Health Test #2 Review
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Questions and Answers

What does structural functionalism suggest about social inequality?

  • It is a necessary evil that must be eliminated.
  • It results from the exploitation of lower classes.
  • It plays a critical role in ensuring efficient social processes. (correct)
  • It does not influence sport participation rates.

Which type of sports participation is more likely for children from low-income households?

  • Sports that require memberships to private clubs.
  • Physical contact sports and publicly funded sports. (correct)
  • High-endurance team sports requiring expensive gear.
  • Individual sports like golf and tennis.

What type of social mobility refers to a change in social status within an individual's lifetime?

  • Structural mobility.
  • Career mobility.
  • Intergenerational mobility.
  • Intragenerational mobility. (correct)

Which factor is commonly attributed to college athletes achieving higher occupational prestige than their parents?

<p>Participation in sports creating networking opportunities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the relationship between sports and college education?

<p>All athletes receive a free college education. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the social model of disability?

<p>Understanding societal barriers that exclude individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term signifies the concept of fairness in resource distribution and opportunities?

<p>Equity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pseudosports' refer to in the context of spectatorship?

<p>Entertainment forms emphasizing drama and wrestling. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT a determinant of sport participation rates?

<p>Availability of leisure time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor contributing to the concept of disability?

<p>Environmental and social structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of universal design aim to achieve in society?

<p>Ensuring equal access by removing systemic barriers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does age affect well-being in infants?

<p>Infants have a higher risk of maternal health issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between marital status and health outcomes?

<p>Marriage tends to improve health and longevity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the 'healthy immigrant effect'?

<p>Immigrants in Canada are usually in better health upon arrival. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do elderly individuals experience higher hospitalization rates?

<p>They require more medical attention and medications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes significantly to health disparities among racial groups?

<p>Socioeconomic status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue faced by immigrants regarding healthcare?

<p>Less access to screenings for early cancers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What health behavior is more prevalent among men compared to women?

<p>Increased smoking rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the situation where individuals do not receive enough resources to maintain their physical health over time?

<p>Absolute poverty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the low income cut off (LICO) measure in Canada?

<p>Income level based on essential spending (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of poverty?

<p>Meritocracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept refers to the engagement in leisure activities that suggest wealth and status?

<p>Conspicuous leisure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory suggests that upper-class individuals can genuinely engage in leisure due to their economic status?

<p>Theory of the leisure class (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are spheres of wellness associated with the impacts of poverty on leisure and well-being?

<p>Seven (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the deliberate consumption of goods as a means to attract attention?

<p>Conspicuous consumption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the effect of sport on social stratification?

<p>A factor that reinforces existing inequalities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does relative poverty differ from absolute poverty?

<p>It is based on social context and varies over time. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best encapsulates the theory that individuals with talent can achieve success regardless of social background?

<p>Meritocracy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major impact of capitalism on food consumption?

<p>Fostering economic growth and wellbeing of citizens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is obesity commonly conceptualized in relation to individualism?

<p>As a personal failure to attain healthy living (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a criticism of using BMI as a measure of fitness?

<p>It does not account for body composition. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is cosmetic fitness primarily motivated?

<p>To beautify the body through exercise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of fitness and gender, how are fitness activities often classified?

<p>As either masculine or feminine activities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does advertising play in consumer culture related to obesity?

<p>It creates a false narrative of needs and desires. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term 'bodily capital'?

<p>The investment in physical appearance for personal gain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'looking glass self' concept relate to body image?

<p>It reflects how we believe others perceive us. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social issue is often linked to low-income areas and obesity?

<p>Availability of unhealthy food options (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant psychological impact of body image concerns?

<p>Body anxiety and fear of judgment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of good-looking bodies among youth?

<p>They correlate with self-worth and social inclusion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model describes how life events cumulatively affect men's health over time?

<p>Cumulative effects model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the leading causes of death among men?

<p>Heart disease, cancer, and stroke (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does masculinity manifest during different life stages?

<p>It evolves with age from sexual prowess to family provider roles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Movember initiative play in men's health?

<p>It prioritizes the individuality of men's health experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT mentioned as a contributor to men's health disparities?

<p>Societal expectations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hegemonic masculinity' refer to?

<p>Masculinity influenced by social and cultural contexts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of health promotion?

<p>Enabling people to take control over their health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What psychological effect can result from the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men?

<p>Redefinition of masculine identity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of capital includes social relationships and societal expectations?

<p>Social capital (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Class

A way to group people based on their ability to access resources and similar economic standing.

Poverty (Absolute)

Lack of resources to maintain basic physical health.

Poverty (Relative)

Lack of resources relative to others in your environment/time.

Low Income Cut-Off (LICO)

Income level in Canada where a family spends a larger portion of their income on basic necessities.

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Market Basket Approach

Method of measuring poverty by estimating costs of essential goods and services for a minimum standard of living.

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Conspicuous Consumption

Buying expensive goods to show wealth and status.

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Conspicuous Leisure

Engaging in leisure activities to display wealth.

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Social Inequality

Uneven distribution of resources, wealth, or power among social groups.

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Social Exclusion

Reduced opportunities in society to participate due to poverty and inequality.

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Structural causes of poverty

Lack of power and resources in society can cause poverty

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Disability

Disability results when environmental or social structures do not support a person's ability to achieve certain outcomes.

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Health Impact of Age

Health and well-being vary significantly across different life stages. Infants and children are vulnerable to sickness and death, and improved maternal education lowers mortality.

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Health Impact of Gender

Gender-based stereotypes and behaviors can influence health risks and outcomes. Men are stereotypically associated with higher risk-taking behaviors and unhealthy habits, while women may face health challenges linked to societal expectations.

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Health Impact of Marital Status

Married individuals tend to experience better health and live longer than divorced or unmarried people; loneliness negatively impacts health, while unhappy marriages can cause health problems.

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Health and Immigration

Immigrants may initially experience better health compared to the general population but may face health deterioration over time, often due to societal factors such as limited access to healthcare.

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Health and Race

Race-based disparities in health often stem from economic, social, and systemic factors, leading to unequal access to resources affecting overall well-being.

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Health Impact of Education

Better mothers' education are linked to lower rates of infant mortality and undersized babies.

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Health Impact of Obesity

There is a global increase in obesity and the reasons for it are examined.

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Social Stratification

The hierarchical arrangement of attributes within a group, creating social classes.

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Structural Functionalism (Social Inequality)

Social inequality and stratification help society function efficiently; they motivate people toward important roles.

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Conflict Theory (Social Inequality)

Social inequality and exploitation are inherent in systems like capitalism, where those in power resist change.

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Sport Participation & Socioeconomic Status

Higher income and education levels correlate with higher rates of sports participation and attendance.

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Intragenerational Mobility

Social movement within a person's lifetime.

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Intergenerational Mobility

Social movement of children relative to their parents' social class.

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Sport as a "Mobility Escalator"

Sport can potentially improve social standing, often for those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.

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Social Mobility & Academic Performance

Athletes, especially in high school, sometimes demonstrate higher academic performance compared to their non-athletic peers.

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Equality vs. Equity

Equality treats everyone the same, while equity considers different starting points and provides support for those with disadvantages.

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Universal Design in Sport

Considering accessibility for all individuals in the design and execution of sports programs.

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Nutrition Transition

A shift in dietary patterns that often occurs with economic development, often moving towards diets higher in processed foods and saturated fats.

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Western Diet Practices

Dietary patterns prevalent in Westernized countries, often characterized by high intake of processed foods, sugar, and saturated fats.

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Capitalism and Food Consumption

A system where economic activity aims to generate profit, often influencing food production and consumption patterns.

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Culture of Accumulation

A societal mindset focused on obtaining material goods and possessions as a sign of success and satisfaction.

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Consumer Culture

A societal environment where consumption of goods and services plays a significant role in defining identity and social status.

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Individualism and Obesity

The tendency to attribute obesity to individual choices and behaviors, rather than considering broader societal factors.

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BMI Limitations

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of weight relative to height, but fails to account for body composition and muscle mass, potentially leading to inaccurate assessments of health.

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Cosmetic Fitness

Engaging in physical exercise primarily for the purpose of enhancing physical appearance and achieving an ideal body image.

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Gender Ideology and Fitness

The influence of societal beliefs and expectations about gender roles on how people approach fitness, leading to certain activities being perceived as more masculine or feminine.

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Looking Glass Self and Body Image

The process of understanding our own identity through how we think others perceive us, which can significantly influence body image and self-esteem.

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What is the link between appearance and social standing?

People often associate physical attractiveness with self-worth, well-being, and social inclusion. This can lead to a social hierarchy where those deemed more attractive are more readily accepted and favored.

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What is meant by 'capital' in the context of appearance?

Capital refers to resources that can be used to gain advantages. In the context of appearance, it includes economic capital (money to afford treatments), cultural capital (knowledge and expertise about beauty standards), social capital (connections and relationships built through shared interests in appearance), and symbolic capital (recognition and prestige associated with certain appearances).

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Why is it important to discuss gender and health?

Men generally have shorter lifespans, access healthcare less frequently, and experience higher mortality rates for leading causes of death. Gender and lifestyle choices significantly impact the risk of developing specific diseases.

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What is 'manhood'?

Manhood refers to the state of being a man and the expectations that come with it. The ideals of manhood change across the lifespan, but the need to prove one's masculinity is constant.

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What is hegemonic masculinity?

Hegemonic masculinity represents the dominant and idealized form of masculinity in a particular time, place, and culture. It emphasizes characteristics and traits that are considered ideal for men in that specific context.

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How can manhood and masculinity impact health?

Social expectations related to manhood and masculinity can lead to significant stress and pressure, especially for men who face limited opportunities due to factors like race or socioeconomic status. This stress can contribute to higher rates of chronic disease and mortality among certain groups.

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What are the different models for understanding how manhood and masculinity impact health?

Various models attempt to explain the connection between masculinity and health. The critical period model suggests that sensitive periods throughout life significantly influence disease risk. The pathway model highlights how life events build upon each other, positively or negatively impacting health, and conceptions of manhood and masculinity. The cumulative effects model posits that the number, duration, and different phases of adversity men experience across their lives have a combined impact on their health over time.

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What is Movember?

Movember is a global organization that raises funds for prostate cancer research. It focuses on the individual experiences of men affected by prostate cancer, while also promoting awareness and understanding of the disease.

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How can prostate cancer treatment impact manhood and masculinity?

Treatments for prostate cancer, particularly those causing erectile dysfunction, can negatively affect feelings of masculinity. This can lead men to either avoid treatment entirely or struggle to redefine their masculinity after treatment.

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Study Notes

Health - Test #2 Review

  • Social Class: Represents important means of expressing distinctions within society. Weber grouped people based on their ability to access resources. Poverty is the lack of essential resources (material/services). Absolute poverty is a lack of adequate resources to maintain physical health, while relative poverty considers the context/standards of living in a specific time and place.
  • Low Income Cut Off (LICO): A measure of low income that factors in area-specific expenses, including food, shelter, and clothing.
  • Causes of Poverty: Factors include individual choices, familial history, and structural issues like lack of power or resources in society.
  • Poverty & Leisure: Poverty often leads to limited opportunities in leisure activities and can create social exclusion and marginalization. The theory of leisure class suggests that the upper class engages in leisure activities to demonstrate affluence.
  • Social Inequality: Members of a social group often have unequal amounts of wealth, power, and prestige.
  • Social Stratification: Societal attributes are hierarchically ranked. This can influence social processes and outcomes.
  • Social Mobility: Movements of individuals in a social class system, which can be intragenerational (within a lifetime) or intergenerational (between generations). Sport can act as a "mobility escalator," allowing individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds to achieve wealth and fame.
  • Social Inequality in Sport: Participation in sports is not equal across social classes. Higher income and education levels are often associated with higher rates of participation.
  • Social Model of Disability: Disability results when environments/structures do not support individuals with impairments.
  • Age & Well-being: Infants and elderly individuals may experience different health outcomes, with various factors potentially influencing them.
  • Gender & Health: Men and women have varying health risks, often based on stereotypes/social expectations regarding lifestyles and choices. Marital status and associated health are linked factors.
  • Immigration & Health: Immigrants, especially young and educated ones, may experience a "healthy immigrant effect" initially; however, health may decline over time due to various factors like screening limitations and lack of access or integration.
  • Sociological Perspective on Obesity: This suggests that increased obesity rates are linked to globalization, changing diets, and the influence of capitalism on food consumption.
  • Sociology of Fitness: The social perception of fitness often intersects with gender. The norms surrounding ideal body image/expectations and cosmetic fitness play significant roles, influenced by media and social pressures.
  • Men's Health: Hegemonic masculinity is a culturally specific concept, emphasizing that ideals of manhood often present barriers for men, affecting their health behaviors and access to healthcare.

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Health - Test 2 Review PDF (University of Waterloo)

Description

This quiz reviews key concepts related to social class and poverty, including definitions and measures of poverty, factors contributing to social inequality, and the impact of poverty on leisure activities. It covers important theories and classifications that illustrate how these elements influence health and societal structures.

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