Health - Test 2 Review PDF (University of Waterloo)

lOMoARcPSD|47364694 Health - Test #2 Review Applied Health Science (University of Waterloo) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected]) ...

lOMoARcPSD|47364694 Health - Test #2 Review Applied Health Science (University of Waterloo) Scan to open on Studocu Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47364694 HEALTH - Test #2 Review LECTURE 6: SOCIAL CLASS social class: represents any important means of expressing distinctions within society ○ weber suggested that people can be grouped into a specific social class when there are similarities in the ability to access resources ○ people occupying the same relative economic rank in a stratified social system poverty: denotes a lack of something/absence of access to something essential (material/service) ○ absolute poverty: when people are not receiving enough resources to support/maintain their physical health overtime ○ relative poverty: refers to the social context/can vary over time and place/standard of living compared to economic standards of living within the same surroundings measure of low income/poverty in Canada ○ low income cut off (LICO): takes into account area, but generally marks income level based of how people spend most of their income (food, shelter, clothes) ○ market basket approach: estimates the cost of a specific “basket” of goods + services that are required to reach a minimum standard of living causes of poverty ○ individual/pathological: beahviour, choices, abilities ○ familial: family history/upbringiing ○ agency: war, gov, economy ○ structural: not having access to power + resources in society poverty on leisure + well-being ○ spheres of wellness (7) → refer to HLTH ○ can create social exclusion + marginalization → limited opportunities to participate in leisure activities in mainstrea society theory of the leisure class (Veblan) ○ upper class could truly have leisure ○ lower class sought to copy the upper class by doing upper class leisure activities to gain status conspicuous consumption: deliberate consumption of good/seryvices as a way to draw others attention conspicuous leisure: engaging in leisure activities that suggest wealth + status reality of sport: ○ egalitarian: everyone is interested in sport + sport ignores social class, racism ○ meritocratic: person with talent, regardless of social background can succeed ○ reality: sport contributes to existing structures of social stratification + inequality social inequality: members of a social group have different amounts of wealth, power, Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47364694 prestige. social stratification: hierarchially ranked attributes within the group ○ structural functionalism: social inequality + stratification ensure efficient social processes (to achieve) ○ conflict theory: capitalism results in social inequality + exploitation (ppl with power + prestige resist change) participation ○ highest rates of sport participation + attendance = members of high income + education + occupational groups ○ children from low income households are more likely to engage in: physical contact sports, sports requiring little equipment, publicly funded sports ○ exclusive facilities vs public facilities (differences in skill) spectatorship ○ three types: attendance at live event, watch + listen on TV/radio + fantasy sport involvement ○ high education + income → educated + high income ○ ticket price → seating location (poor people are unable to attend) ○ prole sports lower income speed/excitement in contrast to repetitive pain labour → machines represent liberation + rebellion ○ pseudosports WWE → emphasis on strength, power, violence physical + emotional involvement in drama social mobility: movements of individuals from one social location in class system to another ○ intragenerational mobility: mobility within one’s lifetime ○ intergenerational mobility: mobility of children relative to parents ○ sport as a “mobility escalator” sport allows individuals from low SES backgrounds to become wealthy + famous (seen in boxing, UFC, soccer and not in upper class sports) sport usually encourages young athletes to remain in school ○ research shows that high school athletes have better grades than non-athletes ○ problems with the connection between sport + good grades: successful athletes may have qualities that produce academic success selection factor: coaches don’t deal with lower academic students usually athletes are required to have minimum GPA family background + social class results in higher academic + athletics performance Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47364694 ○ college athletes have high occupational prestige than parents/family limited potential of sport (myths): ○ sport provides free college education ○ sports lead to a college degree, yet fewer than half of college athletes graduate with a degree ○ professional careers is likely for successful athletes, but few make it ○ sport is a way out of poverty, especially for racial minorities ○ title IX provides women with opportunities for upward mobility ○ professional sport careers provide lifelong security LECTURE 7: INCLUSIVITY + DIVERSE GROUPS difference: historically as a basis for exclusion exclusion: accomplished through laws, policies, practices ○ efforts to be inclusive can be opposed by power + privilege equality: “sameness” ○ only works if everyone starts from the same place equity: “fairness” ○ giving everyone access to the same oppurtunities ○ must first ensure equity so we can all enjoy the same thing equally universal design: consideration of access for all has been considered in the design ○ systemic barriers are removed social model of disability ○ impairment ex. visual impairment → glasses impairment needs to be tied to some sort of outcome ○ disability results when env/social structures don’t support that person to support that outcome ex. visual impairment, but not affording glasses ○ disability is situation → impact of societal expectations (organizations, structures, systems) age + wellbeing ○ infancy: babies + kids more susceptible to sickness + death poor mothers give birth to undersized babies increases moms education, decreased mortality rate male youth more likely to suffer injuries from risk taking ○ elderly: go to doctors more often → hospitalizations, more meds (can be inappropriate) Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47364694 1+ million Canadians with dementia many elderly self-report excellent/good health gender + health ○ genetic superiority of women ○ stereotyped machismo masculinities (exaggerated masculinities) ○ higher rates of cigarette smoking among men ○ men are more prevalent in industry workforce ○ more alcohol consumption among men marital status + health ○ marrier ppl tend to be healthier + live linger lives (divorce rates in Canada are increased) ○ marriage offers men particular protection from illness ○ loneliness linked to ill health ○ unhappy marriages can negatively impact health (high BP + HR + cortisol levels) immigration + health ○ healthy immigrant effect: immigrants in good health when arrived in Canada (process of planning + executing move needs intelligence, skill, energy, money, overall well-being) favours the young + educated → immigrants screened for various diseases ○ overtime, health deteriorates for immigrants ○ immigrants less likely to recieve screening for ealy cancers, hospitalizations, get referrals ○ poor in new country → academic credentials + work qualifications are not readily accepted, discrimination is experiences ○ unemployment rates are 3x higher for university educated immigrants race + health ○ poor, homeless, inadequae housing, discrimination + barrier to healthcare ○ economic + social deprivation ○ toxic substances + hazardous conditions ○ targeted marketing of unhealthy products ○ inadequate + degrading medical care provision LECTURE 8: SOCIOLOGY OF OBESITY why is there a global increase of obesity? ○ nutrition transition following economic globalization ○ western diet practices adopted elsewhere ○ western based companies operating globally capitalism: economic activity of generate profit ○ minimize cost production + maximize consumption Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47364694 capitalism + food consumption ○ role of state: foster public good → economic growth + wellbeing of citizens capitalism + obesity ○ culture of accumulation → getting things, consumer culture ○ advertising → marketing creates this need to create a false narrative ○ consumer culture consider the presence/absence of “healthy” choices + alternatives physical activities poverty + obesity ○ low income areas increase the rate of obesity ○ less healthy food sources (ex. only convenience stores) ○ increased marketing for health food individualism ○ “american dream” → emphasis on individualism + personal attainment to get ahead obesity is blaming the individual BMI ○ how we conceptualize fitness → BMI does not take into account body composition ○ obesity = decreased physical activity + increased caloric intake ○ fitness → similar mortality rate, regardless of BMI ○ weight shaming can lead to cardiovascular conditions social definitions of obesity ○ obesity if stigmatized as seriously as other medical conditions ○ weight loss transformations did not fulfill obese ppl’s expectations about new selves disappointed by rxns of significant others to their new identities ○ obesity → medicalization + weight loss surgery → commercialized thin identities as a medical product LECTURE 9: SOCIOLOGY OF FITNESS cosmetics: preparation (powder/cream) designed to beautify the body by direct application → cover a deficiency/defect cosmetic fitness: working out for the purpose of looking fit (enhances self esteem + build confidence) fitness + gender ○ gender ideology is typically based in a binary classification between 2 mutually exclusive categories (female + male) Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47364694 ○ encourages that categories to be perceived in terms of difference (opposites) ○ some fitness activities are either masculine or feminine ○ masculine women → lesbian, skinnier men → gay feminine identities + social dictates ○ physical acitivits involves standardizes norms for belonging to a certain gender ○ body as a consumer good + social media attracting/being attractive ○ looking after the body → search for estheticism ○ those who practice fitness are interested in body image ○ related to influence of media + game of attraction: how we are perceived by their social groups ○ a way to construct the ideal body identity ○ fitness = taking care of bodies for ourselves + others ○ the way others see us impact how we evaluate ourselves looking glass self ○ what others think about me; how should I present myself to be judged +ively and avoid stigmatization ○ our awareness of ourselves is the reflection of the ideas + opinions we imagine others have of us ○ construction of the self under judgement of others is a subjective process → based on interpretation of what we think others think of us ○ can be +ive/-ive body → anxiety ○ presentation = moral value ○ appearance subjects us to others who place us in a defined social category ○ fear of not conforming and not satisfying the judgement of others ○ particularly women are meant to satisfy attraction norms ○ body is the basis on which judgements are founded can cause anguish + fear ○ fear of judgement occupies a primary place in out relationship with our own body bodily capital: explains why ppl invest time, money, and energy into their bodies, and what they expect to recieve in return ○ ex. cosmetic surgery, makeovers, dieting ○ youth attach a great significance to their bodies/appearances good-looking bodies → self worth + wellbeing → inclusion/exclusion of social groups ○ capital economic: get paid Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47364694 cultural: knowledge + expertise about working on the body social: making social relationships + societal expectations symbolic: every kinds of capital becomes explicit → recognition LECTURE 10: MEN’S HEALTH why talk gender + health ○ men have.. shorter LE, access health services less frequently higher mortality rates of leading causes of death → heart disease, cancer, stroke, COPD, unintentional injuries, suicide ○ out risk of developing certain diseases is impacted by gender + lifestyle choices manhood: state of being a man ○ ideals of manhood change over the lifespan, but the need to prove manhood is present masculinity: ideals + behaviours that one can perform to reach manhood ○ hegemonic masculinity: masculinity that is specific to a time, place, culture, age of individual manhood + masculinity ○ can be demonstrated through educational attainment, SES, social class status ○ if avenues aren’t available (often case of racialized groups) → psychological/physiological stress → increased risk of chronic disease + death ○ changes throughout lifespan young adult → sexual prowess, strength middle age → family man + provider older adult → grandparent ○ models critical period model: sensitive periods across lifespan are major influencers of diseases risk pathway model: life events build on each other → +ively/-ively affect health + notions of manhood + masculinity cumulative effects model: adverse events cluster (#, duration, different phases) of men’s lives has a cumulative effect on health overtime Movember ○ global leader in funding prostate cancer research ○ it focuses on the experience of the individual rather than the collective (is a collective benefit, but more individuality) ○ typical treatments → erectile dysfunction → -ive effect on manhood + masculinity ○ either: Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected])  lOMoARcPSD|47364694 keep sense of masculinity → don’t treat → death undergo treatment + either reliquish/redefine their masculinity ○ affirmation of individuality, biological marker of manhood, signals pride + personal appearance, symbol of the modem male before the Mo broes ○ “war on cancer” → 1971 early focus was eliminating cancer + cancer morbidity → current focus on early detection + prevention ○ dog tags determination, courage, loyalty further encourages denial + avoidance ○ reef knot strength, courage, unity health promotion: process of enabling ppl to increase control over + improve their health ○ action areas: policy: protects health + easier to make healthy choices (ex. wearing seatbelts, HR) creating supportive env: increase ability to make health promoting choices (ex. walking, less junk food advertising) community action: ex. community marathons, kitchens, organizations personal skills: info, education + enhancing lifeskills (online courses, classes) reoriented health services (education) ○ strategies: advocate: obtain political commitment + policy support mediate: reconcile to protect health (community) enable: partnership with individuals ○ movember building a sense of community → decreased stigma + changes in individual behaviou Downloaded by Nz man ([email protected])