging materials 8) Finished goods stores 9) Working space 10) Machinery and Equipment 11) Medical services Q. 29 ) Definition 1) Pesticides:- …A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants Or to animals. 2) Probiotics:- …Probiotics are live micro-organisms that are intended to have health benefit when Consumed or applied to the body. 3) Nutraceuticals :-… Nutraceuticals are a group of products that are more than food but less than Pharmaceuticals 4) Herbal Cosmetics :- … The beauty products which are made up From herbal ingredients and use for skin healing, smoothening, appearance, such products are known as Herbal cosmetics. 5) Phytosomes … The word “phyto” means plant and “some” means cell. Phytosomes is complex made up of natural active ingredients or drug and phospholipid 6) Herbaltablet :…it is a solid dosage form made up from Herbal ingredients and Excipients which are compressed to get well shape and size 7) Herbal syrup : Herbal syrup is defined as Concentrated Solutions of sugar in water Containing medicinal plant extract 8) Patent:- patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention to protect invention from others by marking making, selling, using and importing product or process. 9) farmer’s Rights : farmer’s Rights are, customary rights of Farmers to save use, exchange and sell Farm-saved Seed and propagating material. 10) Breeders Right :- Also known as Plants Variety rights The rights granted to the breeder of new variety of plant that gives the breeder exclusive control over propagating materials like, seeds cutting, division tissue, culture etc. 11) Biopiracy :- Biopiracy term is refer as use of bio-resources by multinational companies and other organisations without proper authorisation from the countries and people concerned without compensatory payment. 12) Authentication :- Authentication is the process or action of proving or showing something to be true, genuine, or valid 13) Herbal Excipients:- Herbal excipients can be defined as non-active ingredient that are mixed with therapeutically active compounds in the formulations of various dosage forms obtained from herbs / natural origin. 14) Herb drug interactions :- A drug interactions is a change in the action or side effects of a drug caused by concomitant administration with a food, beverage, supplement, another drug. 15) Prebiotics:- Specialized plant fiber that acts as food for the good bacteria. This stimulates growth among the pre-existing good bacteria. 16) Pest :- A destructive insect or other animal that attacks crops, food, livestock, etc. Such insects or animals are known as pest 17) Biopesticides. :- The term Biopesticides defines as compounds that are used to manage agricultural pests by means of specific biological effects rather than as broader chemical pesticides.